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基本介紹

舌戰群(qun)儒出(chu)自明代(dai)羅貫中(zhong)所著章回(hui)小說《三國演義》第43回(hui)：“諸葛亮舌戰群(qun)儒，魯子敬力排(pai)眾議。”

故事(shi)講(jiang)述諸葛(ge)亮為聯盟孫權抵抗曹操的過程中遭到東吳諸謀(mou)士的責難，最后都被諸葛(ge)亮一一反駁，啞口無言。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)(181—234年(nian))，三國時(shi)杰出(chu)政(zheng)治家、戰略家、外交家。字孔明，號臥(wo)龍。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)于漢(han)靈帝(di)光和四年(nian)(181年(nian))出(chu)生于瑯(lang)邪陽都(今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)沂南縣)的(de)一個(ge)官吏(li)之(zhi)家。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)氏是瑯(lang)邪的(de)望族，先祖諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)豐曾在西漢(han)元帝(di)時(shi)做過司隸校尉(衛戍京(jing)師的(de)長官)。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)父親諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)圭，字君貢，東(dong)(dong)漢(han)末年(nian)做過泰山郡丞。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)3歲(sui)母親章(zhang)氏病逝,諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)8歲(sui)喪父，與(yu)弟弟諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)均一起跟隨由袁術任命(ming)為豫(yu)章(zhang)太守(shou)的(de)叔父諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)到豫(yu)章(zhang)赴任。東(dong)(dong)漢(han)朝(chao)廷派朱皓取代了(le)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)職務，諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)就去投(tou)奔老朋友荊州牧劉表。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三國(guo)演義(yi)》是中國(guo)古代長篇章回小說(shuo)的開山之(zhi)作。

三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)故事(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)民間(jian)(jian)頗為(wei)流行(xing)。宋元時(shi)代(dai)即(ji)被搬上舞臺，金、元演(yan)(yan)(yan)出的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)劇目達30多種。元代(dai)至治年間(jian)(jian)出現(xian)(xian)了新(xin)安虞氏所刊的(de)(de)(de)《全(quan)相三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)平話(hua)》。元末明初(chu)羅貫(guan)中綜合民間(jian)(jian)傳說(shuo)和(he)戲曲、話(hua)本(ben)，結合陳壽《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)》和(he)裴松之注的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料(liao)，根(gen)據他個(ge)人對社(she)會(hui)人生的(de)(de)(de)體悟，創作了《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)通俗演(yan)(yan)(yan)義》，現(xian)(xian)存(cun)最早刊本(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)明嘉(jia)(jia)靖年所刊刻的(de)(de)(de)，俗稱(cheng)“嘉(jia)(jia)靖本(ben)”，本(ben)書(shu)24卷。清康熙(xi)年間(jian)(jian)，毛綸毛宗崗(gang)父子辨(bian)正(zheng)史(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)、增刪文字，修(xiu)改(gai)成今日通行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)120回本(ben)《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)演(yan)(yan)(yan)義》。《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)演(yan)(yan)(yan)義》描寫的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從東漢末年到西晉初(chu)年之間(jian)(jian)近一百年的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)風(feng)云。全(quan)書(shu)反(fan)(fan)映了三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治軍事(shi)(shi)斗爭，反(fan)(fan)映了三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)各類社(she)會(hui)矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)滲透與轉化，概括(kuo)了這(zhe)一時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)巨變，塑造了一批咤叱(chi)風(feng)云的(de)(de)(de)英雄人物。在(zai)(zai)對三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)把握上，作者(zhe)(zhe)表現(xian)(xian)出明顯的(de)(de)(de)擁劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)傾向，以劉備集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)作為(wei)描寫的(de)(de)(de)中心，對劉備集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)主要人物加以歌頌(song)，對曹(cao)操則極力揭露鞭撻(ta)。今天我們對于作者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種擁劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)的(de)(de)(de)傾向應有辯證的(de)(de)(de)認識。尊(zun)劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民間(jian)(jian)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)主要傾向，在(zai)(zai)羅貫(guan)中生活的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)隱含著(zhu)人民對漢族(zu)復興的(de)(de)(de)希望。

《三(san)國(guo)演義》刻畫了近200個(ge)人物形象，其中最(zui)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)有(you)諸(zhu)葛亮、曹(cao)操、關(guan)(guan)羽、劉(liu)備(bei)等人。諸(zhu)葛亮是(shi)(shi)作者心(xin)目中的(de)(de)“賢相(xiang)”的(de)(de)化(hua)身，他具(ju)有(you)“鞠躬盡瘁，死而(er)后已”的(de)(de)高風亮節，具(ju)有(you)近世濟民(min)再造(zao)太平盛世的(de)(de)雄(xiong)心(xin)壯志，而(er)且(qie)作者還賦予他呼(hu)風喚雨、神機妙算(suan)的(de)(de)奇(qi)異本領。曹(cao)操是(shi)(shi)一位奸雄(xiong)，他生活的(de)(de)信條是(shi)(shi)“寧教我(wo)負(fu)天下(xia)人，不教天下(xia)人負(fu)我(wo)”，既有(you)雄(xiong)才大略(lve)，又殘暴奸詐(zha)，是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)政(zheng)治野心(xin)家陰謀家這(zhe)與歷史上的(de)(de)真(zhen)曹(cao)操是(shi)(shi)不可(ke)混同(tong)的(de)(de)。關(guan)(guan)羽“威猛剛(gang)毅”、“義重(zhong)如山”。劉(liu)備(bei)被(bei)作者塑造(zao)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)仁(ren)民(min)愛(ai)物、視賢下(xia)士、知(zhi)人善任的(de)(de)仁(ren)君典型(xing)。

《三國演義》描寫了大大小(xiao)小(xiao)的戰爭(zheng)，構思(si)宏偉，手法(fa)多樣(yang)，使我(wo)們(men)清晰地看(kan)到了一場場刀(dao)光血影的戰爭(zheng)場面。其(qi)中(zhong)“官(guan)渡(du)之戰”和“赤壁之戰”等戰爭(zheng)的描寫波瀾起伏、跌(die)宕(dang)跳躍，讀來驚心動魄。

全書的文不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)深，言不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)俗，簡潔明快，氣勢充沛(pei)，生(sheng)動活潑。

《三國(guo)演義》帶來我(wo)國(guo)歷史(shi)小說創作(zuo)的熱潮，它所(suo)塑造的一系列(lie)人物(wu)形象(xiang)在我(wo)國(guo)已家喻戶曉，婦孺皆(jie)知。

《三(san)國(guo)演(yan)義》的(de)版(ban)本(ben)很多，主要有：明(ming)弘治刻本(ben)《三(san)國(guo)志(zhi)通俗演(yan)義》，文(wen)字粗樸(pu)，內容平易(yi)；《三(san)國(guo)志(zhi)演(yan)義》，清毛宗崗增刪評點本(ben)，約成(cheng)書(shu)于康熙初年，該(gai)本(ben)在(zai)社會上流傳最(zui)為廣泛。人民文(wen)學出版(ban)社多次重印出版(ban)。

《三國演義(yi)》第四十(shi)三回寫諸(zhu)葛亮只身隨魯(lu)肅過江、游說(shuo)(shuo)東吳群臣(chen)。時值(zhi)劉(liu)備新敗，退守夏口(kou)，曹操大軍(jun)壓境，東吳上(shang)下主降之風(feng)日盛。在此情勢下，諸(zhu)葛亮以(yi)其超人的膽識同東吳群儒展開舌(she)戰(zhan)，并以(yi)其滔(tao)滔(tao)辯才使(shi)對(dui)手(shou)一(yi)個個皆成(cheng)“口(kou)”下敗將(jiang)，并最終說(shuo)(shuo)服了孫權，使(shi)孫劉(liu)聯盟共抗曹操的局面得以(yi)形成(cheng)。

史書記載

只記載諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)面(mian)見(jian)孫權，東吳主戰派、主和派相爭(zheng)日盛。諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)只是節使。

經典片段

原文

肅(su)乃(nai)(nai)引(yin)孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)至幕(mu)下(xia)(xia)。早見(jian)(jian)張(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧雍等一(yi)(yi)班文武(wu)二十余(yu)人(ren)，峨冠博(bo)帶，整衣端坐(zuo)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)逐一(yi)(yi)相見(jian)(jian)，各問姓名(ming)。施禮已畢，坐(zuo)于(yu)(yu)客(ke)位。張(zhang)昭(zhao)等見(jian)(jian)孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)豐神飄灑，器宇(yu)軒昂，料道此(ci)(ci)人(ren)必(bi)來游說(shuo)。張(zhang)昭(zhao)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以言(yan)(yan)挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昭(zhao)乃(nai)(nai)江(jiang)東微(wei)末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，久聞先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)臥隆中(zhong)，自(zi)比管(guan)、樂。此(ci)(ci)語果(guo)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“此(ci)(ci)亮平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“近(jin)聞劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)三顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，幸得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以為‘如(ru)魚得(de)(de)(de)水’，思欲席卷荊襄。今(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)以屬曹操，未(wei)審是(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)主(zhu)見(jian)(jian)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)自(zi)思張(zhang)昭(zhao)乃(nai)(nai)孫權(quan)手下(xia)(xia)第(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)謀士，若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他，如(ru)何(he)說(shuo)得(de)(de)(de)孫權(quan)，遂答曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾觀取(qu)漢(han)(han)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如(ru)反(fan)(fan)掌。我主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)躬行仁(ren)義(yi)(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)奪同(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業，故力辭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)孺子，聽(ting)信(xin)(xin)佞言(yan)(yan)，暗自(zi)投降，致使曹操得(de)(de)(de)以猖獗。今(jin)(jin)我主(zhu)屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)江(jiang)夏(xia)(xia)，別有(you)(you)良圖，非(fei)等閑可(ke)知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若(ruo)此(ci)(ci)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)言(yan)(yan)行相違也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比管(guan)、樂——管(guan)仲相桓(huan)公，霸諸(zhu)侯(hou)，一(yi)(yi)匡天下(xia)(xia)；樂毅扶(fu)持(chi)微(wei)弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)(xia)齊七十余(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)：此(ci)(ci)二人(ren)者，真(zhen)濟世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，但(dan)笑傲風(feng)月，抱膝危坐(zuo)。今(jin)(jin)既從事(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，當(dang)為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)靈(ling)興(xing)利除害，剿滅亂賊。且(qie)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)未(wei)得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚且(qie)縱橫寰宇(yu)，割據(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)池；今(jin)(jin)得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)皆(jie)仰望。雖三尺(chi)童蒙，亦謂彪虎生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翼，將見(jian)(jian)漢(han)(han)室復(fu)興(xing)，曹氏即滅矣。朝廷(ting)舊臣，山(shan)林(lin)隱士，無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目而待：以為拂高(gao)天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云翳(yi)，仰日(ri)(ri)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光輝，拯民(min)于(yu)(yu)水火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，措(cuo)天下(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)衽席之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，在此(ci)(ci)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)歸豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，曹兵(bing)(bing)(bing)一(yi)(yi)出(chu)，棄(qi)甲拋戈，望風(feng)而竄；上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能報(bao)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以安庶民(min)，下(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能輔孤子而據(ju)疆土；乃(nai)(nai)棄(qi)新野(ye)，走樊(fan)城(cheng)(cheng)，敗當(dang)陽，奔(ben)夏(xia)(xia)口(kou)，無容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)(shi)(shi)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)既得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)其初也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。管(guan)仲、樂毅，果(guo)如(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)乎(hu)？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)，幸勿見(jian)(jian)怪！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)聽(ting)罷，啞然而笑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“鵬飛萬里(li)，其志豈群鳥(niao)能識哉(zai)？譬(pi)如(ru)人(ren)染沉疴(ke)，當(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)糜(mi)粥以飲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和(he)藥以服(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待其腑臟(zang)調和(he)，形體(ti)漸安，然后用(yong)肉食以補之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛(meng)藥以治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：則病根(gen)盡去，人(ren)得(de)(de)(de)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)待氣脈和(he)緩，便以猛(meng)藥厚味，欲求安保，誠(cheng)為難矣。吾主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，向日(ri)(ri)軍(jun)敗于(yu)(yu)汝南(nan)，寄跡劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)，兵(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿千，將止關、張(zhang)、趙(zhao)云而已：此(ci)(ci)正如(ru)病勢尫羸已極之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，新野(ye)山(shan)僻小縣，人(ren)民(min)稀少，糧(liang)食鮮薄，豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過暫借以容身，豈真(zhen)將坐(zuo)守(shou)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)耶？夫(fu)以甲兵(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完，城(cheng)(cheng)郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固(gu)，軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經練，糧(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日(ri)(ri)，然而博(bo)望燒屯，白河用(yong)水，使夏(xia)(xia)侯(hou)惇(dun)，曹仁(ren)輩(bei)心驚膽裂：竊謂管(guan)仲、樂毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，未(wei)必(bi)過此(ci)(ci)。至于(yu)(yu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)降操，豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)實出(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知；且(qie)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)乘亂奪同(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業，此(ci)(ci)真(zhen)大仁(ren)大義(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。當(dang)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗，豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)數(shu)(shu)十萬赴義(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)，扶(fu)老攜幼相隨(sui)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日(ri)(ri)行十里(li)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思進取(qu)江(jiang)陵，甘(gan)與同(tong)敗，此(ci)(ci)亦大仁(ren)大義(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。寡(gua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝負(fu)乃(nai)(nai)其常(chang)事(shi)(shi)。昔高(gao)皇數(shu)(shu)敗于(yu)(yu)項羽，而垓(gai)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰成(cheng)功，此(ci)(ci)非(fei)韓信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀乎(hu)？夫(fu)信(xin)(xin)久事(shi)(shi)高(gao)皇，未(wei)嘗累勝。蓋國家大計，社稷安危，是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)主(zhu)謀。非(fei)比夸辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)，虛(xu)譽欺人(ren)：坐(zuo)議立(li)談，無人(ren)可(ke)及；臨機應變，百無一(yi)(yi)能。——誠(cheng)為天下(xia)(xia)笑耳(er)！”這一(yi)(yi)篇(pian)言(yan)(yan)語，說(shuo)得(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)昭(zhao)并無一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)回答。

座上忽一(yi)人(ren)抗聲問曰：“今曹公兵(bing)屯百(bai)萬，將(jiang)列千員(yuan)，龍驤虎視(shi)，平吞(tun)江夏，公以(yi)為(wei)何如？”孔(kong)明(ming)視(shi)之，乃(nai)虞翻也(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)曰：“曹操收袁紹(shao)蟻聚之兵(bing)，劫劉表(biao)烏合之眾，雖數百(bai)萬不(bu)足懼(ju)也(ye)。”虞翻冷笑(xiao)曰：“軍敗于(yu)當(dang)陽，計窮于(yu)夏口(kou)，區區求教于(yu)人(ren)，而猶言‘不(bu)懼(ju)’，此真(zhen)大言欺(qi)人(ren)也(ye)！”孔(kong)明(ming)曰：“劉豫州(zhou)以(yi)數千仁(ren)義之師，安(an)能敵百(bai)萬殘暴之眾？退(tui)守夏口(kou)，所以(yi)待時(shi)也(ye)。今江東兵(bing)精糧足，且有(you)長江之險，猶欲使其(qi)主屈膝降賊，不(bu)顧(gu)天下恥笑(xiao)。——由此論之，劉豫州(zhou)真(zhen)不(bu)懼(ju)操賊者矣！”虞翻不(bu)能對。

座(zuo)間又(you)一(yi)人(ren)問曰(yue)：“孔明欲效儀(yi)、秦之(zhi)舌，游(you)說東吳耶？”孔明視之(zhi)，乃步騭也。孔明曰(yue)：“步子山(shan)以蘇(su)秦張儀(yi)為辯(bian)士，不知蘇(su)秦、張儀(yi)亦豪杰也：蘇(su)秦佩六國(guo)相印，張儀(yi)兩(liang)次(ci)相秦，皆有匡扶(fu)人(ren)國(guo)之(zhi)謀(mou)，非比畏(wei)(wei)強凌弱，懼(ju)刀避劍(jian)之(zhi)人(ren)也。君等(deng)聞曹操虛(xu)發詐(zha)偽之(zhi)詞(ci)，便畏(wei)(wei)懼(ju)請降，敢笑蘇(su)秦、張儀(yi)乎？”步騭默然無語(yu)。

忽一(yi)人(ren)(ren)問曰：“孔明(ming)(ming)以(yi)(yi)曹(cao)操何如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)？”孔明(ming)(ming)視其人(ren)(ren)，乃薛綜也(ye)(ye)。孔明(ming)(ming)答曰：“曹(cao)操乃漢(han)賊也(ye)(ye)，又何必(bi)問？”綜曰：“公言差矣。漢(han)傳世至今(jin)，天數將(jiang)終。今(jin)曹(cao)公已(yi)有天下(xia)三分之(zhi)二(er)，人(ren)(ren)皆歸(gui)心。劉(liu)豫(yu)州不(bu)(bu)(bu)識天時，強(qiang)欲與爭，正如以(yi)(yi)卵(luan)擊石，安得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敗乎？”孔明(ming)(ming)厲聲(sheng)曰：“薛敬文安得(de)出此無父(fu)無君(jun)之(zhi)言乎！夫人(ren)(ren)生天地(di)間，以(yi)(yi)忠孝為立身之(zhi)本。公既為漢(han)臣(chen)，則見有不(bu)(bu)(bu)臣(chen)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，當誓共(gong)戮之(zhi)：臣(chen)之(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)曹(cao)操祖宗叨食漢(han)祿，不(bu)(bu)(bu)思報效(xiao)，反懷篡逆之(zhi)心，天下(xia)之(zhi)所(suo)共(gong)憤(fen)；公乃以(yi)(yi)天數歸(gui)之(zhi)，真無父(fu)無君(jun)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)！不(bu)(bu)(bu)足與語！請(qing)勿(wu)復言！”薛綜滿面羞慚，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能對答。

座(zuo)上又一人應(ying)聲問曰(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)操(cao)雖(sui)挾天子以令諸侯，猶(you)是相國曹(cao)參之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后。劉豫州雖(sui)云(yun)中山靖王苗裔，卻無(wu)可稽(ji)考(kao)，眼見只是織席(xi)(xi)販(fan)屨(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何(he)(he)足與曹(cao)操(cao)抗衡哉！”孔明(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃陸(lu)績也(ye)。孔明(ming)笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)：“公(gong)非袁術座(zuo)間懷橘(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陸(lu)郎乎(hu)？請安坐，聽(ting)吾一言：曹(cao)操(cao)既為曹(cao)相國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，則(ze)世(shi)為漢臣矣；今乃專權肆橫(heng)，欺凌(ling)君父，是不惟(wei)無(wu)君，亦且(qie)蔑祖(zu)，不惟(wei)漢室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂臣，亦曹(cao)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊子也(ye)。劉豫州堂堂帝(di)胄，當今皇(huang)帝(di)，按譜賜(si)爵，何(he)(he)云(yun)‘無(wu)可稽(ji)考(kao)’？且(qie)高祖(zu)起身(shen)亭長(chang)，而終(zhong)有天下；織席(xi)(xi)販(fan)屨(ju)，又何(he)(he)足為辱乎(hu)？公(gong)小兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見，不足與高士(shi)共語！”陸(lu)績語塞。

座上一人忽曰：“孔明(ming)所言，皆(jie)強詞奪理，均非正(zheng)論(lun)，不必再言。且請問孔明(ming)治何(he)(he)經(jing)典(dian)？”孔明(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃嚴畯(jun)也。孔明(ming)曰：“尋章摘(zhai)句，世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒也，何(he)(he)能(neng)興(xing)邦立(li)事(shi)？且古耕莘伊尹(yin)，釣(diao)渭子牙，張(zhang)良、陳平之(zhi)(zhi)流。鄧禹、耿弇之(zhi)(zhi)輩，皆(jie)有匡扶宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)，未審其生平治何(he)(he)經(jing)典(dian)。——豈(qi)亦效書生，區區于筆硯(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)間，數黑論(lun)黃，舞文弄墨而已乎？”嚴畯(jun)低(di)頭喪氣而不能(neng)對。

忽又一人(ren)(ren)大聲曰(yue)：“公好為(wei)大言，未必(bi)真有實學，恐適為(wei)儒(ru)者(zhe)所笑耳。”孔(kong)明視(shi)其人(ren)(ren)，乃汝陽程(cheng)德樞(shu)也(ye)。孔(kong)明答(da)曰(yue)：“儒(ru)有小人(ren)(ren)君(jun)子(zi)之別。君(jun)子(zi)之儒(ru)，忠君(jun)愛國，守正惡邪，務使澤及當(dang)時，名留后世(shi)。——若(ruo)夫小人(ren)(ren)之儒(ru)，惟務雕蟲(chong)，專工(gong)翰(han)墨，青春作賦，皓(hao)首窮經；筆下雖(sui)有千言，胸中實無一策(ce)。且(qie)如(ru)揚雄以(yi)文(wen)章名世(shi)，而(er)屈身(shen)事莽(mang)，不免投閣而(er)死，此所謂小人(ren)(ren)之儒(ru)也(ye)；雖(sui)日賦萬言，亦(yi)何(he)取(qu)哉！”程(cheng)德樞(shu)不能(neng)對(dui)。眾人(ren)(ren)見孔(kong)明對(dui)答(da)如(ru)流，盡皆失色。

同坐上張溫、駱統二人，又欲問(wen)難。忽(hu)一人自(zi)外而(er)入(ru)(ru)，厲聲(sheng)言曰(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)乃當(dang)世(shi)奇才，君等(deng)以唇舌相(xiang)難，非敬客之禮(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)。曹操大兵(bing)臨境，不(bu)(bu)思退敵之策，乃徒(tu)斗口(kou)耶！”眾(zhong)視其人，乃零陵人，姓黃(huang)，名蓋(gai)(gai)，字公覆，現為東吳(wu)糧官。當(dang)時黃(huang)蓋(gai)(gai)謂孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“愚聞(wen)多言獲(huo)利，不(bu)(bu)如默而(er)無言。何不(bu)(bu)將金石之論為我主言之，乃與(yu)眾(zhong)人辯論也(ye)(ye)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“諸君不(bu)(bu)知世(shi)務，互相(xiang)問(wen)難，不(bu)(bu)容不(bu)(bu)答耳。”于是黃(huang)蓋(gai)(gai)與(yu)魯肅引孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)入(ru)(ru)。至中門(men)，正遇諸葛(ge)瑾(jin)，孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)施禮(li)(li)。瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue)：“賢弟既到江(jiang)東，如何不(bu)(bu)來見(jian)我？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“弟既事劉豫(yu)州(zhou)，理(li)宜先公后私(si)。公事未畢，不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)及私(si)。望兄見(jian)諒。”瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue)：“賢弟見(jian)過吳(wu)侯，卻來敘話。”說罷自(zi)去。

魯肅(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)間所囑(zhu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可有(you)(you)誤。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)點頭(tou)應諾。引(yin)至堂上，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)降階而(er)迎，優禮(li)相(xiang)待(dai)。施(shi)禮(li)畢(bi)，賜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐(zuo)。眾文(wen)武分兩行(xing)而(er)立(li)。魯肅(su)(su)立(li)于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)側(ce)，只看他(ta)講話(hua)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)意畢(bi)，偷(tou)眼看孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)：碧眼紫髯(ran)，堂堂一(yi)表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)暗思：“此(ci)人相(xiang)貌非常，只可激(ji)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可說(shuo)。等他(ta)問(wen)時(shi)，用(yong)言(yan)(yan)(yan)激(ji)之(zhi)便(bian)了(le)。”獻(xian)茶已(yi)畢(bi)，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“多聞(wen)魯子(zi)敬(jing)談足(zu)(zu)下之(zhi)才，今(jin)(jin)幸(xing)得相(xiang)見(jian)，敢求教益(yi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才無學，有(you)(you)辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)問(wen)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)(zu)下近在新(xin)(xin)野(ye)，佐劉豫州(zhou)與曹(cao)(cao)操決(jue)戰(zhan)(zhan)，必深知彼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)虛實(shi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“劉豫州(zhou)兵微將(jiang)寡，更兼新(xin)(xin)野(ye)城小無糧，安能(neng)與曹(cao)(cao)操相(xiang)持(chi)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)兵共有(you)(you)多少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“馬(ma)步水軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，約有(you)(you)一(yi)百余萬(wan)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫非詐(zha)乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“非詐(zha)也。曹(cao)(cao)操就(jiu)兗州(zhou)已(yi)有(you)(you)青州(zhou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)二十(shi)萬(wan)；平了(le)袁(yuan)紹，又得五六十(shi)萬(wan)；中(zhong)原新(xin)(xin)招之(zhi)兵三四十(shi)萬(wan)；今(jin)(jin)又得荊州(zhou)之(zhi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)二三十(shi)萬(wan)：以此(ci)計(ji)(ji)之(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)百五十(shi)萬(wan)。亮以百萬(wan)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)，恐(kong)驚江(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)(dong)之(zhi)士(shi)也。”魯肅(su)(su)在旁，聞(wen)言(yan)(yan)(yan)失(shi)色，以目視孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)；孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)只做不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)操部下戰(zhan)(zhan)將(jiang)，還(huan)有(you)(you)多少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)(zu)智多謀(mou)之(zhi)士(shi)，能(neng)征慣戰(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)將(jiang)，何(he)(he)止一(yi)二千人。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)(jin)曹(cao)(cao)操平了(le)荊、楚(chu)，復(fu)有(you)(you)遠圖乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“即今(jin)(jin)沿江(jiang)(jiang)下寨，準備戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲圖江(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)(dong)，待(dai)取何(he)(he)地？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若(ruo)彼有(you)(you)吞并之(zhi)意，戰(zhan)(zhan)與不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)(zhan)，請足(zu)(zu)下為我(wo)(wo)一(yi)決(jue)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮有(you)(you)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，但(dan)恐(kong)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)從。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愿聞(wen)高論(lun)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“向者(zhe)宇內大亂，故(gu)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)起(qi)(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)(dong)，劉豫州(zhou)收(shou)眾漢南，與曹(cao)(cao)操并爭天下。今(jin)(jin)操芟(shan)除大難，略(lve)已(yi)平矣(yi)(yi)；近又新(xin)(xin)破荊州(zhou)，威(wei)震海內；縱有(you)(you)英(ying)雄，無用(yong)武之(zhi)地：故(gu)豫州(zhou)遁逃(tao)至此(ci)。愿將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)量力而(er)處之(zhi)：若(ruo)能(neng)以吳、越之(zhi)眾，與中(zhong)國抗衡(heng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)早與之(zhi)絕；若(ruo)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)，何(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)從眾謀(mou)士(shi)之(zhi)論(lun)，按兵束甲，北面(mian)而(er)事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)未(wei)及答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)又曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)外托(tuo)服從之(zhi)名，內懷(huai)疑貳之(zhi)見(jian)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)急而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷，禍至無日矣(yi)(yi)！”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誠(cheng)如(ru)君言(yan)(yan)(yan)，劉豫州(zhou)何(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)降操？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昔田橫，齊之(zhi)壯士(shi)耳，猶(you)守(shou)義(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱。況(kuang)劉豫州(zhou)王室之(zhi)胄，英(ying)才蓋世，眾士(shi)仰慕。事(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟，此(ci)乃(nai)天也。又安能(neng)屈處人下乎！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)聽(ting)了(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺勃然變色，拂(fu)衣而(er)起(qi)(qi)，退入(ru)后(hou)堂。眾皆(jie)哂笑而(er)散，魯肅(su)(su)責(ze)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“先生何(he)(he)故(gu)出此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)？幸(xing)是吾(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)寬洪大度，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即面(mian)責(ze)。先生之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，藐視吾(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)甚(shen)矣(yi)(yi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面(mian)笑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何(he)(he)如(ru)此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容(rong)物耶(ye)！我(wo)(wo)自有(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)計(ji)(ji)，彼不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。”肅(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“果有(you)(you)良策，肅(su)(su)當請主(zhu)公求教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)視曹(cao)(cao)操百萬(wan)之(zhi)眾，如(ru)群蟻耳！但(dan)我(wo)(wo)一(yi)舉(ju)手，則皆(jie)為齏粉矣(yi)(yi)！”肅(su)(su)聞(wen)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，便(bian)入(ru)后(hou)堂見(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)怒氣未(wei)息，顧謂肅(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欺(qi)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)太(tai)甚(shen)！”肅(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣亦(yi)以此(ci)責(ze)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)反笑主(zhu)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容(rong)物。破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)策，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯輕言(yan)(yan)(yan)，主(zhu)公何(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求之(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)回嗔(chen)作喜曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“原來孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)良謀(mou)，故(gu)以言(yan)(yan)(yan)詞激(ji)我(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)一(yi)時(shi)淺見(jian)，幾(ji)誤大事(shi)(shi)(shi)。”便(bian)同(tong)魯肅(su)(su)重復(fu)出堂，再請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話(hua)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)見(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)來冒(mao)瀆威(wei)嚴，幸(xing)勿(wu)見(jian)罪。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亦(yi)謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮言(yan)(yan)(yan)語冒(mao)犯，望乞恕(shu)罪。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)邀(yao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)入(ru)后(hou)堂，置酒相(xiang)待(dai)。

數巡之(zhi)后(hou)，權(quan)曰：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)平生所(suo)惡(e)者(zhe)：呂(lv)布、劉表、袁(yuan)紹、袁(yuan)術、豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)與(yu)孤耳(er)(er)。今數雄已滅，獨豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)與(yu)孤尚存。孤不能以全吳之(zhi)地(di)，受制(zhi)于人(ren)。吾計決矣(yi)。非劉豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)莫與(yu)當(dang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)者(zhe)；然(ran)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)新敗之(zhi)后(hou)，安能抗此難乎(hu)？”孔明曰：“豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)雖新敗，然(ran)關云長猶率精兵萬人(ren)；劉琦領江夏戰士，亦不下萬人(ren)。曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)之(zhi)眾，遠來疲憊；近追(zhui)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，輕(qing)騎一日夜行三百里，此所(suo)謂(wei)強弩之(zhi)末，勢(shi)不能穿魯(lu)縞(gao)者(zhe)也。且(qie)北(bei)方之(zhi)人(ren)，不習水戰。荊州(zhou)士民(min)附操(cao)者(zhe)，迫(po)于勢(shi)耳(er)(er)，非本心也。今將(jiang)軍(jun)誠能與(yu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)協力同心，破曹(cao)(cao)軍(jun)必矣(yi)。操(cao)軍(jun)破，必北(bei)還，則荊、吳之(zhi)勢(shi)強，而鼎(ding)足之(zhi)形成(cheng)矣(yi)。成(cheng)敗之(zhi)機，在于今日。惟(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)裁(cai)之(zhi)。”

譯文

魯肅(su)回(hui)報(bao)孫(sun)(sun)權，孫(sun)(sun)權安(an)(an)排(pai)第(di)(di)二天召(zhao)集文武于帳(zhang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，請臥龍先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來(lai)(lai)，升堂議事。第(di)(di)二天，魯肅(su)到驛(yi)館接孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)往(wang)孫(sun)(sun)權大(da)(da)帳(zhang)中(zhong)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)只(zhi)見張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、顧(gu)(gu)雍等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)班二十(shi)多(duo)(duo)位文武官員，峨冠博(bo)帶，整(zheng)衣端坐(zuo)(zuo)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)見禮，之(zhi)后在(zai)(zai)客(ke)位上(shang)(shang)落坐(zuo)(zuo)。張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)看到諸(zhu)葛孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)豐神飄(piao)灑，器宇軒昂(ang)，料他(ta)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)來(lai)(lai)游說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)便率先(xian)開口試(shi)問孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“我(wo)(wo)張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)江(jiang)東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)，早就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)聽(ting)說(shuo)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)臥隆中(zhong)，自(zi)比管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)，有(you)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事嗎(ma)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)回(hui)答(da)道(dao)：“這(zhe)只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)亮平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)小可(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)比。”張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)道(dao)：“新近聽(ting)說(shuo)劉(liu)備(bei)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)三(san)顧(gu)(gu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于草廬(lu)之(zhi)中(zhong)，幸(xing)得(de)(de)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)為(wei)(wei)‘如(ru)(ru)(ru)魚得(de)(de)水’因(yin)而欲想席(xi)卷荊(jing)(jing)襄。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)荊(jing)(jing)襄卻一(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)歸(gui)屬了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曹操(cao)(cao)，不(bu)(bu)知你(ni)們是(shi)(shi)何用意啊(a)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)暗想：張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)權手下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)謀士，若不(bu)(bu)先(xian)難(nan)(nan)(nan)倒他(ta)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)何說(shuo)服(fu)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)孫(sun)(sun)權？于是(shi)(shi)答(da)道(dao)：“在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)看來(lai)(lai)，我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)取漢上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)地(di)易如(ru)(ru)(ru)反掌。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)備(bei)謙卑仁義，不(bu)(bu)忍去(qu)奪(duo)同(tong)宗兄弟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基業，因(yin)此(ci)將(jiang)荊(jing)(jing)州(zhou)推讓掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。劉(liu)琮是(shi)(shi)個(ge)小孩子，聽(ting)任佞(ning)言(yan)，私自(zi)投降，致使(shi)曹操(cao)(cao)很猖(chang)獗(jue)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)屯兵江(jiang)夏，是(shi)(shi)另(ling)有(you)良圖，這(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)閑之(zhi)輩所(suo)能(neng)(neng)理解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)道(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)自(zi)相(xiang)矛(mao)盾了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)輔佐桓公(gong)稱霸諸(zhu)侯，一(yi)(yi)統(tong)天下(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅(yi)扶(fu)持微弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕國(guo)，拿下(xia)(xia)(xia)齊國(guo)七十(shi)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)城(cheng)池。這(zhe)兩個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)都是(shi)(shi)濟世(shi)之(zhi)才(cai)啊(a)！而先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)只(zhi)會在(zai)(zai)草廬(lu)之(zhi)中(zhong)笑(xiao)傲風月、抱膝危(wei)坐(zuo)(zuo)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)既然(ran)事從劉(liu)備(bei)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)該為(wei)(wei)百(bai)姓(xing)牟利(li)益，除害滅賊(zei)。然(ran)而劉(liu)備(bei)在(zai)(zai)未得(de)(de)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)時，尚能(neng)(neng)夠縱橫天下(xia)(xia)(xia)，割據城(cheng)地(di)；如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們更加(jia)仰(yang)望(wang)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)連三(san)歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)童(tong)都說(shuo)劉(liu)備(bei)是(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)虎添(tian)翼，不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)漢室(shi)興旺(wang)，曹操(cao)(cao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)滅了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。朝野上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)無不(bu)(bu)拭目(mu)以(yi)待，對先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抱著(zhu)極大(da)(da)希望(wang)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)何自(zi)從先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)備(bei)，曹兵一(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)，你(ni)們就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)丟(diu)盔(kui)卸甲(jia)，望(wang)風而竄，棄新野，走樊城(cheng)，敗(bai)當(dang)陽，奔夏口，無容身之(zhi)地(di)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)辜負了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)表遺愿，令天下(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓(xing)大(da)(da)失所(suo)望(wang)。那劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)自(zi)從有(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，為(wei)(wei)何反倒不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)當(dang)初了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)呢(ni)？管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)難(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)愚(yu)魯直率，請先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)見怪！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)聽(ting)罷，無聲地(di)笑(xiao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)笑(xiao)，說(shuo)道(dao)：“大(da)(da)鵬展翅飛萬里，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向難(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)是(shi)(shi)那些(xie)(xie)小燕雀(que)能(neng)(neng)認識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？比如(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痼疾，應當(dang)先(xian)給他(ta)喝點稀粥，同(tong)藥(yao)一(yi)(yi)起服(fu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。等(deng)(deng)到他(ta)肺(fei)腹(fu)調(diao)和(he)、形體慢(man)慢(man)養(yang)得(de)(de)安(an)(an)穩(wen)些(xie)(xie)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，再(zai)用肉食補(bu)養(yang)，加(jia)上(shang)(shang)效力強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)治療，這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)病(bing)根才(cai)能(neng)(neng)除盡(jin)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)以(yi)全面康(kang)復(fu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣脈緩和(he)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)給他(ta)吃烈藥(yao)和(he)味道(dao)厚重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)，想要(yao)求得(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)(an)，實在(zai)(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)難(nan)(nan)(nan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)備(bei)，以(yi)前(qian)兵敗(bai)于汝南，寄靠(kao)在(zai)(zai)劉(liu)表門下(xia)(xia)(xia)，兵不(bu)(bu)到一(yi)(yi)千，將(jiang)只(zhi)關、張、趙云，正(zheng)像是(shi)(shi)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)病(bing)重危(wei)急的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時刻。新野小縣(xian)地(di)僻人(ren)(ren)(ren)稀糧(liang)又少，他(ta)不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)暫時借以(yi)安(an)(an)身，怎可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)長久(jiu)坐(zuo)(zuo)守在(zai)(zai)那里呢(ni)？但就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處境(jing)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)(xia)，卻能(neng)(neng)夠火燒博(bo)望(wang)，水淹(yan)曹軍(jun)，令夏侯惇等(deng)(deng)心驚膽寒(han)。依我(wo)(wo)看來(lai)(lai)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)用兵，也不(bu)(bu)過(guo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)吧。至于劉(liu)琮投降曹操(cao)(cao)，豫(yu)州(zhou)當(dang)時根本不(bu)(bu)知，且又不(bu)(bu)忍心乘亂(luan)奪(duo)取同(tong)宗之(zhi)業；當(dang)陽之(zhi)敗(bai)，豫(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)忍丟(diu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓(xing)，幾十(shi)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)扶(fu)老攜(xie)幼(you)相(xiang)隨渡(du)江(jiang)，每日與民一(yi)(yi)同(tong)顛簸(bo)十(shi)余里路而放棄去(qu)取江(jiang)陵，真是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)仁大(da)(da)義啊(a)！寡(gua)不(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝(sheng)負乃是(shi)(shi)兵家常(chang)事。昔日漢高(gao)祖劉(liu)邦(bang)多(duo)(duo)次敗(bai)給項(xiang)羽，然(ran)而垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)卻取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)決定(ding)性勝(sheng)利(li)，難(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)韓信為(wei)(wei)他(ta)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)良謀嗎(ma)？可(ke)(ke)(ke)韓信扶(fu)佐劉(liu)邦(bang)那么(me)(me)久(jiu)，也沒(mei)(mei)得(de)(de)幾次勝(sheng)利(li)啊(a)。因(yin)此(ci)說(shuo)，國(guo)家大(da)(da)事，天下(xia)(xia)(xia)安(an)(an)危(wei)，要(yao)靠(kao)謀劃。那些(xie)(xie)夸夸其(qi)談、善(shan)于巧辯之(zhi)徒，靠(kao)虛榮之(zhi)氣壓人(ren)(ren)(ren)；盡(jin)管(guan)(guan)(guan)能(neng)(neng)夠坐(zuo)(zuo)著(zhu)議論、站著(zhu)高(gao)談，可(ke)(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)關鍵時刻應付各種形勢(shi)變化，卻什么(me)(me)都不(bu)(bu)行了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。——這(zhe)才(cai)真正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)叫天下(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呀！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)番(fan)話(hua)，說(shuo)得(de)(de)張昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)一(yi)(yi)句可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)對答(da)。

這(zhe)時座中一人(ren)忽然(ran)高(gao)聲(sheng)問(wen)道(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)今曹(cao)公屯兵(bing)百萬(wan)(wan)，列將(jiang)千(qian)名，虎(hu)視眈眈要踏平、吞(tun)食(shi)江夏，先(xian)生認為該怎么辦呢？”孔明望去(qu)，乃是(shi)虞翻。孔明道(dao)(dao)：“曹(cao)操(cao)收并了袁紹(shao)蟻聚之兵(bing)，劫劉(liu)表烏合之眾(zhong)，雖然(ran)百萬(wan)(wan)之軍，也沒什么可怕。”虞翻一聽冷笑(xiao)道(dao)(dao)：“你(ni)們軍敗(bai)于當陽，計窮于夏口，區區求救于人(ren)，還說‘不怕’，這(zhe)可真是(shi)大(da)言(yan)不慚(can)啊！”孔明道(dao)(dao)：“劉(liu)備(bei)不是(shi)只(zhi)靠幾(ji)千(qian)仁義之師，就(jiu)能抵抗(kang)百萬(wan)(wan)殘暴之眾(zhong)的(de)嗎？退守夏口是(shi)為了等待更(geng)好的(de)時機。而如(ru)今，你(ni)們江東兵(bing)精糧(liang)足，且憑借有(you)長江之天險(xian)，有(you)的(de)人(ren)卻還想(xiang)要主公孫(sun)權屈膝投降曹(cao)賊，而竟不顧(gu)天下人(ren)的(de)恥笑(xiao)。——從這(zhe)一點(dian)來看(kan)，劉(liu)備(bei)難道(dao)(dao)是(shi)怕曹(cao)操(cao)的(de)嗎？”虞翻被說得啞(ya)口無言(yan)了。

座中又一(yi)人發問道(dao)：“孔明先(xian)生(sheng)難道(dao)想效法(fa)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)和蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)來游說我們東吳嗎？”孔明一(yi)看，是步騭，回敬道(dao)：“步子山先(xian)生(sheng)以為張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)、蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)是辯士，卻大概還不(bu)(bu)知道(dao)他(ta)二人也是豪(hao)杰(jie)吧；蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)佩掛六(liu)國(guo)(guo)相印，張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)兩(liang)次(ci)為秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)宰相，都(dou)是匡(kuang)扶國(guo)(guo)家的(de)謀士，可不(bu)(bu)是那些畏強欺弱、怕刀怕槍的(de)人所(suo)能比的(de)。君等只聽曹操虛發的(de)假(jia)詐之詞，就嚇得想去投降，還竟好意思在這(zhe)里笑(xiao)話蘇(su)秦(qin)(qin)和張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)嗎？”步騭也被問得說不(bu)(bu)出話了(le)。

忽(hu)然，又有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)問道：“孔明認為(wei)曹操(cao)(cao)是(shi)個(ge)什么人(ren)呢(ni)？”孔明看(kan)那人(ren)，乃是(shi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)綜(zong)，答道：“曹操(cao)(cao)乃是(shi)漢(han)(han)賊，這還用問嗎？”薛(xue)(xue)(xue)綜(zong)道：“先生說(shuo)得不對(dui)。漢(han)(han)朝歷(li)代至今(jin)，天(tian)數眼(yan)看(kan)就要(yao)完了(le)。如今(jin)曹公(gong)擁有(you)(you)(you)三(san)分之二天(tian)下，人(ren)都歸(gui)心與(yu)他。劉備(bei)不識天(tian)時，強要(yao)與(yu)之分爭，正是(shi)好比以卵擊石，怎(zen)能不敗呢(ni)？”孔明這時厲聲說(shuo)道：“薛(xue)(xue)(xue)敬文怎(zen)么能出此(ci)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)君(jun)(jun)臣(chen)父子、沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)高低倫理之言呢(ni)？人(ren)生在天(tian)地(di)之間(jian)，應以忠(zhong)孝(xiao)作為(wei)立身之本。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)公(gong)既然是(shi)漢(han)(han)臣(chen)，卻(que)有(you)(you)(you)不臣(chen)之心，應當(dang)打消這些思(si)想，才是(shi)為(wei)臣(chen)的正道。曹操(cao)(cao)的祖宗食漢(han)(han)祿，卻(que)不思(si)報孝(xiao)漢(han)(han)室(shi)，反(fan)懷有(you)(you)(you)篡權叛逆之心，讓天(tian)下人(ren)憎忿，薛(xue)(xue)(xue)公(gong)卻(que)說(shuo)天(tian)數歸(gui)之曹操(cao)(cao)，真是(shi)無父無君(jun)(jun)、沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)綱常的人(ren)呀(ya)！我沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)必要(yao)同你(ni)講話，請不必多言了(le)！”薛(xue)(xue)(xue)綜(zong)滿面(mian)羞慚，無話對(dui)答。

座(zuo)上又有(you)一(yi)(yi)人應聲問(wen)道：“曹(cao)操(cao)雖(sui)然挾天子以令(ling)諸侯，可(ke)畢竟也是(shi)(shi)相國曹(cao)參的(de)后代。劉(liu)備(bei)雖(sui)自說是(shi)(shi)所謂中山靖王的(de)苗裔，卻沒(mei)有(you)考證，人們親眼所見(jian)的(de)，他(ta)只不(bu)過是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個編草席(xi)賣草鞋的(de)俗夫罷了，有(you)什么(me)資格(ge)來(lai)和(he)曹(cao)操(cao)抗衡(heng)呢(ni)！”孔明(ming)看去(qu)，原來(lai)是(shi)(shi)陸績。孔明(ming)笑起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，道：“曹(cao)操(cao)既然是(shi)(shi)曹(cao)相國的(de)后代，就(jiu)更證明(ming)他(ta)世代都為漢臣(chen)(chen)，而如今他(ta)卻手握王權，肆意橫行(xing)，欺君(jun)(jun)妄(wang)上，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)目無(wu)君(jun)(jun)主，而且(qie)是(shi)(shi)蔑視祖宗(zong)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)漢室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)亂臣(chen)(chen)，而且(qie)是(shi)(shi)曹(cao)氏之(zhi)(zhi)賊子。劉(liu)備(bei)是(shi)(shi)堂(tang)堂(tang)正正的(de)漢室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)胄，當今皇(huang)帝依據世宗(zong)祖譜賜與他(ta)官(guan)爵，你憑(ping)什么(me)說‘無(wu)可(ke)查考’呢(ni)？況且(qie)高祖就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)從區區亭長開始(shi)建業(ye)起(qi)(qi)身(shen)的(de)，織席(xi)賣鞋又有(you)什么(me)可(ke)以為恥辱的(de)呢(ni)？我(wo)看你真是(shi)(shi)小兒之(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)，怎(zen)能和(he)高士(shi)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)理論(lun)！”陸績不(bu)禁閉口塞舌。

席中又一(yi)人(ren)(ren)說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)：“孔(kong)明所言，都(dou)是強詞(ci)奪理，全(quan)不是正經(jing)(jing)之談，不必再(zai)說(shuo)了。只請問(wen)孔(kong)明著有(you)什(shen)么經(jing)(jing)典(dian)之論嗎(ma)？”孔(kong)明看(kan)他(ta)，是嚴峻(jun)，說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)：“尋(xun)章摘句(ju)，是世(shi)上那(nei)些(xie)迂(yu)腐儒(ru)士(shi)的(de)所為，哪能夠依此(ci)興國立事。古時(shi)候躬耕的(de)莘伊尹(yin)，垂(chui)釣于渭水的(de)姜子牙(ya)，還有(you)張良、鄧(deng)禹等名(ming)士(shi)高人(ren)(ren)都(dou)沒見(jian)他(ta)們有(you)什(shen)么經(jing)(jing)典(dian)論著。——難道(dao)(dao)說(shuo)你整天就光只是效(xiao)仿那(nei)些(xie)酸腐的(de)書生(sheng)，區區于筆(bi)硯(yan)之間，數(shu)黑論黃、舞文弄(nong)墨而已嗎(ma)？”嚴峻(jun)垂(chui)頭喪氣地無以(yi)作答。

忽然(ran)一(yi)個人(ren)(ren)大聲(sheng)說道：“諸葛公好說大話，未必有(you)(you)真才實(shi)學(xue)，恐怕到時(shi)恰(qia)恰(qia)要被文人(ren)(ren)學(xue)者(zhe)所(suo)笑呢。”孔明看那人(ren)(ren)，乃是程德(de)樞，便(bian)回答道：“文人(ren)(ren)學(xue)者(zhe)有(you)(you)君子(zi)與小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分。作(zuo)為君子(zi)的文人(ren)(ren)，忠君愛(ai)國，堅守正義(yi)，憎惡邪(xie)佞(ning)，盡力為時(shi)代做出自己的貢獻，美名傳于后世。而作(zuo)為小人(ren)(ren)的學(xue)者(zhe)，只鉆營雕蟲小技，用心(xin)于文墨，年輕時(shi)作(zuo)賦，人(ren)(ren)老了(le)把經都念完。筆下即(ji)便(bian)有(you)(you)千言，胸中卻沒有(you)(you)一(yi)點(dian)實(shi)實(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的計策。就像(xiang)楊雄那樣，雖(sui)然(ran)以文章著(zhu)稱(cheng)于世，卻屈身(shen)于草(cao)莽強盜之(zhi)手，走投無路最后跳樓而死。這就是所(suo)謂的小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)。即(ji)使(shi)他每天吟詩(shi)作(zuo)賦上萬言，可(ke)又有(you)(you)什么用呢！”程德(de)樞也不能(neng)應對了(le)。

眾(zhong)人(ren)見孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)對(dui)答(da)如流，全都(dou)已驚慌失(shi)色。此時座中還有(you)人(ren)想要(yao)問難孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)，忽然有(you)個人(ren)從(cong)外面走(zou)進來，厲(li)聲說(shuo)道(dao)：“孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)乃(nai)是(shi)當世奇才，諸(zhu)位以唇(chun)舌(she)相難，可不(bu)是(shi)敬客之(zhi)禮(li)。曹操大軍壓境，你(ni)們不(bu)商(shang)討退兵之(zhi)策，光在這里斗嘴！”眾(zhong)人(ren)一看，是(shi)督糧官黃蓋(gai)黃公(gong)覆(fu)。黃蓋(gai)對(dui)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“先生(sheng)何不(bu)將金(jin)石之(zhi)論對(dui)我主說(shuo)去？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“諸(zhu)君(jun)不(bu)識時務(wu)，互(hu)相問難，容不(bu)得我不(bu)答(da)。”

于是黃蓋和魯(lu)肅帶孔明進入(ru)中門，正巧(qiao)遇到諸葛(ge)瑾，孔明給(gei)他兄長施禮。諸葛(ge)瑾說(shuo)：“賢(xian)弟(di)既(ji)然已來(lai)到江東，為(wei)何(he)不來(lai)見(jian)我(wo)(wo)呢？”孔明說(shuo)：“弟(di)已輔佐劉備，理當先公后(hou)私。公事沒辦完，不敢旁及私事。請哥哥見(jian)諒。”諸葛(ge)瑾道：“賢(xian)弟(di)拜見(jian)過吳侯，就到我(wo)(wo)那里敘話。”說(shuo)完便走了(le)。

魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)對(dui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)囑咐道(dao)：“今天見(jian)到(dao)我(wo)(wo)家主(zhu)公，千(qian)萬別(bie)說(shuo)曹(cao)(cao)操兵(bing)多。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)笑(xiao)說(shuo)：“亮(liang)自(zi)(zi)會隨(sui)機應變。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)來到(dao)大(da)堂之上(shang)，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)下階(jie)而(er)迎，厚(hou)禮相(xiang)侍(shi)，請(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坐，眾(zhong)文武分列兩旁，魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)站在(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)邊上(shang)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)見(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)碧眼紫(zi)發，儀(yi)表堂堂，暗(an)想(xiang)(xiang)，此人相(xiang)貌不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般，只能(neng)(neng)(neng)用(yong)(yong)話(hua)激他(ta)(ta)(ta)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)光講道(dao)理。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，等(deng)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)問起曹(cao)(cao)操現(xian)有(you)(you)多少(shao)兵(bing)馬時，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)多萬。孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)詐我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)吧(ba)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)便(bian)將(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)兵(bing)力，加上(shang)從袁紹(shao)、中原(yuan)和荊州(zhou)那(nei)里新增(zeng)的(de)(de)兵(bing)力算在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十多萬。他(ta)(ta)(ta)方才說(shuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)萬，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕嚇著江(jiang)東之士；且(qie)曹(cao)(cao)操手下戰(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)謀士都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)二千(qian)。魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)在(zai)(zai)旁一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，驚慌(huang)失色，連忙向孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)使(shi)眼色不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)再說(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)卻只裝作沒有(you)(you)看見(jian)。這(zhe)時孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)又問：“曹(cao)(cao)操平了(le)(le)(le)(le)荊楚之地(di)，還有(you)(you)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)圖謀嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“他(ta)(ta)(ta)如(ru)今已(yi)沿(yan)江(jiang)邊安營扎寨(zhai)，準備戰(zhan)船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圖你們(men)(men)江(jiang)東，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)取哪里呢(ni)？”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“若(ruo)(ruo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)真有(you)(you)吞(tun)并之意(yi)，請(qing)先(xian)生(sheng)替我(wo)(wo)想(xiang)(xiang)想(xiang)(xiang)該怎(zen)么(me)(me)(me)辦。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“亮(liang)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句話(hua)，只怕將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)(ting)從。如(ru)今曹(cao)(cao)操勢力極大(da)，威震海(hai)內，即便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)雄(xiong)，也無用(yong)(yong)武之地(di)，奈他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可。將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)要(yao)(yao)(yao)量力而(er)行，若(ruo)(ruo)有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)抗(kang)衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)趁早消滅他(ta)(ta)(ta)；若(ruo)(ruo)沒有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力對(dui)抗(kang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)聽(ting)(ting)從眾(zhong)謀士的(de)(de)建議，投降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操算了(le)(le)(le)(le)。如(ru)今，將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)嘴上(shang)說(shuo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，心(xin)里又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想(xiang)(xiang)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，形勢危急，卻總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定主(zhu)意(yi)，大(da)禍可就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)臨頭了(le)(le)(le)(le)！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“若(ruo)(ruo)像(xiang)先(xian)生(sheng)說(shuo)的(de)(de)這(zhe)樣，劉(liu)備為什么(me)(me)(me)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)投降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操呢(ni)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“過(guo)去，像(xiang)齊國(guo)的(de)(de)田(tian)橫那(nei)樣的(de)(de)壯士都(dou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)堅守大(da)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)屈辱(ru)，何(he)況劉(liu)備是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)室宗親——事之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天意(yi)，怎(zen)么(me)(me)(me)能(neng)(neng)(neng)自(zi)(zi)己就(jiu)先(xian)屈服(fu)于(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)人之下呢(ni)！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)聽(ting)(ting)了(le)(le)(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)番話(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺臉(lian)色頓變，站起身來拂袖而(er)去，眾(zhong)人一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見(jian)，也都(dou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)笑(xiao)而(er)散(san)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)責怪孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“先(xian)生(sheng)為何(he)說(shuo)出這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)話(hua)來？幸虧我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)主(zhu)公寬洪(hong)大(da)度(du)，沒有(you)(you)當(dang)面責怪你，你的(de)(de)話(hua)過(guo)于(yu)藐視他(ta)(ta)(ta)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面笑(xiao)道(dao)：“何(he)必這(zhe)樣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)容(rong)人呢(ni)！我(wo)(wo)自(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)之計，他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)怎(zen)敢說(shuo)呢(ni)？”魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)忙道(dao)：“原(yuan)來先(xian)生(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)良策的(de)(de)，我(wo)(wo)這(zhe)就(jiu)去請(qing)主(zhu)公來向你求教(jiao)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)看曹(cao)(cao)操的(de)(de)百(bai)萬大(da)軍(jun)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群小螞蟻罷了(le)(le)(le)(le)，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抬手，它們(men)(men)就(jiu)都(dou)成了(le)(le)(le)(le)粉末。”魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)經這(zhe)么(me)(me)(me)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)，便(bian)立即到(dao)后堂去見(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)。孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，轉(zhuan)怒為喜，道(dao)：“原(yuan)來他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)話(hua)在(zai)(zai)激我(wo)(wo)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又出來與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)互(hu)致歉意(yi)，討教(jiao)良策。

孔明說：“劉(liu)備(bei)雖新敗，但關云長仍帶有精(jing)兵萬人；劉(liu)琦在江夏(xia)也有萬人。曹(cao)兵雖多，卻是(shi)(shi)遠道而(er)來，征戰疲憊，正所謂‘強弩之(zhi)末，勢不能穿魯縞’。并且北(bei)方人不習(xi)慣于(yu)(yu)水(shui)戰。荊(jing)州之(zhi)民依附于(yu)(yu)曹(cao)操，是(shi)(shi)迫于(yu)(yu)當時的形勢，而(er)并不是(shi)(shi)出于(yu)(yu)本心所愿。將軍如果(guo)現在能誠心誠意地和劉(liu)備(bei)結(jie)成聯(lian)盟，破曹(cao)之(zhi)事必成。曹(cao)軍敗了(le)(le)，自然退回北(bei)方，那么荊(jing)州和東(dong)吳(wu)的勢力也就加(jia)強了(le)(le)，三足鼎立的局(ju)面也得以成形。成敗的關鍵即在眼(yan)下，就看將軍怎樣(yang)決斷了(le)(le)。”

作者介紹

羅貫中，1330—1400之間，名(ming)本，號湖海散人，元末(mo)明初通俗小說家(jia)。他(ta)的籍貫一說是太原今(jin)山西，一說是錢塘今(jin)浙江杭州(zhou)，不可(ke)確(que)考。據傳說，羅貫中曾(ceng)充(chong)任過(guo)元末(mo)農民(min)起(qi)義軍張士誠(cheng)的幕客(ke)。

元末明初著名小說家(jia)、戲曲(qu)家(jia)，是(shi)中(zhong)國章(zhang)回(hui)小說的(de)鼻祖。生于(yu)元末明初的(de)封建(jian)王朝(chao)時(shi)代(dai)。作為(wei)與“倡優”、“妓藝”為(wei)伍的(de)戲曲(qu)平(ping)話(hua)作家(jia)，當時(shi)被視為(wei)勾欄瓦(wa)舍的(de)下九(jiu)流，正史不(bu)可能為(wei)他寫經作傳。唯一(yi)可看到的(de)是(shi)一(yi)位明代(dai)無名氏編(bian)著的(de)不(bu)可靠的(de)一(yi)本小冊子《錄鬼簿續編(bian)》，上寫：“羅貫(guan)中(zhong)，太原(yuan)人，號湖(hu)海散人。與人寡合，樂府隱(yin)語，極(ji)為(wei)清新。與余為(wei)忘年(nian)交，遭時(shi)多(duo)故，天各一(yi)方。至正甲辰復會，別(bie)來(lai)又六十余年(nian)，竟不(bu)知其所終。”

羅貫中一生著(zhu)(zhu)作頗豐(feng)，主要作品有：劇本(ben)《趙太祖龍虎風(feng)云(yun)會》、《忠正孝子(zi)連環諫》、《三(san)平章死哭蜚虎子(zi)》；小說《隋唐(tang)兩朝志傳(chuan)》、《殘(can)唐(tang)五代史(shi)演義》、《三(san)遂平妖傳(chuan)》、《粉(fen)妝樓(lou)》、和(he)施耐庵合著(zhu)(zhu)的《水滸傳(chuan)》，代表作有《三(san)國(guo)演義》（全名《三(san)國(guo)志通俗演義》）等(deng)。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面對諸(zhu)儒(ru)的詰難，諸(zhu)葛亮神態自若，一一作答(da)，是為守，然(ran)而他又不甘于只是作答(da)，每于答(da)后發(fa)起攻勢。

東吳第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謀士張(zhang)昭(zhao)詰問諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)管仲(zhong)(zhong)樂(le)(le)毅(yi)，而(er)最(zui)終卻使(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)“棄新野，走樊城，敗(bai)當陽(yang)，奔夏口(kou)，無(wu)容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”，“是(shi)(shi)豫州即(ji)得先(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如其初(chu)也。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)此(ci)問著實(shi)(shi)厲(li)害(hai)，李贄(zhi)評此(ci)句(ju)曰(yue)：“下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)得好毒手”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)笑(xiao)著回答：“鵬飛萬(wan)里(li)，其志豈群(qun)(qun)鳥能(neng)識(shi)哉？”以(yi)(yi)(yi)大鵬自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)況，志在(zai)(zai)萬(wan)里(li)；將(jiang)(jiang)群(qun)(qun)儒比(bi)(bi)(bi)作群(qun)(qun)鳥，胸(xiong)無(wu)大志。接下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)去運用(yong)(yong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)喻論證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)染沉疴，當用(yong)(yong)和藥糜粥。而(er)不(bu)(bu)可用(yong)(yong)猛(meng)藥厚味(wei)，說(shuo)明(ming)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)取勝(sheng)(sheng)尚需時(shi)日.又(you)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步用(yong)(yong)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)論證說(shuo)明(ming)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點；“夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)甲兵不(bu)(bu)完，城郭不(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)經練，糧不(bu)(bu)繼日，然而(er)博望燒屯，白(bai)河用(yong)(yong)水(shui)，使(shi)夏侯惇、曹(cao)(cao)仁(ren)輩(bei)心驚膽裂：竊(qie)謂管仲(zhong)(zhong)、樂(le)(le)毅(yi)用(yong)(yong)兵，未必過此(ci)。”此(ci)段諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)論據，對(dui)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)管仲(zhong)(zhong)樂(le)(le)毅(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)論證，在(zai)(zai)鑿(zao)鑿(zao)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)面前張(zhang)昭(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)難(nan)(nan)不(bu)(bu)攻(gong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)破。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暫時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)歸(gui)(gui)于(yu)三個(ge)原因：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)仁(ren)義，不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)奪同(tong)宗基業(ye)，不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)舍棄赴義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，甘與(yu)同(tong)敗(bai)；二是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)琮孱弱，聽信妄言，暗自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)投降；三是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)向日兵不(bu)(bu)滿千，將(jiang)(jiang)止關(guan)、張(zhang)、趙云(yun)，“寡不(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong)，勝(sheng)(sheng)負乃(nai)其常事(shi)”，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)引用(yong)(yong)漢(han)高祖數敗(bai)于(yu)項(xiang)羽而(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戰成功作類比(bi)(bi)(bi)論證說(shuo)明(ming)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)失利(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)暫時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)取得最(zui)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勝(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。進(jin)而(er)歸(gui)(gui)納出漢(han)高祖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終勝(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀，突(tu)出自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)在(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)興復漢(han)室大業(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)。此(ci)段答張(zhang)昭(zhao)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)得先(xian)生(sheng)反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問，水(shui)來土掩，滴(di)水(shui)不(bu)(bu)漏(lou)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)防守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。接著話鋒一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)轉，將(jiang)(jiang)矛頭直指東吳群(qun)(qun)儒：“非(fei)比(bi)(bi)(bi)夸辯(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛譽欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)；坐議(yi)立談，無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可及(ji)；臨機應(ying)變，百無(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)(wei)(wei)天下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)笑(xiao)耳！”李贄(zhi)評諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)駁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論為(wei)(wei)(wei)“說(shuo)盡今日秀才病(bing)痛”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)此(ci)舉攻(gong)勢凌厲(li)，使(shi)對(dui)方“并無(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言回答”。此(ci)乃(nai)先(xian)守后(hou)(hou)攻(gong)、攻(gong)守有度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辯(bian)論策略。對(dui)虞翻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)大敗(bai)猶言不(bu)(bu)懼曹(cao)(cao)實(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大言欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)只以(yi)(yi)(yi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)寡不(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong)，退守夏口(kou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)天時(shi)相應(ying)，是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)防守，隨即(ji)便有“江東兵精糧足，且有長江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)，猶欲(yu)使(shi)其主屈膝降賊，不(bu)(bu)顧天下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑(xiao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語來反(fan)攻(gong)，使(shi)虞翻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)對(dui)。后(hou)(hou)對(dui)步騭、薛(xue)綜(zong)等人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發難(nan)(nan)，孔明(ming)莫不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)先(xian)守后(hou)(hou)攻(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)對(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)東吳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒者一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)個(ge)敗(bai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陣來。

此法(fa)妙極。因(yin)有群儒詰(jie)問(wen)在先(xian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答，故宜先(xian)守(shou)，且守(shou)得從容(rong)，既曲(qu)盡(jin)事(shi)理，又(you)詳陳(chen)(chen)事(shi)實(shi)，將對(dui)手的詰(jie)問(wen)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)化解；又(you)因(yin)群儒來者不(bu)(bu)(bu)善，多有惡意，便于守(shou)住陣地后發起反攻(gong)(gong)，使(shi)(shi)論辯進退(tui)有致，引(yin)人入勝。設若只守(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)攻(gong)(gong)，則必陷被動境地；若只攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)守(shou)，失去了據(ju)理陳(chen)(chen)詞的部分，使(shi)(shi)論辯僅僅停(ting)留在口舌之爭，則缺(que)乏以理服人的成分。

語帶雙機

諸(zhu)葛亮以其高超的語言技(ji)巧使整個論辯過程精彩紛呈(cheng)，于有(you)限的語句中蘊含極深的意味，嚼(jiao)之余(yu)香滿口。在(zai)談到劉備新敗之因時(shi)，諸(zhu)葛亮說劉琮“暗自(zi)投(tou)降(jiang)”，意在(zai)嘲諷東吳主降(jiang)之士(shi)，“非等(deng)閑可知也”，示張昭等(deng)皆(jie)等(deng)閑無(wu)(wu)能之輩(bei)；又云“社稷(ji)安危，是有(you)主謀”，寓昭等(deng)無(wu)(wu)定國(guo)安邦之策，反(fan)以妖言惑主，實禍國(guo)殃民之人。

步騭(zhi)指出諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮欲效張(zhang)儀(yi)、蘇(su)秦的(de)(de)(de)游(you)說之(zhi)舉(ju)，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮卻(que)淡化張(zhang)儀(yi)蘇(su)秦二人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)辯(bian)士(shi)身份，而(er)突出其豪(hao)杰的(de)(de)(de)本色，強調二人(ren)(ren)“皆有匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國之(zhi)謀”，點出儒者們(men)無勇無謀，只知(zhi)巧言論辯(bian)，實(shi)則貪生(sheng)怕死(si)的(de)(de)(de)本質。諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮避開某些辯(bian)士(shi)為(wei)一已之(zhi)利益(yi)而(er)游(you)說的(de)(de)(de)特點，在(zai)突出其“匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國”大志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)同時，也為(wei)自己張(zhang)目(mu)，我為(wei)匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國而(er)來，你們(men)卻(que)為(wei)葬送(song)人(ren)(ren)國而(er)辯(bian)，孰高(gao)孰低(di)，一目(mu)了(le)然。

陸(lu)績以(yi)曹操是(shi)相國曹參之后，劉備出身無可稽考相詰，“眼(yan)見只是(shi)織席販屨之夫耳，何足(zu)與(yu)曹操抗衡哉(zai)！”諸葛亮先不直接回答問(wen)題，而(er)是(shi)輕蔑地一笑，“公非袁術(shu)座間懷(huai)(huai)桔(jie)之陸(lu)郎乎？”諸葛亮此處(chu)提(ti)及(ji)此事，表面看(kan)來似屬閑筆(bi)，實則頗有深(shen)意。懷(huai)(huai)桔(jie)之事本為盡心(xin)事孝(xiao)之典范，然(ran)而(er)畢(bi)竟是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)兒所(suo)為，懷(huai)(huai)桔(jie)小(xiao)(xiao)兒之論必是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)兒之見，自然(ran)“不足(zu)與(yu)高士共語”。

諸葛亮答程德樞之(zhi)語可分為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)層(ceng)內容。一(yi)是論君子之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)的(de)風采，“忠(zhong)君愛國，守正惡邪，務使(shi)澤及當時(shi)，名(ming)留后世，”表(biao)面(mian)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)君子之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)正名(ming)，實(shi)為(wei)(wei)夫子自(zi)道也；二是畫小人(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)的(de)嘴臉，“筆(bi)下(xia)雖有(you)千(qian)言，胸(xiong)中實(shi)無一(yi)策，”對大敵(di)當前(qian)而群儒(ru)(ru)一(yi)籌莫(mo)展予(yu)以辛辣的(de)諷(feng)刺，且以揚雄屈(qu)(qu)身事(shi)莽(mang)下(xia)場可悲昭示東(dong)吳小人(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)不顧氣(qi)節屈(qu)(qu)膝投降(jiang)必將留下(xia)千(qian)古罵名(ming)。

語帶雙(shuang)機之辯(bian)術充(chong)分顯示了諸(zhu)葛亮的(de)(de)論辯(bian)技(ji)巧，一(yi)石二鳥(niao)，弦外有音(yin)，以極精煉(lian)的(de)(de)語句表(biao)達(da)極豐富的(de)(de)內容(rong)，頗具戰斗(dou)力。似(si)不經意中顯出(chu)智慧(hui)，信手(shou)拈來時愈見(jian)功力。給人留(liu)下(xia)充(chong)分的(de)(de)想象余(yu)地(di)。

各個擊破

對不(bu)同的人采取(qu)不(bu)同的方法擊(ji)敗(bai)對方，是諸(zhu)葛亮舌(she)戰群儒的又一大特色。

對張昭(zhao)，由于他是東(dong)吳重臣，第一謀士(shi)，諸葛亮(liang)采取擒(qin)賊(zei)先擒(qin)王的(de)策略，娓(wei)娓(wei)道來，嚴密(mi)防(fang)守之后大舉進攻，使張昭(zhao)無一言可對。對張昭(zhao)的(de)反(fan)駁洋洋灑灑，周(zhou)密(mi)細致(zhi)，絲絲入扣(kou)，而對以下(xia)諸儒則多以簡潔明快(kuai)的(de)對答迅速(su)結束(shu)戰(zhan)斗，不(bu)與多做糾纏。

在整個(ge)(ge)過程中(zhong)，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)辨藝術發揮得(de)(de)酣暢淋漓，他(ta)面(mian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)群儒潮(chao)水般涌來的(de)(de)(de)詰難，沉著(zhu)應(ying)戰，或(huo)引經(jing)據典(dian)，或(huo)轉換(huan)論(lun)題(ti)，或(huo)厲聲(sheng)責問，或(huo)反唇相譏，可(ke)謂(wei)得(de)(de)心應(ying)手(shou)，游(you)刃有余。如以韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)，揚雄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死來作為(wei)(wei)論(lun)據幫助申明(ming)觀點；對(dui)(dui)(dui)步騭的(de)(de)(de)“孔明(ming)欲效儀、秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌，游(you)說東吳耶(ye)？”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)理(li)，而(er)從蘇、張二人豪杰本(ben)色(se)入手(shou)，轉守(shou)為(wei)(wei)攻；對(dui)(dui)(dui)薛綜(zong)則厲聲(sheng)責問：“薛敬文安得(de)(de)出(chu)此(ci)無父(fu)無君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)乎！”諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)抓住儒者(zhe)鼓吹忠孝為(wei)(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)特點，以“君父(fu)”兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)正大堂皇的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)眼喝倒薛綜(zong)，實在是擊到了對(dui)(dui)(dui)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)，薛綜(zong)自然(ran)“滿面(mian)羞(xiu)慚”；對(dui)(dui)(dui)陸(lu)績，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)以不(bu)(bu)溫不(bu)(bu)火的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)(yu)調反唇相譏，指出(chu)其以出(chu)身論(lun)英雄的(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)誕不(bu)(bu)經(jing)，使陸(lu)績語(yu)(yu)塞。而(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)“治(zhi)何(he)經(jing)典(dian)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)只(zhi)以三句(ju)(ju)話回(hui)應(ying)，首先認為(wei)(wei)“尋章摘(zhai)句(ju)(ju)”者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)“世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腐儒”，并不(bu)(bu)能“興邦立(li)事”；既而(er)舉例(li)，伊(yi)尹、姜子牙、張良(liang)、陳平、鄧、“皆有匡扶宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才”，而(er)并未(wei)死鉆(zhan)書本(ben)；最后(hou)總括(kuo)為(wei)(wei)“舞(wu)文弄墨”只(zhi)是書生(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)為(wei)(wei)。短短數語(yu)(yu)，有理(li)有據，在一(yi)連串的(de)(de)(de)古圣(sheng)今賢的(de)(de)(de)列舉中(zhong)反襯出(chu)書生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)無用，從而(er)使以治(zhi)經(jing)典(dian)為(wei)(wei)榮的(de)(de)(de)嚴畯低頭喪氣。

詳略(lve)的(de)(de)不同、論辯方法的(de)(de)不同顯(xian)示出諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮的(de)(de)機(ji)動靈活(huo)，詳答老辣者，略(lve)對(dui)淺薄者，揮揮灑灑，左右逢源，嘻笑怒(nu)罵，皆成文章，著實令人嘆服。

語勢磅礴

整個論辯過(guo)程中，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勢磅(bang)礴，使(shi)對(dui)(dui)方懾服于(yu)他的(de)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)威力(li)，只有(you)招架之(zhi)(zhi)功，而無(wu)反(fan)(fan)擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)力(li)。這一(yi)點突出體現(xian)在他的(de)反(fan)(fan)問(wen)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氣的(de)運用上。如反(fan)(fan)詰張昭：“鵬飛萬里，其(qi)志豈(qi)(qi)群鳥(niao)能識哉？”“豫州不過(guo)暫借以(yi)容(rong)身(shen)，豈(qi)(qi)真將坐守于(yu)此(ci)耶(ye)？”“昔高(gao)皇數(shu)(shu)敗(bai)于(yu)項羽，而垓下(xia)一(yi)戰(zhan)成(cheng)功，此(ci)非韓信之(zhi)(zhi)良謀乎(hu)？”反(fan)(fan)擊(ji)步騭：“君等聞曹操虛發詐偽(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)詞，便畏懼請(qing)降，敢笑蘇秦、張儀乎(hu)？”對(dui)(dui)陸績：“且高(gao)祖(zu)起身(shen)亭長，而終有(you)天下(xia)；織席販屨，又(you)何足(zu)為辱乎(hu)？”對(dui)(dui)嚴：“豈(qi)(qi)亦效書生，區區于(yu)筆(bi)硯之(zhi)(zhi)間，數(shu)(shu)黑論黃，舞文(wen)弄(nong)墨而已(yi)乎(hu)？”……一(yi)連(lian)串(chuan)的(de)反(fan)(fan)問(wen)句，語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勢強烈，咄咄逼(bi)人(ren)，我們可以(yi)說，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮舌戰(zhan)群儒只所以(yi)耐人(ren)尋味百讀不厭，在很(hen)大(da)程度上得益于(yu)其(qi)論辯過(guo)程語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勢的(de)力(li)量。在以(yi)理服人(ren)的(de)基(ji)礎上，諸(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮更以(yi)其(qi)語(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)言(yan)的(de)氣勢壓倒了對(dui)(dui)手。

就語(yu)句(ju)而言，也突出顯示了諸葛亮語(yu)言的(de)氣(qi)勢。善用(yong)短(duan)(duan)句(ju)、排(pai)比對(dui)偶(ou)句(ju)該是(shi)其突出的(de)特點。短(duan)(duan)句(ju)的(de)使用(yong)簡潔明快，適于論辯；排(pai)比句(ju)對(dui)偶(ou)句(ju)更有“壯氣(qi)勢廣文義(yi)”的(de)修辭特征，如“甲兵不(bu)完(wan)，城郭不(bu)固，軍不(bu)經(jing)練(lian)，糧不(bu)繼日”極言劉(liu)備當時所處的(de)劣(lie)勢地位；諷小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)儒，則有“惟務(wu)雕蟲，專工翰墨，青春(chun)作賦，皓首(shou)窮經(jing)，”可謂(wei)數(shu)盡小(xiao)人(ren)儒者之(zhi)弊。非語(yu)言大家無此上乘之(zhi)作。

語勢(shi)磅礴(bo)源于理(li)直(zhi)(zhi)氣壯(zhuang)，“理(li)直(zhi)(zhi)”是因，“氣壯(zhuang)”是果。在諸葛亮的意識中，此(ci)番東吳之(zhi)行乃為正(zheng)義而來，故而正(zheng)氣浩然(ran)，處(chu)變不驚(jing)。瀟灑的風度、廣博(bo)的學識，使對手在氣勢(shi)上先(xian)輸了(le)三分(fen)，加(jia)之(zhi)諸葛亮一陣窮追猛打，遂有破(po)竹之(zhi)勢(shi)。

綜(zong)觀(guan)舌戰群(qun)儒的整個過程(cheng)，諸葛亮(liang)在東吳(wu)諸儒的詰問(wen)中(zhong)從(cong)容(rong)做對(dui)(dui)，侃侃而談，縱橫(heng)捭(bai)闔(he)，游刃(ren)有(you)余，終使(shi)“張昭并(bing)無一(yi)言回答”，“虞翻不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)”，“步(bu)騭默(mo)然無語”，“薛綜(zong)滿(man)面羞慚，不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)答”，“陸(lu)績語塞”，“嚴畯低頭(tou)喪氣不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)”，“程(cheng)德(de)樞不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)”，以至眾人“盡(jin)皆(jie)失色”。真(zhen)可謂三寸之(zhi)舌能(neng)抵百萬之(zhi)兵。

總之，諸葛(ge)亮(liang)舌戰(zhan)群儒風頭出(chu)盡，其嫻熟的論辯技巧令(ling)人折(zhe)服，堪(kan)稱經典，值得當今(jin)習此(ci)道者(zhe)深(shen)味(wei)。

辨析概括

東(dong)漢末期，曹(cao)(cao)操挾天(tian)子(zi)以令諸侯，較(jiao)有(you)(you)實力(li)(li)的(de)軍閥(fa)大(da)都(dou)被他消滅(mie)了，惟獨(du)劉(liu)備和孫權還(huan)有(you)(you)發(fa)展壯大(da)的(de)可能(neng)，曹(cao)(cao)操自知一下(xia)子(zi)吞并這兩(liang)股勢力(li)(li)還(huan)比較(jiao)難。于是，曹(cao)(cao)操就派人拿著他的(de)書(shu)信去東(dong)吳(wu)，想和孫權聯(lian)手消滅(mie)劉(liu)備。

孫權手下(xia)的謀士大都(dou)主(zhu)張(zhang)降曹自保，只有(you)魯肅(su)主(zhu)張(zhang)聯(lian)劉抗曹。但魯肅(su)自知(zhi)難(nan)以說服孫權和(he)東吳的文臣，特意(yi)請諸葛亮(liang)來當說客(ke)。

魯肅引諸葛亮見了東(dong)(dong)吳的一(yi)群謀士(shi)，這些人并非泛泛之(zhi)輩，個個。都是有學問的人。東(dong)(dong)吳第一(yi)大謀士(shi)張昭首先發(fa)難，說：聽說劉備到(dao)你(ni)家里三(san)趟，才把你(ni)請出山(shan)，以為(wei)有了你(ni)就如同魚得了水，想奪取荊(jing)(jing)襄九郡(jun)做根(gen)據地。但荊(jing)(jing)襄已被曹操得到(dao)，你(ni)還有什么主意呢？

諸葛亮(liang)心里想，如果(guo)不先難(nan)倒張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)，就沒辦法說服孫權聯劉抗曹(cao)了。諸葛亮(liang)說：劉備取荊襄這塊(kuai)地盤(pan)，易(yi)如反掌，只(zhi)是不忍心奪取同宗的基業，才被曹(cao)操撿了便宜(yi)。現(xian)在屯兵(bing)江夏(xia)，另(ling)有宏圖大(da)計，等閑(xian)之輩哪懂得(de)這個(ge)。國家大(da)事(shi)，社稷(ji)安(an)危，都(dou)要有真(zhen)才實(shi)學的人拿出(chu)好主意。而口舌之徒，坐而論道，碰上事(shi)兒，卻拿不出(chu)一個(ge)辦法來，只(zhi)能為天下(xia)人恥笑。一番(fan)話，說得(de)張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)啞口無言(yan)。

之(zhi)后(hou)，一(yi)個(ge)謀士問：曹(cao)操屯兵(bing)百萬，將列(lie)千員(yuan)，你(ni)說不怕，吹牛吧你(ni)。諸葛(ge)亮(liang)答：劉備(bei)退守(shou)夏口，是等待時機(ji)，而東吳兵(bing)精糧足，還有長江(jiang)天險(xian)可守(shou)，卻都勸孫權降曹(cao)，丟人(ren)吧你(ni)。

東吳(wu)的(de)謀士一個(ge)接一個(ge)地向諸葛亮發難，先后有七人之多，都被諸葛亮反駁(bo)得有口難辯。