板(ban)胡是伴隨著中國地方戲(xi)曲(qu)梆子腔的出(chu)現,在胡琴的基礎上產生的一種擦奏弦鳴樂器,歸(gui)屬于拉弦樂器。
它(ta)的名(ming)稱是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)琴(qin)筒用薄木板(ban)粘成(cheng)而(er)得名(ming)的,清(qing)代(dai)時曾別稱板(ban)琴(qin)。
板(ban)胡在中國(guo)大(da)約有300多年的歷史,品種繁(fan)多,音(yin)色明亮(liang),高亢。是我國(guo)多種梆子腔戲(xi)曲(qu),北(bei)方戲(xi)曲(qu)和曲(qu)藝的主(zhu)要伴(ban)奏樂器。
20世紀50年(nian)代后,又用(yong)于獨奏(zou),器(qi)樂(le)合奏(zou)。深受廣大人民喜愛,流(liu)行于西(xi)北(bei)(bei)、華北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)(bei)各(ge)省區,尤以陜西(xi)、甘(gan)肅(su)、山西(xi)等省最(zui)為盛行。最(zui)初(chu),板(ban)胡主(zhu)(zhu)要流(liu)行于中(zhong)國的(de)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)地區,當地的(de)許多地方(fang)戲曲和曲藝(yi),比(bi)如像(xiang)河(he)北(bei)(bei)梆(bang)子(zi),評(ping)劇、豫劇、秦腔(qiang)等都是(shi)用(yong)板(ban)胡作為主(zhu)(zhu)要伴奏(zou)樂(le)器(qi)的(de)。由于板(ban)胡和中(zhong)國的(de)戲曲、曲藝(yi)有(you)著深厚的(de)淵源關系(xi),因此(ci)它在(zai)演(yan)奏(zou)戲曲、曲藝(yi)音樂(le)時(shi)最(zui)能發揮(hui)自身的(de)特長,在(zai)地方(fang)戲曲和曲藝(yi)伴奏(zou)中(zhong),各(ge)地區的(de)板(ban)胡善(shan)于表現各(ge)自不同的(de)風格(ge),富有(you)獨特的(de)地方(fang)色彩。
板胡(hu)在中國大約有300多(duo)年的歷史,它的名(ming)稱是(shi)因為(wei)琴筒用(yong)薄木板粘(zhan)成而得(de)名(ming)的。
最初,板胡(hu)主要流行于中(zhong)國的(de)北方(fang)(fang)地(di)區,當(dang)地(di)的(de)許多地(di)方(fang)(fang)戲曲和(he)(he)曲藝,比如(ru)像(xiang)豫(yu)劇、河北梆(bang)子、評(ping)劇、秦(qin)腔(qiang)等都是用(yong)板胡(hu)作(zuo)為主要伴(ban)奏樂器的(de)。由于板胡(hu)和(he)(he)中(zhong)國的(de)戲曲、曲藝有(you)(you)著深厚的(de)淵源關系(xi),因此它在(zai)演奏戲曲、曲藝音(yin)樂時最能發揮(hui)自(zi)身的(de)特長,在(zai)地(di)方(fang)(fang)戲曲和(he)(he)曲藝伴(ban)奏中(zhong),各地(di)區的(de)板胡(hu)善(shan)于表現各自(zi)不同的(de)風格(ge),富(fu)有(you)(you)獨特的(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)色彩。
新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國成立以后,在(zai)音樂(le)工作(zuo)者(zhe)和樂(le)器制(zhi)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)努力(li)下,板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)技術也有了很大的(de)(de)發(fa)展,使(shi)許多(duo)新(xin)品(pin)種加入了"板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家族"。其中(zhong)(zhong)有中(zhong)(zhong)音板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)、高(gao)音板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),三弦板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),竹筒板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),秦腔板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)等(deng),都是"板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家族"的(de)(de)"新(xin)成員"。隨著板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)形制(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)展,板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)演奏(zou)技巧也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)地(di)提高(gao),表現力(li)也更加豐富多(duo)彩,成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國民族樂(le)隊中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)(de)特(te)色樂(le)器和具有濃郁地(di)方特(te)色的(de)(de)獨奏(zou)樂(le)器,并(bing)為(wei)民族歌劇、民族歌舞和聲樂(le)伴(ban)奏(zou)。
板胡的音箱用椰殼或木制,面板用薄桐木板。琴桿用較硬的烏木或紅木,張二根弦,馬尾竹弓。音色明亮、高亢(kang),適(shi)于(yu)表現熱烈奔放的(de)曲調。
板胡的結構絕大(da)部分和二胡相(xiang)同,主(zhu)要區別在琴筒和千斤上(shang)。
琴筒(tong)又稱瓢(piao)(piao),是(shi)板(ban)胡的共(gong)(gong)鳴箱,呈(cheng)圓筒(tong)形(xing),用(yong)(yong)堅(jian)硬(ying)的椰子殼做成(cheng)(cheng),也有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)、銅(tong)質(zhi)或竹質(zhi)的,七十年代(dai)以后(hou)還用(yong)(yong)低發泡(ABS)材(cai)料(liao)模壓成(cheng)(cheng)型。琴筒(tong)一頭大一頭小的形(xing)狀,能(neng)使音(yin)(yin)響共(gong)(gong)鳴集中并造成(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)胡的特色。瓢(piao)(piao)大發音(yin)(yin)低沉不(bu)宏亮,瓢(piao)(piao)小則發音(yin)(yin)尖(jian)嘯刺耳。琴筒(tong)前(qian)口不(bu)蒙皮膜而膠以桐(tong)木板(ban)。它是(shi)板(ban)胡音(yin)(yin)色優(you)劣的關鍵,以用(yong)(yong)木質(zhi)松軟、紋理順直、勻密、無痕節和水漬的梧桐(tong)木為佳。筒(tong)后(hou)口有(you)(you)的敞口,有(you)(you)的開(kai)五(wu)個音(yin)(yin)孔,呈(cheng)金錢眼狀。
琴(qin)桿(gan)用紅木、紫檀木或花梨(li)木制作,以貴重的烏木為好,琴(qin)桿(gan)為圓柱形,上端是琴(qin)頭,呈方形,開有弦軸孔。琴(qin)桿(gan)不宜過(guo)長,過(guo)長會有礙發(fa)音的優美(mei),并加寬(kuan)了指位(wei),不便運(yun)指和(he)掌握(wo)音準。
弦軸(zhou)多用琴桿木料(liao)或黃楊木制成,表(biao)面(mian)開有辯紋,裝在(zai)琴桿同一側面(mian)。目前大部分板胡已(yi)用木柄齒輪銅(tong)軸(zhou),調(diao)弦既準確又(you)不會(hui)回弦。
弓子用粗(cu)細均(jun)勻、富有彈性的江葦或其他(ta)竹子做成,比二(er)胡弓子長(chang)而粗(cu),上(shang)面裝的馬尾以白(bai)馬尾為好,出(chu)音(yin)柔潤。弓桿不宜(yi)過(guo)長(chang)或過(guo)短,過(guo)長(chang)笨重(zhong),過(guo)短不宜(yi)拉奏長(chang)音(yin)。
板胡的千斤(jin)又(you)稱(cheng)腰(yao)馬,因在琴(qin)(qin)桿(gan)中部支弦而得(de)名,是用牛角或(huo)紅(hong)木制成的扁形木片,用絲弦系于琴(qin)(qin)桿(gan)下鈾到(dao)弦馬的1/3處。
弦馬用竹或木制成(cheng),置于面板(ban)中央以上(shang)、板(ban)的 1/3處為(wei)宜,竹馬共鳴(ming)較大,發音也較渾厚優(you)美。
琴弦用絲弦或鋼絲弦發音比絲弦干凈、明亮,泛音清晰。
板胡(hu)和中(zhong)國其(qi)它的胡(hu)琴(qin)類(lei)樂器相比(bi),最大的特(te)點就是音量(liang)大,音色(se)清脆(cui)嘹亮,尤(you)其(qi)擅長表現(xian)高亢,激昂、熱烈(lie)和火爆的情(qing)緒,同時也具備優美和細膩的特(te)點。
板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形制大部(bu)分與二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相同(tong),主(zhu)要(yao)區(qu)別(bie)在琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)和千斤。琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)又叫瓢(piao),圓筒(tong)(tong)形,用椰(ye)子(zi)(zi)殼(ke)制作,也(ye)有(you)用木質、銅質或(huo)竹筒(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)。琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)前口蒙桐木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)發音的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)音色(se)(se)特別(bie)清(qing)澈響亮(liang),富(fu)有(you)鄉土氣息(xi),在樂隊(dui)中(zhong)它常是各種伴奏樂器的(de)(de)領(ling)弦(xian)(xian),在弦(xian)(xian)樂中(zhong)擔任(ren)高音聲部(bu)。弓(gong)(gong)桿(gan)比(bi)二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弓(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)長而(er)粗(cu),弓(gong)(gong)毛多而(er)堅硬(ying)。千斤又稱腰馬,用牛角或(huo)紅木制作,與二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)千斤所用材料(liao)不同(tong)。琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)為絲弦(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲弦(xian)(xian)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)有(you)多個品種。除用于獨(du)奏、合奏的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)外,還(huan)有(you)高音板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱河北(bei)梆子(zi)(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)評劇(ju)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、中(zhong)音板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱河南梆子(zi)(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、秦腔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、山西板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱晉(jin)中(zhong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))。它們在琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)大小、琴(qin)桿(gan)粗(cu)細、弦(xian)(xian)軸長短(duan)、琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)使用及音色(se)(se)等方(fang)面,各有(you)差異。另外還(huan)有(you)用于紹興高調(diao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和用于廣東音樂、戲曲、曲藝中(zhong)的(de)(de)椰(ye)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。