清康(kang)熙郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)釉穿帶(dai)直(zhi)口瓶是18世(shi)紀(ji)初,江西(xi)巡(xun)撫(fu)郎廷極(ji)奉康(kang)熙之(zhi)命(ming)到景德鎮(zhen)主持御窯(yao)時燒(shao)制出的(de)(de)。當(dang)時,郎廷極(ji)試圖燒(shao)制出失傳數百年的(de)(de)祭紅(hong)(hong),但(dan)是沒有成功,卻成功地(di)燒(shao)制出另外一(yi)種更為(wei)鮮(xian)亮(liang)的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)釉瓷器,因(yin)此人(ren)們把這種瓷器以他的(de)(de)姓氏命(ming)名。現藏于北(bei)京故(gu)宮博物院。
清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉穿(chuan)(chuan)帶(dai)直口(kou)(kou)瓶高20.8厘(li)米(mi),口(kou)(kou)徑(jing)6.1厘(li)米(mi),足(zu)徑(jing)9.1厘(li)米(mi)。瓶直口(kou)(kou),長(chang)頸,垂(chui)(chui)腹(fu),圈(quan)足(zu)外(wai)撇。足(zu)外(wai)墻兩側(ce)各有一長(chang)方形穿(chuan)(chuan)孔,可(ke)穿(chuan)(chuan)系繩(sheng)帶(dai)。在(zai)(zai)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)系帶(dai)是(shi)對(dui)無梁、無系、無扳手的(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)進行(xing)提拿的(de)傳(chuan)統方法,拆卸容(rong)易而又(you)非常實用,也可(ke)以使器(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)擺放位置(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)固定(ding),不(bu)致被損壞(huai)。該(gai)器(qi)(qi)通體施紅(hong)釉,因釉質在(zai)(zai)高溫燒造時(shi)垂(chui)(chui)流(liu)而使口(kou)(kou)部顯露出(chu)白色胎(tai)體,底部紅(hong)釉凝聚,釉色濃重。外(wai)底施白釉并鐫刻乾隆御(yu)制(zhi)詩:“暈如(ru)雨后霽霞紅(hong),出(chu)火還加微炙工(gong)。世上(shang)(shang)(shang)朱砂非所擬,西方寶(bao)石致難(nan)同(tong)。插花應使花羞(xiu)色,比盡翻嗤畫是(shi)空(kong)。數典宣窯斯最古,誰知皇祜德尤崇。乾隆乙未仲春月御(yu)題。”
清康(kang)熙郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)使用的郎紅(hong)(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)屬高(gao)溫釉(you)(you),在1300℃以上高(gao)溫燒成,是(shi)我國名貴銅紅(hong)(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)中(zhong)色(se)彩最鮮(xian)艷的一(yi)種(zhong)。郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)無論瓶,碗,盤(pan)各種(zhong)器(qi)物(wu)的底足(zu)(zu)(zu)旋削十分講究(jiu),為(wei)了流(liu)(liu)釉(you)(you)不過底足(zu)(zu)(zu),工(gong)匠(jiang)用刮(gua)刀在圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)外側(ce)刮(gua)出(chu)一(yi)個二(er)層臺(tai),阻擋(dang)流(liu)(liu)釉(you)(you)淌下來,這是(shi)郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)瓷器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作過程中(zhong)一(yi)個獨特的技法,因(yin)此郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)器(qi)的施(shi)釉(you)(you)技術(shu)(shu)有“脫口、垂足(zu)(zu)(zu)、郎不流(liu)(liu)”之(zhi)稱。從傳世實物(wu)看,大(da)瓶之(zhi)類器(qi)物(wu)也有紅(hong)(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)垂流(liu)(liu)過足(zu)(zu)(zu)邊,又經人工(gong)打磨修(xiu)正(zheng)的。當代景德(de)鎮燒制(zhi)(zhi)顏色(se)釉(you)(you)的技術(shu)(shu)很(hen)高(gao),尤其所燒紅(hong)(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)渾然一(yi)體,非常艷麗,帶有刺目的釉(you)(you)光(guang)。器(qi)底為(wei)亮青釉(you)(you),足(zu)(zu)(zu)邊釉(you)(you)也進(jin)行(xing)過打磨。
清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉(you)穿帶(dai)直口瓶色彩絢麗,紅(hong)艷鮮(xian)明(ming),且具(ju)有(you)一種強烈的(de)玻璃光澤。由于釉(you)汁厚(hou),在高溫下產生流淌,所(suo)以成(cheng)品的(de)郎紅(hong)往往于口沿露(lu)出(chu)白(bai)(bai)胎,呈現(xian)出(chu)旋(xuan)狀白(bai)(bai)線,或粉色、淡青或淺紅(hong)色,俗(su)稱“燈草(cao)邊”;而底部邊緣釉(you)汁流垂凝聚,近于黑(hei)紅(hong)色。
清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉穿帶直(zhi)(zhi)口瓶之所以(yi)選擇紅(hong)顏色(se),主要是受中國傳統文化的影響。在(zai)傳統文化里,紅(hong)色(se)一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)被視為是一(yi)種表(biao)示喜慶的正色(se),寓意著(zhu)莊嚴(yan)、幸福(fu)、吉(ji)祥。
清康熙郎窯紅釉穿帶直口瓶是(shi)故宮十(shi)大鎮館之寶之一。