板胡(hu)是(shi)伴隨著中國地方戲曲(qu)梆子腔的(de)出現,在(zai)胡(hu)琴的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上產生(sheng)的(de)一種擦奏弦(xian)(xian)鳴樂(le)(le)器(qi),歸屬于拉弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)器(qi)。
它的名(ming)稱(cheng)是(shi)因為琴筒用(yong)薄木板粘(zhan)成(cheng)而得名(ming)的,清代時(shi)曾別(bie)稱(cheng)板琴。
板胡在中國大約有300多年的(de)歷(li)史(shi),品種(zhong)繁多,音色明亮(liang),高亢。是我國多種(zhong)梆子腔戲曲(qu)(qu),北(bei)方戲曲(qu)(qu)和曲(qu)(qu)藝的(de)主要伴奏樂(le)器。
20世紀50年代(dai)后,又用于(yu)獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou),器樂(le)(le)合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。深受廣大人民喜愛,流行于(yu)西北(bei)、華北(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)各省區,尤(you)以陜西、甘肅、山西等省最(zui)為盛行。最(zui)初,板胡(hu)主(zhu)要流行于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)區,當地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)許多地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)戲(xi)曲(qu)和曲(qu)藝(yi),比如像河北(bei)梆子(zi),評劇、豫劇、秦(qin)腔等都是用板胡(hu)作為主(zhu)要伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)樂(le)(le)器的(de)(de)(de)。由(you)于(yu)板胡(hu)和中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)戲(xi)曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)有著深厚的(de)(de)(de)淵(yuan)源關系,因(yin)此(ci)它在演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)戲(xi)曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)音樂(le)(le)時最(zui)能發(fa)揮自身的(de)(de)(de)特(te)長(chang),在地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)戲(xi)曲(qu)和曲(qu)藝(yi)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)中(zhong)(zhong),各地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)板胡(hu)善于(yu)表現各自不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)風格,富有獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)色彩。
板(ban)胡在中國大(da)約有300多年的(de)(de)歷(li)史,它的(de)(de)名稱是(shi)因為琴(qin)筒用薄木板(ban)粘(zhan)成(cheng)而得名的(de)(de)。
最初,板胡(hu)(hu)(hu)主要流行于(yu)中國(guo)的(de)北方(fang)地(di)區,當地(di)的(de)許多地(di)方(fang)戲(xi)(xi)曲和曲藝(yi),比(bi)如(ru)像(xiang)豫劇、河(he)北梆子、評劇、秦腔等(deng)都是用板胡(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)為主要伴(ban)奏樂器的(de)。由于(yu)板胡(hu)(hu)(hu)和中國(guo)的(de)戲(xi)(xi)曲、曲藝(yi)有著深厚的(de)淵源關系(xi),因此它在演奏戲(xi)(xi)曲、曲藝(yi)音樂時最能發揮自(zi)(zi)身的(de)特長,在地(di)方(fang)戲(xi)(xi)曲和曲藝(yi)伴(ban)奏中,各地(di)區的(de)板胡(hu)(hu)(hu)善于(yu)表(biao)現各自(zi)(zi)不同的(de)風格(ge),富有獨特的(de)地(di)方(fang)色彩。
新中(zhong)(zhong)國成立以后,在(zai)音(yin)樂工作者和樂器(qi)制作者的(de)努力(li)下(xia),板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)制作技(ji)術也(ye)(ye)有(you)了(le)很大的(de)發展,使許多新品種加入了(le)"板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家族"。其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)、高(gao)音(yin)板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),三弦板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),竹筒(tong)板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),秦(qin)腔板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)等等,都是"板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)家族"的(de)"新成員"。隨著板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)形(xing)制的(de)發展,板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)演奏技(ji)巧(qiao)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)不斷(duan)地提高(gao),表現力(li)也(ye)(ye)更加豐富(fu)多彩,成為中(zhong)(zhong)國民(min)族樂隊中(zhong)(zhong)不可缺少的(de)特色(se)樂器(qi)和具有(you)濃郁地方特色(se)的(de)獨奏樂器(qi),并為民(min)族歌劇、民(min)族歌舞(wu)和聲樂伴奏。
板胡的音箱用椰殼或木制,面板用薄桐木板。琴桿用較硬的烏木或紅木,張二根弦,馬尾竹弓。音色明亮、高亢,適于表現(xian)熱烈奔放(fang)的曲調。
板(ban)胡的結(jie)構絕大部分和二胡相同(tong),主要區別在琴筒和千斤上。
琴筒又稱瓢,是板胡的(de)(de)共(gong)鳴箱,呈(cheng)圓(yuan)筒形,用(yong)堅硬(ying)的(de)(de)椰子殼做成(cheng),也有用(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)、銅(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)或竹質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de),七(qi)十年代以后(hou)還用(yong)低(di)(di)發泡(ABS)材料模壓成(cheng)型。琴筒一頭(tou)大(da)一頭(tou)小的(de)(de)形狀,能使音(yin)(yin)(yin)響共(gong)鳴集中并造成(cheng)板胡的(de)(de)特(te)色。瓢大(da)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)低(di)(di)沉不(bu)宏亮,瓢小則發音(yin)(yin)(yin)尖嘯(xiao)刺耳(er)。琴筒前口(kou)不(bu)蒙皮膜(mo)而(er)膠以桐(tong)木(mu)板。它是板胡音(yin)(yin)(yin)色優劣(lie)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵,以用(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)松軟、紋(wen)理(li)順(shun)直、勻密(mi)、無痕節和水(shui)漬的(de)(de)梧桐(tong)木(mu)為佳(jia)。筒后(hou)口(kou)有的(de)(de)敞口(kou),有的(de)(de)開五個音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔,呈(cheng)金(jin)錢眼(yan)狀。
琴(qin)桿(gan)用紅木(mu)(mu)(mu)、紫檀(tan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)或花梨木(mu)(mu)(mu)制作,以貴重的烏(wu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)好,琴(qin)桿(gan)為(wei)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形,上端是琴(qin)頭,呈方形,開有弦軸孔(kong)。琴(qin)桿(gan)不宜過(guo)長(chang),過(guo)長(chang)會有礙發(fa)音的優美,并加寬了指位,不便運指和掌握音準。
弦軸多用琴桿木料或黃(huang)楊(yang)木制成,表面開(kai)有辯紋,裝在琴桿同一(yi)側面。目前大部分板胡已用木柄齒(chi)輪(lun)銅軸,調(diao)弦既準確又不會回弦。
弓(gong)(gong)子(zi)用(yong)粗細均勻、富(fu)有彈性的(de)江葦或其他竹子(zi)做成,比二胡弓(gong)(gong)子(zi)長(chang)而(er)粗,上面裝(zhuang)的(de)馬(ma)尾以(yi)白馬(ma)尾為(wei)好,出音(yin)柔潤(run)。弓(gong)(gong)桿不宜過長(chang)或過短(duan),過長(chang)笨重,過短(duan)不宜拉奏長(chang)音(yin)。
板胡(hu)的(de)千(qian)斤又稱腰(yao)馬(ma),因在琴桿中部支(zhi)弦而(er)得名,是用(yong)牛角或紅木制成的(de)扁形木片,用(yong)絲弦系于琴桿下鈾到弦馬(ma)的(de)1/3處。
弦馬用竹或(huo)木制成(cheng),置(zhi)于(yu)面板中央(yang)以上(shang)、板的 1/3處(chu)為宜,竹馬共鳴(ming)較大,發音也(ye)較渾(hun)厚優(you)美。
琴弦(xian)用(yong)絲弦(xian)或鋼絲弦(xian)發音比絲弦(xian)干凈、明亮(liang),泛音清晰。
板(ban)胡和中(zhong)國其它(ta)的胡琴類樂器相比,最大的特(te)點就是音(yin)量大,音(yin)色清脆(cui)嘹(liao)亮,尤其擅(shan)長(chang)表現高亢,激昂、熱烈和火(huo)爆的情緒(xu),同(tong)時也具備優(you)美和細膩的特(te)點。
板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形制大部分與(yu)二(er)(er)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相同,主要區別在(zai)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)千(qian)斤(jin)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)又(you)(you)(you)叫瓢(piao),圓筒(tong)(tong)(tong)形,用(yong)(yong)(yong)椰(ye)子(zi)殼(ke)制作,也有用(yong)(yong)(yong)木(mu)質(zhi)、銅質(zhi)或(huo)竹筒(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)前口蒙桐(tong)木(mu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是(shi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)關鍵。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)色特別清澈(che)響亮,富有鄉土(tu)氣(qi)息(xi),在(zai)樂(le)隊(dui)中它(ta)常是(shi)各種(zhong)伴奏(zou)樂(le)器的(de)領弦(xian)(xian),在(zai)弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)中擔任高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)聲部。弓桿比(bi)二(er)(er)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弓子(zi)長而粗,弓毛多而堅(jian)硬。千(qian)斤(jin)又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)腰馬,用(yong)(yong)(yong)牛角或(huo)紅木(mu)制作,與(yu)二(er)(er)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)千(qian)斤(jin)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)材(cai)料(liao)不同。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)為絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)有多個品種(zhong)。除用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨奏(zou)、合奏(zou)的(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)外,還有高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)河(he)北梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)評劇(ju)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、中音(yin)(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)河(he)南梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、秦腔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、山西(xi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)晉中板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))。它(ta)們在(zai)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)大小、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)桿粗細、弦(xian)(xian)軸長短、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)及音(yin)(yin)(yin)色等方面,各有差異。另外還有用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)紹興高(gao)調中的(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)廣東音(yin)(yin)(yin)樂(le)、戲曲、曲藝中的(de)椰(ye)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。