據雍正十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1735年(nian)(nian)(nian))督(du)(du)陶(tao)(tao)官唐英(ying)撰《陶(tao)(tao)成紀事(shi)》載(zai):“洋(yang)彩器皿,新仿西(xi)洋(yang)琺瑯畫法(fa),人(ren)物(wu)、山水、花(hua)卉、翎(ling)毛無不精(jing)細(xi)入(ru)神。”可見瓷(ci)(ci)胎洋(yang)彩在雍正時已開始燒(shao)造。從清(qing)宮內務(wu)府造辦處《各(ge)作成做活計清(qing)檔》來看(kan),瓷(ci)(ci)胎洋(yang)彩瓷(ci)(ci)器大都制作于(yu)乾隆(long)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1741年(nian)(nian)(nian))之后,系在當時由督(du)(du)陶(tao)(tao)官唐英(ying)督(du)(du)理(li)的景德鎮御(yu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)廠內制作完(wan)成。這種洋(yang)彩瓷(ci)(ci)器深受(shou)乾隆(long)帝(di)的喜愛。乾隆(long)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1748年(nian)(nian)(nian)),年(nian)(nian)(nian)已六十(shi)六歲(sui)的唐英(ying)接(jie)到乾隆(long)帝(di)的旨(zhi)意,負責(ze)燒(shao)制清(qing)乾隆(long)各(ge)種釉(you)彩大瓶。為了達到這一目的,唐英(ying)廣泛派遣(qian)得力助(zhu)手去哥窯(yao)(yao)(yao)、汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)、鈞窯(yao)(yao)(yao)、定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)、龍泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao)、湘湖窯(yao)(yao)(yao)等全國各(ge)大名窯(yao)(yao)(yao)搜羅配方或(huo)瓷(ci)(ci)片標本,或(huo)者仔細(xi)研究古代(dai)文獻的相(xiang)關記述,然后反復研制、試(shi)驗,燒(shao)制成功。清(qing)乾隆(long)各(ge)種釉(you)彩大瓶現藏于(yu)北(bei)京故宮博物(wu)院。
清乾隆各(ge)種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)大(da)瓶(ping)高86.4厘米,口徑27.4厘米,足徑33厘米。洗(xi)口瓶(ping),長頸,長圓(yuan)腹,圈(quan)(quan)足外撇(pie),頸兩側(ce)各(ge)置一(yi)螭(chi)耳(er)。器(qi)身自(zi)上(shang)而下(xia)裝飾的釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)達17層(ceng)之多。所(suo)使用的釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)彩(cai)裝飾品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)金(jin)彩(cai)、琺(fa)瑯彩(cai)、粉彩(cai)等;釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)裝飾品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)青花;還有(you)(you)(you)(you)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)彩(cai)與釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)相結(jie)合的斗彩(cai)。所(suo)使用的釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)仿哥釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、松石(shi)綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、窯(yao)變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、粉青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、霽藍(lan)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿官釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、醬(jiang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等。清乾隆各(ge)種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)大(da)瓶(ping)主題紋(wen)飾在瓶(ping)的腹部,為(wei)(wei)霽藍(lan)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)描金(jin)開(kai)光粉彩(cai)吉祥圖案,共12個開(kai)光,其中(zhong)6幅為(wei)(wei)寫實圖畫,分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)“三(san)陽開(kai)泰”、“吉慶(qing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)余”、“丹鳳朝陽”、“太平有(you)(you)(you)(you)象”、“仙山(shan)瓊(qiong)閣”、“博古九(jiu)鼎”。另6幅為(wei)(wei)錦地“卍”字、蝙蝠(fu)、如意(yi)(yi)、蟠螭(chi)、靈芝、花卉,分別(bie)寓(yu)意(yi)(yi)“萬(wan)”、“福”、“如意(yi)(yi)”、“辟邪”、“長壽”、“富貴(gui)”。瓶(ping)內及圈(quan)(quan)足內施松石(shi)綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),外底(di)中(zhong)心署青花篆書“大(da)清乾隆年制”六(liu)字三(san)行(xing)款(kuan)。
清乾隆各種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)大瓶運(yun)用了色地琺瑯彩(cai)(cai)、松(song)石(shi)地粉(fen)彩(cai)(cai)、仿(fang)哥釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、金釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、青(qing)花、松(song)石(shi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、窯變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、斗彩(cai)(cai)、冬青(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)暗刻、祭(ji)蘭描金、開光繪(hui)粉(fen)彩(cai)(cai)、仿(fang)官釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、珊瑚紅釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、紫金釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)十幾種(zhong)施(shi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方法,集(ji)高低(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)于(yu)(yu)一身,其燒造工藝繁復(fu)至極(ji)。從燒造工藝上(shang)看,青(qing)花與仿(fang)官釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)哥釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、窯變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、粉(fen)青(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、祭(ji)藍釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)均屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)高溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai),需先(xian)高溫(wen)焙燒。而洋彩(cai)(cai)、金彩(cai)(cai)及松(song)石(shi)綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)均屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)低(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai),應后入低(di)溫(wen)炭爐焙燒。這件各種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)大瓶集(ji)10多種(zhong)高低(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)于(yu)(yu)一身,而且(qie)各種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)均發色純正,如此復(fu)雜的工藝只有(you)在全面(mian)掌握(wo)各種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)化學性能的情況下才能順(shun)利完(wan)成。
清(qing)乾(qian)隆各種(zhong)釉(you)彩(cai)(cai)大瓶是古代(dai)官(guan)窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)中裝飾層次最多、釉(you)彩(cai)(cai)用(yong)料最考究、設計復雜、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)難(nan)度極高的瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi),包括(kuo)琺瑯彩(cai)(cai)、洋彩(cai)(cai)、仿宋代(dai)哥(ge)釉(you)、松(song)石綠釉(you)、仿宋代(dai)鈞窯(yao)窯(yao)變釉(you)、斗彩(cai)(cai)、粉(fen)青釉(you)、霽藍(lan)釉(you)、仿宋代(dai)官(guan)釉(you)、粉(fen)彩(cai)(cai)、珊瑚紅釉(you)、仿宋代(dai)汝(ru)釉(you)、醬釉(you)等燒制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難(nan)度較(jiao)高的釉(you)彩(cai)(cai),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)中不(bu)考慮批量生產,創作(zuo)重(zhong)心在(zai)外形上,為少(shao)數權貴服務,推崇對傳統的繼承和發展。素有“瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)母”之(zhi)美稱,集中體現了當時高超的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)技藝,傳世僅(jin)此一(yi)件,彌(mi)足珍貴。
清(qing)乾隆各(ge)種釉彩(cai)大(da)(da)(da)瓶(ping)的(de)(de)社會意(yi)義(yi)大(da)(da)(da)于審美意(yi)義(yi)。其(qi)色彩(cai)繁(fan)冗(rong)復(fu)雜、題材(cai)偏多,導(dao)致缺乏內(nei)涵,并且在(zai)藝術(shu)上(shang)(shang)缺乏較高(gao)的(de)(de)美學(xue)境界(jie),沒有(you)把(ba)藝術(shu)性(xing)(xing)和技術(shu)性(xing)(xing)相結(jie)合。但其(qi)社會意(yi)義(yi)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da),在(zai)工藝技術(shu)綜合應用(yong)上(shang)(shang)時(shi)(shi)代特征明顯,展(zhan)現了當時(shi)(shi)頂尖的(de)(de)制(zhi)作工藝和海納百川的(de)(de)文化(hua)自信(xin),提高(gao)了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)制(zhi)造在(zai)世界(jie)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)知名度,在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)文化(hua)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)到了非(fei)常(chang)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)作用(yong),為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)瓷(ci)器文化(hua)和世界(jie)瓷(ci)器文化(hua)的(de)(de)繁(fan)榮與發展(zhan)作出了巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)貢獻(xian)。
清乾隆各(ge)(ge)種釉彩大瓶(ping)的(de)眾多裝(zhuang)飾中,最引人(ren)注目(mu)的(de)是口部和腹(fu)部的(de)各(ge)(ge)種色(se)地(di)“洋(yang)彩錦上添花”裝(zhuang)飾。清乾隆各(ge)(ge)種釉彩大瓶(ping)的(de)六(liu)福寫實畫和六(liu)福錦地(di)的(de)主題反映了人(ren)們對(dui)生活(huo)的(de)美好(hao)向往。寫實畫構圖飽滿,人(ren)物形象細致;錦地(di)紋飾民族特色(se)鮮(xian)明,自然(ran)(ran)主義(yi)傾(qing)向較(jiao)強。其(qi)他部位(wei)的(de)紋飾如胭(yan)脂紫地(di)纏枝(zhi)寶相花紋、乾隆風格的(de)青(qing)花、貼塑、仿明代永宣風格的(de)青(qing)花、金彩回紋、金彩卷(juan)草紋等(deng),裝(zhuang)飾動機源于自然(ran)(ran)。其(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)水平遠(yuan)超前(qian)代,體(ti)現了中國古代的(de)科學技(ji)術成果和對(dui)美的(de)追求(qiu)。