清康熙(xi)郎(lang)窯紅(hong)釉(you)(you)穿帶直口瓶是18世紀初,江西巡撫郎(lang)廷(ting)極(ji)奉康熙(xi)之命(ming)到(dao)景德鎮主持御窯時燒制出的(de)。當(dang)時,郎(lang)廷(ting)極(ji)試(shi)圖燒制出失傳數百年的(de)祭紅(hong),但是沒有成功,卻成功地燒制出另外一種更為鮮亮的(de)紅(hong)釉(you)(you)瓷器,因此人們把這(zhe)種瓷器以他的(de)姓(xing)氏命(ming)名。現藏(zang)于北京故(gu)宮博物院。
清康熙郎窯紅釉(you)穿(chuan)帶(dai)直口瓶(ping)高(gao)20.8厘(li)(li)米,口徑6.1厘(li)(li)米,足徑9.1厘(li)(li)米。瓶(ping)直口,長頸,垂(chui)腹,圈(quan)足外(wai)撇(pie)。足外(wai)墻兩側各有(you)一長方形穿(chuan)孔(kong),可穿(chuan)系(xi)繩帶(dai)。在(zai)(zai)容器(qi)上系(xi)帶(dai)是對無(wu)梁、無(wu)系(xi)、無(wu)扳手的器(qi)物進行提拿的傳統方法,拆卸容易而(er)又非(fei)常實用(yong),也可以使(shi)器(qi)物在(zai)(zai)擺放位置上固(gu)定,不致被損壞。該器(qi)通體施紅釉(you),因釉(you)質在(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫燒造時垂(chui)流而(er)使(shi)口部(bu)顯露(lu)出白色胎(tai)體,底部(bu)紅釉(you)凝聚,釉(you)色濃重。外(wai)底施白釉(you)并鐫刻乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)御(yu)(yu)制(zhi)詩(shi):“暈如雨(yu)后霽霞紅,出火還加微炙工。世(shi)上朱(zhu)砂(sha)非(fei)所擬,西方寶石致難同。插花應使(shi)花羞色,比盡(jin)翻嗤畫(hua)是空。數典宣(xuan)窯斯最古,誰知(zhi)皇(huang)祜(hu)德尤崇(chong)。乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)乙未仲(zhong)春月(yue)御(yu)(yu)題。”
清康熙郎(lang)(lang)窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)使用的郎(lang)(lang)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)屬高(gao)溫釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),在1300℃以上高(gao)溫燒成(cheng),是(shi)我國名貴銅紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)色彩最鮮(xian)艷的一種。郎(lang)(lang)窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)無論瓶,碗,盤各種器(qi)物(wu)(wu)的底(di)足(zu)(zu)旋削(xue)十分講究,為(wei)了流(liu)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不過底(di)足(zu)(zu),工匠用刮刀(dao)在圈足(zu)(zu)外側刮出一個(ge)二層臺(tai),阻(zu)擋流(liu)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)淌下來,這是(shi)郎(lang)(lang)窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)瓷(ci)器(qi)制作過程中(zhong)一個(ge)獨特的技(ji)法,因此郎(lang)(lang)窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)器(qi)的施(shi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)技(ji)術有“脫口(kou)、垂(chui)(chui)足(zu)(zu)、郎(lang)(lang)不流(liu)”之稱。從傳(chuan)世實物(wu)(wu)看,大瓶之類器(qi)物(wu)(wu)也有紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)垂(chui)(chui)流(liu)過足(zu)(zu)邊(bian)(bian),又經人(ren)工打(da)磨(mo)修正的。當代(dai)景德鎮(zhen)燒制顏色釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的技(ji)術很(hen)高(gao),尤其所燒紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)渾(hun)然(ran)一體,非常艷麗,帶有刺目的釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)光。器(qi)底(di)為(wei)亮青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),足(zu)(zu)邊(bian)(bian)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)也進行過打(da)磨(mo)。
清康(kang)熙郎(lang)窯(yao)紅(hong)釉(you)穿(chuan)帶直口瓶色彩絢麗,紅(hong)艷鮮明,且具有(you)一種強烈(lie)的(de)玻璃光澤。由于(yu)釉(you)汁厚,在高(gao)溫下產生流(liu)淌,所以成品的(de)郎(lang)紅(hong)往(wang)往(wang)于(yu)口沿(yan)露出白胎(tai),呈現出旋(xuan)狀白線,或(huo)粉(fen)色、淡(dan)青或(huo)淺(qian)紅(hong)色,俗稱(cheng)“燈草(cao)邊”;而底部邊緣釉(you)汁流(liu)垂凝(ning)聚,近于(yu)黑(hei)紅(hong)色。
清康熙郎窯(yao)紅釉穿帶直(zhi)口瓶(ping)之所以選擇紅顏色(se),主要是受中國傳(chuan)統文化的影響。在傳(chuan)統文化里,紅色(se)一(yi)直(zhi)被視為是一(yi)種表示喜慶的正色(se),寓意著莊嚴(yan)、幸福、吉祥(xiang)。
清(qing)康熙(xi)郎窯紅釉穿帶直口瓶是故宮十(shi)大鎮(zhen)館(guan)之寶之一。