松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該(gai)線蟲(chong)(chong)屬線蟲(chong)(chong)動物門、線蟲(chong)(chong)綱、滑刃(ren)(ren)(ren)目(mu)、滑刃(ren)(ren)(ren)科、傘滑刃(ren)(ren)(ren)屬。雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)長(chang)0.81mm,雄(xiong)體(ti)長(chang)0.73mm,雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)尾部近(jin)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing),末端圓(yuan)(yuan);雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)尾部似鳥爪,向腹面彎曲。松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)又稱(cheng)松(song)(song)(song)枯(ku)萎病(bing),是(shi)一種毀滅(mie)性(xing)蟲(chong)(chong)害。它是(shi)通過松(song)(song)(song)墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)等(deng)媒介昆蟲(chong)(chong)傳播于松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)內,從而(er)引發(fa)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)病(bing)害。被松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)感(gan)染后的松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu),針葉黃褐色或紅(hong)褐色,萎蔫下垂,樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)分泌停止,樹(shu)(shu)干可觀察(cha)到天牛侵入(ru)孔或產卵(luan)痕跡(ji),病(bing)樹(shu)(shu)整株(zhu)干枯(ku)死亡,最終腐(fu)爛。
松(song)(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)屬于線(xian)形動物門,滑刃(ren)(ren)目、滑刃(ren)(ren)總科、滑刃(ren)(ren)科、傘滑刃(ren)(ren)屬。是我國危害(hai)較(jiao)大的外(wai)來(lai)入(ru)侵物種之一(yi)(但未被列入(ru)我國首(shou)批外(wai)來(lai)入(ru)侵物種名(ming)(ming)單)。成蟲(chong)體(ti)細長,雌蟲(chong)體(ti)長0.81mm,雄體(ti)長0.73mm,雌蟲(chong)尾部(bu)近圓錐形,末端圓。雄蟲(chong)尾部(bu)似鳥(niao)爪,向腹面(mian)彎(wan)曲。1982年在南京中山陵首(shou)次發現(xian),以(yi)后相繼(ji)在江蘇、安徽、廣東(dong)和浙江等地成災,幾(ji)乎毀滅了在香港廣泛分(fen)布的馬(ma)尾松(song)(song)林。近距(ju)離(li)傳(chuan)播(bo)主要靠媒介天(tian)牛,如松(song)(song)墨天(tian)牛(Monochamus alternatus),攜帶傳(chuan)播(bo);遠距(ju)離(li)主要靠人(ren)為調運帶疫(帶松(song)(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)的天(tian)牛)的苗木、松(song)(song)材、松(song)(song)木包裝箱及松(song)(song)木制(zhi)品等進行傳(chuan)播(bo)。被松(song)(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)感染后的松(song)(song)樹,針葉黃(huang)(huang)褐(he)色(se)或紅褐(he)色(se)、萎蔫下垂(chui),樹脂分(fen)泌停止(zhi),在樹干上可(ke)觀察到天(tian)牛侵入(ru)孔或產(chan)卵(luan)痕跡,病樹整(zheng)株(zhu)干枯死亡,木材藍變。嚴重威脅用材林。由于擴(kuo)展(zhan)迅速,現(xian)已對黃(huang)(huang)山、張(zhang)家界等風(feng)景名(ming)(ming)勝區的天(tian)然(ran)針葉林構成了巨大威脅。
松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)動物(wu)門、線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱、滑刃(ren)(ren)目、滑刃(ren)(ren)科(ke)、傘滑刃(ren)(ren)屬。目前傘滑刃(ren)(ren)屬約有50多(duo)個種(zhong)。傘滑刃(ren)(ren)屬的(de)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)多(duo)寄生在昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內,和(he)(he)松(song)(song)樹死(si)亡有關(guan)的(de)種(zhong)主要(yao)是(shi)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)擬(ni)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)侵染松(song)(song)樹后使松(song)(song)樹枯(ku)(ku)死(si),而擬(ni)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)也在很多(duo)地方(fang)枯(ku)(ku)死(si)松(song)(song)樹的(de)木材中發現,但擬(ni)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)否能引起松(song)(song)樹死(si)亡,現在尚無(wu)定論。松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)擬(ni)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)形態特征(zheng)非常相似。其主要(yao)區別在于雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾部形態,松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾部鈍圓,而擬(ni)松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾端(duan)有個尖突(tu)。
松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)的(de)生活史(shi)包括繁殖(zhi)型(xing)(xing)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)(san)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)個階段,在寄主(zhu)植物體內,當(dang)環境(jing)條件不適宜時(shi)(shi),由繁殖(zhi)型(xing)(xing)二齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(J2)轉變為擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)(san)型(xing)(xing)三齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(JⅢ),并(bing)向天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)蛹室周(zhou)圍(wei)聚集,在天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)羽化(hua)前,松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)(san)型(xing)(xing)三齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)蛻皮變為擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)(san)型(xing)(xing)四(si)齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(JⅣ),通過氣(qi)孔進入剛羽化(hua)的(de)、體壁尚未完全骨化(hua)的(de)天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)呼吸系(xi)統。隨(sui)后,天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)進行補充營養取食(shi)或者產卵(luan)時(shi)(shi),線(xian)蟲(chong)從天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)氣(qi)管逸出,并(bing)從天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)取食(shi)或產卵(luan)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)傷口(kou)進入新的(de)寄主(zhu)植物體內。因此JⅣ型(xing)(xing)幼蟲(chong)是(shi)松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)生活史(shi)中重要的(de)一個蟲(chong)態,是(shi)種(zhong)群形成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)(san)的(de)關鍵。天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)攜帶的(de)松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)越(yue)多,侵染健康松(song)樹的(de)松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)病原就(jiu)越(yue)多。
原產(chan)地:原產(chan)北美洲。
在日本、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、加(jia)拿(na)大、墨西(xi)哥、葡萄牙、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)均有發(fa)生(sheng),但危害程度不一,其中(zhong)以日本受害最(zui)重(zhong)。此病1982年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在南京市中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)陵(ling)首次發(fa)現(xian),在短短的十幾(ji)年(nian)內,又(you)相繼在江蘇、安徽、山(shan)(shan)東(dong)、浙江、廣東(dong)、湖北、湖南、臺灣、香(xiang)港等(deng)省(sheng)(區(qu))等(deng)許多(duo)地區(qu)發(fa)生(sheng)并(bing)流行成災。
雌雄蟲(chong)(chong)都(dou)呈(cheng)(cheng)蠕(ru)蟲(chong)(chong)形(xing),蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)細(xi)長(chang),雌蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)長(chang)0.81mm,雄體(ti)長(chang)0.73mm。唇區高,縊縮(suo)顯著(zhu)。口針細(xi)長(chang),其基部微增厚。中(zhong)食(shi)道球卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),占體(ti)寬的(de)(de)2/3以(yi)上,瓣膜(mo)(mo)清晰。食(shi)道腺(xian)細(xi)長(chang)葉狀(zhuang),覆蓋于腸背(bei)面(mian)。排(pai)泄孔的(de)(de)開(kai)口大(da)致和(he)食(shi)道與腸交(jiao)接處(chu)平(ping)行,半(ban)月體(ti)在排(pai)泄孔后約2/3體(ti)寬處(chu)。卵(luan)巢單個(ge),前(qian)伸(shen);陰門(men)開(kai)口于蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)中(zhong)后部73%處(chu)。上覆以(yi)寬的(de)(de)陰門(men)蓋。后陰子(zi)宮(gong)囊長(chang),約為(wei)陰肛距的(de)(de)3/4。雌蟲(chong)(chong)尾(wei)亞(ya)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing),末端(duan)寬圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),少數有微小的(de)(de)尾(wei)尖突。雄蟲(chong)(chong)交(jiao)合(he)刺大(da),弓(gong)狀(zhuang),成(cheng)(cheng)對,喙突顯著(zhu),交(jiao)合(he)刺遠端(duan)膨大(da)如盤。雄蟲(chong)(chong)尾(wei)似鳥爪,向腹面(mian)彎曲(qu),尾(wei)端(duan)為(wei)小的(de)(de)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)交(jiao)合(he)傘包裹,退火的(de)(de)交(jiao)合(he)傘在光學顯微鏡下不易看見,交(jiao)合(he)傘(為(wei)翼)是尾(wei)的(de)(de)角質膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)延伸(shen),在問短呈(cheng)(cheng)鏟狀(zhuang),由于邊緣向內卷曲(qu),從背(bei)面(mian)觀呈(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)形(xing),從側面(mian)觀呈(cheng)(cheng)尖圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)。病(bing)材中(zhong)的(de)(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)前(qian)部和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)相(xiang)似,但其后部則因腸內積(ji)聚(ju)大(da)量顆狀(zhuang)內含(han)物,以(yi)至(zhi)呈(cheng)(cheng)暗色并接結構(gou)模糊(hu)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)尾(wei)亞(ya)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)。
松(song)材線(xian)蟲病又稱(cheng)松(song)枯(ku)萎(wei)病,是(shi)一種毀滅性蟲害(hai)。它是(shi)通(tong)過松(song)墨天牛等媒(mei)介昆蟲傳播于(yu)松(song)樹(shu)(shu)體內,從而(er)引發松(song)樹(shu)(shu)病害(hai)。被松(song)材線(xian)蟲感染后的松(song)樹(shu)(shu),針(zhen)葉黃褐色(se)或紅褐色(se),萎(wei)蔫下垂,樹(shu)(shu)脂分泌(mi)停止,樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)可觀察到天牛侵入孔或產卵(luan)痕跡,病樹(shu)(shu)整株干(gan)枯(ku)死亡,最終腐爛(lan)。
松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病多(duo)發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)干旱的(de)(de)的(de)(de)氣候條件下。從(cong)(cong)罹患病樹(shu)(shu)羽化出來的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)幾(ji)乎100%攜(xie)帶(dai)(dai)松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),每只天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)都可(ke)攜(xie)帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)千上(shang)萬條線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),最高(gao)(gao)可(ke)達25萬~30萬條。當天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)上(shang)咬食(shi)樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)補充營養時(shi)(shi),線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就從(cong)(cong)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)取食(shi)的(de)(de)傷口進(jin)入樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi),然后(hou)蛻皮成(cheng)為幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。被松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)侵(qin)染的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)往往又是松(song)(song)(song)(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)產(chan)卵對象。翌(yi)年,在(zai)(zai)罹患病的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)林內(nei)寄生的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)羽化時(shi)(shi)又會攜(xie)帶(dai)(dai)大量線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),并(bing)“接種”傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播到健康的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)上(shang),導致病害的(de)(de)擴散蔓延。該病害的(de)(de)近距離傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播主要靠(kao)松(song)(song)(song)(song)黑天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)攜(xie)帶(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,遠距離傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播主要是人為調運(yun)帶(dai)(dai)疫(帶(dai)(dai)松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu))的(de)(de)苗木(mu)、松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)、松(song)(song)(song)(song)木(mu)包(bao)裝箱及松(song)(song)(song)(song)木(mu)制品等進(jin)行遠程傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播。松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雌雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)交尾后(hou)產(chan)卵,每只雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵約100粒。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵在(zai)(zai)25℃下經30小時(shi)(shi)孵(fu)化。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)共4齡。在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)度30℃時(shi)(shi),線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)3天(tian)(tian)就可(ke)以(yi)完成(cheng)一(yi)個世代。松(song)(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生長繁殖的(de)(de)最適宜溫(wen)度為20℃,低(di)于10℃時(shi)(shi)不能發(fa)育,28℃以(yi)上(shang)時(shi)(shi)繁殖會受到抑制,在(zai)(zai)33℃以(yi)上(shang)則不能繁殖。線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)能在(zai)(zai)6個月內(nei)使松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)死(si)亡(wang),是使松(song)(song)(song)(song)林大片被毀(hui)的(de)(de)重要害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
松材線(xian)(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)在美國、加拿大、墨西哥、日本、韓國等(deng)國均有(you)發(fa)生,20世紀80年(nian)代(dai)侵襲中國香(xiang)港,幾乎毀滅(mie)了香(xiang)港分布廣(guang)泛的馬尾松林。1982年(nian)在南京中山(shan)陵首次被發(fa)現,隨后(hou)相繼在安徽、山(shan)東(dong)(dong)、浙江、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)等(deng)地形成幾個疾病(bing)(bing)中心,并(bing)向四周擴散,使這些省(sheng)的局(ju)部地區發(fa)生并(bing)流行(xing)成災,導致大批(pi)松樹枯死。松材線(xian)(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)給安徽、浙江兩省(sheng)帶(dai)來(lai)的經濟損(sun)失(shi)高達5億(yi)~7億(yi)元。由(you)于松線(xian)(xian)蟲的毀滅(mie)性危害,該蟲已(yi)被為對內、對外的重要檢(jian)疫對象。
松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)的媒(mei)介昆蟲(chong)(chong)有(you)天(tian)牛科28個種、吉丁科1個屬(shu)、脛象科1個屬(shu)的昆蟲(chong)(chong)。在(zai)我國松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)分布區中,其傳(chuan)播媒(mei)介均為松墨天(tian)牛(Monochamus alternatus)。松墨天(tian)牛,屬(shu)鞘翅目(mu)天(tian)牛科溝(gou)脛天(tian)牛亞科墨天(tian)牛屬(shu),幼蟲(chong)(chong)有(you)5個齡(ling)期(qi),以4、5齡(ling)老蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)蛹室(shi)內越(yue)冬,是松樹(shu)的蛀干(gan)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),蟲(chong)(chong)口(kou)密(mi)度(du)較高時(shi)可導致松樹(shu)死亡。
①借助媒介天牛或線蟲本身的(de)移動的(de)自(zi)然傳播途徑;②借助人為運輸(shu)并在媒介天牛的(de)攜帶下實現(xian)遠距離蔓延的(de)人為傳播途徑。
松(song)材(cai)線蟲病首先表(biao)現為樹(shu)脂分泌(mi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao),蒸(zheng)騰作用下(xia)降,接著(zhu)部分針葉失去光澤成(cheng)灰綠色,并(bing)逐漸變黃,樹(shu)脂停止分泌(mi),最后整個樹(shu)冠(guan)針葉變成(cheng)紅褐色,植株(zhu)死亡。無論是小樹(shu)還是大(da)(da)樹(shu),大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)植株(zhu)在(zai)(zai)表(biao)現癥狀(zhuang)后1一3個月迅速枯(ku)(ku)死,只有(you)少(shao)(shao)數(shu)植株(zhu)至次年(nian)春季或初夏枯(ku)(ku)死,越年(nian)死亡的(de)松(song)樹(shu)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)當年(nian)被診斷。有(you)的(de)植株(zhu)感病后,在(zai)(zai)l一2年(nian)內僅(jin)樹(shu)冠(guan)上少(shao)(shao)量枝條枯(ku)(ku)死,隨時(shi)間(jian)推移逐漸增(zeng)多(duo),直至全株(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)濕地(di)松(song)、馬(ma)尾松(song)、黑松(song)等植株(zhu)上發生比(bi)較(jiao)普遍。
①直觀(guan)檢驗:此種方法主要在(zai)產地調(diao)查時使用。在(zai)調(diao)查時仔細(xi)觀(guan)察樹木(mu)發育(yu)是(shi)否正常,注意察看(kan)有無(wu)樹脂分泌(mi)減少、停(ting)止,針葉變(bian)褐、萎(wei)蔫(nian),枝(zhi)干(gan)(gan)及整株枯死的(de)現象,同時,觀(guan)察樹干(gan)(gan)上有無(wu)天牛蛀(zhu)食的(de)痕(hen)跡、產卵孔、羽(yu)化(hua)孔等,如有再行解剖檢查。
②解剖檢驗:用工具(ju)將可疑感病的(de)(de)樹木鋸斷劈開,看(kan)材質重量是(shi)否明顯減輕;木質部有(you)無藍變現象;樹干內(nei)有(you)無松褐天牛棲居的(de)(de)痕(hen)跡。
③漏(lou)斗分離檢(jian)驗(yan):從罹病木(mu)發病部位或(huo)天牛棲居處(chu)鉆(zhan)取木(mu)材(cai)組織并粉(fen)碎,用雙層(ceng)紗布包好,置(zhi)于下方帶有膠(jiao)管(guan)和截流(liu)夾的玻璃(li)漏(lou)斗上(shang),加(jia)水浸泡(pao)12h,取下部浸泡(pao)液離心(xin),取其沉淀液15ml,置(zhi)于解剖鏡下,對(dui)照松材(cai)線(xian)蟲的形態特征(zheng)進行(xing)檢(jian)查鑒定(ding)。
④打孔流(liu)汁(zhi)法檢驗:松樹的(de)流(liu)汁(zhi)是比較正(zheng)常的(de),就說明這個是健(jian)康(kang)的(de),如果流(liu)汁(zhi)不是很正(zheng)常的(de),拿到取(qu)樣(yang)到實(shi)驗室里(li)面檢測,確定是否(fou)有染松材線蟲。
木材(cai)及其產品在使用(yong)前或出境(jing)、進(jin)(jin)境(jing)前用(yong)60℃熱(re)處(chu)理(li)或殺(sha)線(xian)蟲劑處(chu)理(li)。檢疫(yi)中(zhong)發現有攜(xie)帶松(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲的松(song)木及包裝(zhuang)箱(xiang)等(deng)制品,應(ying)用(yong)帳幕熏蒸法進(jin)(jin)行處(chu)理(li),放在一個密封(feng)的塑(su)料紙中(zhong),用(yong)每立(li)(li)方米木材(cai)方5~8磷化(hua)鋁藥丸(wan)或溴(xiu)甲烷進(jin)(jin)行熏蒸,里面留有一定的循(xun)環空間(jian),熏蒸7d以上;或浸(jin)泡于水中(zhong)5個月以上;或把(ba)病樹(shu)粉(fen)碎后再(zai)進(jin)(jin)行加工(gong)(gong),立(li)(li)即送工(gong)(gong)廠用(yong)作纖維(wei)板(ban)、刨花板(ban)或紙漿等(deng)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)原料以及作為燃(ran)料及時燒毀(hui);對利用(yong)價值不大的小徑木、枝丫等(deng)集中(zhong)燒毀(hui),嚴防遺(yi)漏。
(1)對松材線(xian)蟲病(bing)應加強檢疫(yi)檢驗,嚴禁被害木(mu)外運
對種(zhong)苗等繁殖材料和木材的調動和貿易進行管理(li)、控(kong)制和檢驗,防止(zhi)危險(xian)性(xing)病蟲(chong)(chong)的傳(chuan)播和蔓延。防止(zhi)危險(xian)性(xing)病蟲(chong)(chong)由(you)國外傳(chuan)入或(huo)由(you)國內輸出,將局部(bu)地區(qu)發生(sheng)的危險(xian)性(xing)病蟲(chong)(chong)封鎖(suo)在一(yi)定范圍內,防止(zhi)它傳(chuan)播到新(xin)區(qu),并采取各種(zhong)積(ji)極措(cuo)施(shi)逐(zhu)步消滅(mie)。
(2)選育抗病樹種(zhong)
選育抗(kang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)品種是(shi)預防(fang)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)重要(yao)的(de)一環。同(tong)一樹種由于經過長期(qi)的(de)自然選擇(ze)和(he)人工選擇(ze)的(de)結果,形(xing)成不同(tong)品種。其性狀(zhuang)不同(tong),抗(kang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)能力也可能產生差異。
(3)積極防治(zhi)松墨(mo)天牛(niu)
人工把(ba)長勢很(hen)弱的(de)松(song)樹(shu)砍傷,因為松(song)褐天牛(niu)最喜(xi)歡到(dao)這個里面(mian)產卵,然后(hou)進行除(chu)(chu)(chu)害處(chu)理,減少對健康(kang)松(song)樹(shu)的(de)危害。除(chu)(chu)(chu)此之(zhi)外,也(ye)有(you)用天牛(niu)化(hua)學引誘劑(ji)Ⅰ號(hao)誘殺(sha)天牛(niu)或養放腫腿蜂(Scleroderma guani)寄生天牛(niu)幼蟲誅殺(sha)。清除(chu)(chu)(chu)病害的(de)枯木或瀕于枯死的(de)樹(shu)木,集中(zhong)成堆,用塑料布(bu)密封(feng),以溴甲(jia)烷熏蒸(zheng)5~10h,藥量(liang)為69~83g/m3,可殺(sha)滅天牛(niu)成蟲及幼蟲。樹(shu)丫(ya)集成小(xiao)堆燒毀(hui)。預(yu)防性的(de)噴(pen)(pen)藥,包括樹(shu)冠噴(pen)(pen)藥和地面(mian)噴(pen)(pen)藥,前者(zhe)在天牛(niu)羽化(hua)出來取食(shi)補充營(ying)養時噴(pen)(pen)藥,后(hou)者(zhe)在羽化(hua)開始時噴(pen)(pen)藥,噴(pen)(pen)藥一次可持效2.5~3個月,可用25%殺(sha)螟松(song)乳劑(ji),每公頃(qing)3~3. 6kg。
(4)生物防治
利用白僵菌(jun)防(fang)治昆蟲(chong)介體,也可用捕線蟲(chong)真菌(jun)來(lai)防(fang)治松材線蟲(chong)。此(ci)種方法對(dui)(dui)人(ren)、畜、植物(wu)安全,對(dui)(dui)害蟲(chong)有長期抑制作用,人(ren)工(gong)培養及(ji)使用技(ji)術要(yao)求比較嚴格,有時(shi)效果(guo)不像藥劑那樣迅速(su)和明(ming)顯。