《醫(yi)學(xue)衷(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)參(can)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)錄》,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)叢書(shu)(shu),又名(ming)《衷(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)參(can)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)錄》,張(zhang)錫純(壽(shou)甫)撰。此(ci)書(shu)(shu)分為(wei)(wei)《處方(fang)(fang)學(xue)》8卷(juan)、《醫(yi)論(lun)》8卷(juan)、《醫(yi)話拾零(ling)》、《三(san)(san)三(san)(san)醫(yi)書(shu)(shu)評》、《藥(yao)(yao)物講(jiang)義》4卷(juan)、《傷寒講(jiang)義》4卷(juan)、《醫(yi)案(附詩草)》4卷(juan)。系(xi)作(zuo)者多年(nian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)臨(lin)(lin)證(zheng)經驗(yan)和(he)心(xin)(xin)得之(zhi)總結。是20世紀初我國重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)臨(lin)(lin)床綜合(he)性名(ming)著。張(zhang)氏(shi)致力溝(gou)(gou)通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)醫(yi)學(xue),主張(zhang)以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)為(wei)(wei)主體,取西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)醫(yi)之(zhi)長,補中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)之(zhi)短。他認為(wei)(wei):“欲求(qiu)醫(yi)學(xue)登峰(feng)造(zao)極,誠(cheng)非溝(gou)(gou)通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)醫(yi)不可。”其于(yu)溝(gou)(gou)通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)醫(yi)的(de)主導思(si)想(xiang),主張(zhang)師古(gu)而(er)(er)不泥古(gu),參(can)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)而(er)(er)不背中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。張(zhang)氏(shi)重(zhong)視基礎理(li)論(lun),對(dui)(dui)(dui)臟象學(xue)說(shuo)(shuo)和(he)解剖生(sheng)理(li)的(de)互證(zheng)尤為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)視。書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指出:腦為(wei)(wei)元神,心(xin)(xin)為(wei)(wei)識神,心(xin)(xin)力衰竭與(yu)腎不納氣相(xiang)通;腦充血與(yu)薄厥(jue)相(xiang)近等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。在(zai)臨(lin)(lin)證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)面,講(jiang)究細致的(de)觀察和(he)記述病(bing)情(qing),建立完(wan)整的(de)病(bing)歷。其于(yu)諸病(bing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,注(zhu)重(zhong)實際,勇于(yu)探索,并獨創了許多新的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療方(fang)(fang)劑,體驗(yan)了若干(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)性能。對(dui)(dui)(dui)諸如萸肉(rou)救脫,參(can)芪利(li)尿,白礬化痰熱,三(san)(san)七消(xiao)瘡腫,生(sheng)硫黃內服治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虛(xu)寒下痢(li),蜈蚣(gong)、蝎(xie)子定風消(xiao)毒等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),均能發揚古(gu)說(shuo)(shuo),擴大藥(yao)(yao)用主治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如對(dui)(dui)(dui)調治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)脾(pi)胃(wei)(wei),主張(zhang)脾(pi)陽(yang)與(yu)胃(wei)(wei)陰并重(zhong),升肝脾(pi)與(yu)降膽(dan)胃(wei)(wei)兼施,補養與(yu)開破相(xiang)結合(he)。書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)結合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)醫(yi)學(xue)理(li)論(lun)和(he)醫(yi)療實踐闡(chan)發醫(yi)理(li),頗多獨到的(de)見解。書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)載述張(zhang)氏(shi)所制定的(de)若干(gan)(gan)有效(xiao)方(fang)(fang)劑;在(zai)方(fang)(fang)藥(yao)(yao)應(ying)用方(fang)(fang)面,創用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)方(fang)(fang)劑,并對(dui)(dui)(dui)石膏、生(sheng)山(shan)藥(yao)(yao)、代赭石等(deng)(deng)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)臨(lin)(lin)床施治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)古(gu)人基礎上有重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)補訂、發揮。
《醫學衷(zhong)中(zhong)參西錄》為張錫(xi)純唯一(yi)傳世的著作,其主(zhu)要學術內容如下:
一、學術理論
(一)倡“衷中參西(xi)”
清末民初,西(xi)(xi)學(xue)(xue)東漸,西(xi)(xi)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)在我國流(liu)傳(chuan)甚(shen)快。當時,醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)界(jie)有(you)些人崇尚西(xi)(xi)學(xue)(xue),輕視中(zhong)醫(yi),有(you)些中(zhong)醫(yi)則一(yi)味排斥西(xi)(xi)醫(yi),因循守舊。張氏則主張以中(zhong)醫(yi)為本體,擷取西(xi)(xi)醫(yi)之長補(bu)中(zhong)醫(yi)之短,倡導“衷中(zhong)參西(xi)(xi)”,并從理(li)論、實踐方(fang)面進(jin)行了(le)嘗試,《醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)衷中(zhong)參西(xi)(xi)錄》的書名就鮮明地表明了(le)張氏的學(xue)(xue)術主張。
在生理(li)、病理(li)方面,張氏于《醫學衷中(zhong)(zhong)參(can)西錄》中(zhong)(zhong)有許(xu)多溝(gou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)西醫學的(de)新見解,如:“中(zhong)(zhong)醫謂人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神明(ming)在心(xin),西說謂人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神明(ming)在腦(nao),及觀(guan)《內經》,皆(jie)涵蓋其中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)”。《素(su)問·脈要精微(wei)論》中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)出“頭者精明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府”,說明(ming)神明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)在腦(nao),所(suo)謂“心(xin)主神明(ming)”,只不過是言神明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用出于心(xin),由(you)此(ci)可見,中(zhong)(zhong)西之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說雖然不同,但理(li)可匯通(tong)(tong)(tong)。另如,認(ren)為(wei)吐(tu)衄的(de)原因是由(you)于陽(yang)明(ming)胃(wei)腑氣機上(shang)(shang)逆,胃(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)(xue)亦(yi)恒隨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)逆。“其上(shang)(shang)逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極,可將胃(wei)壁(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膜排(pai)擠破裂,而成(cheng)嘔(ou)血(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證;或循陽(yang)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經絡上(shang)(shang)行,而成(cheng)衄血(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證”,此(ci)即《素(su)問·厥論》中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)言“陽(yang)明(ming)厥逆衄嘔(ou)血(xue)(xue)”。其論衄血(xue)(xue)治(zhi)療,主張不論“或虛或實,或涼或熱(re),治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者皆(jie)當以(yi)降(jiang)胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品為(wei)主”,并制平胃(wei)寒降(jiang)湯、滋陰清降(jiang)湯等,皆(jie)主以(yi)生赭石通(tong)(tong)(tong)降(jiang)胃(wei)氣,并輔以(yi)白(bai)芍、龍(long)、牡等養陰鎮潛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,提高了本(ben)病的(de)療效(xiao)。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)上(shang),張(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)(shi)認為,西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)治在(zai)(zai)(zai)局部,是重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)也(ye);中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)原因,是重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)。究(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),標(biao)本原宜兼顧,若遇難治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證,以西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)治其標(biao),中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)治其本,則(ze)奏效必(bi)速,提出中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)應互(hu)相抵牾,而應相濟為用(yong)。張(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)(shi)臨(lin)床治療癲癇,據中醫“諸風(feng)掉眩,皆屬于肝”理論,用(yong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)臭素、抱水諸品及鉛硫朱砂丸(wan)麻醉(zui)鎮靜治標(biao),而后則(ze)主張(zhang)(zhang)徐以健脾、利痰、祛(qu)風(feng)、清(qing)火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)以鏟除其病(bing)根。治療大氣下陷,下血不(bu)止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血崩癥(zheng),煎(jian)服生黃芪(qi)、白術、龍骨、牡蠣、柴(chai)胡等(deng)升舉固澀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品時(shi)(shi),加服西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)麥(mai)角(jiao),以加強收縮止血功效。張(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)辨證施治運用(yong)中醫方藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的同(tong)時(shi)(shi),加服西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),開中西(xi)(xi)(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)聯合應用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先河。
(二)大氣下陷論
繼喻昌(chang)“胸中(zhong)(zhong)大氣說”之后,張氏在《醫學衷中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄(lu)》中(zhong)(zhong)對大氣的認識和治療作(zuo)了(le)進一步的闡發(fa)。
張氏認為,大(da)氣(qi)(qi)即(ji)《內(nei)經》所言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗氣(qi)(qi),它“以元氣(qi)(qi)為根本(ben),以水(shui)谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)為養料(liao),以胸(xiong)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地為宅窟者也”。因(yin)其(qi)“誠以能撐持全(quan)身(shen),為諸氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綱領(ling),包(bao)(bao)舉肺(fei)外,司呼(hu)吸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樞機,故(gu)鄭(zheng)而重之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰大(da)氣(qi)(qi)。”即(ji)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)是搏聚于(yu)胸(xiong)中(zhong),包(bao)(bao)舉于(yu)肺(fei)外的大(da)量陽(yang)氣(qi)(qi),它源于(yu)元氣(qi)(qi),受水(shui)谷(gu)精(jing)微的滋養,除主(zhu)司呼(hu)吸外,同時(shi)(shi)對全(quan)身(shen)產生(sheng)重要影響。此氣(qi)(qi)撐持全(quan)身(shen),振作(zuo)精(jing)神(shen),心及心思、腦力、百骸動(dong)作(zuo),莫不賴于(yu)此。此氣(qi)(qi)一虛,呼(hu)吸即(ji)覺(jue)不利,而時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)酸懶,精(jing)神(shen)昏憒,腦力、心思為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頓減。
大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之病變主要(yao)是虛而(er)(er)(er)(er)陷(xian),其病情(qing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)緩急之別,急者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)引起猝死,“大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)既陷(xian),無(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包舉肺外(wai)(wai)以(yi)鼓動(dong)(dong)其闔辟之機,則呼(hu)(hu)吸停頓(dun),所以(yi)不(bu)病而(er)(er)(er)(er)猝死。緩者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)則因大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下陷(xian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)致呼(hu)(hu)吸不(bu)利,換氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)足缺氧,全身性衰竭出(chu)現一系列(lie)表現:“有(you)(you)(you)(you)呼(hu)(hu)吸短(duan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)心中怔忡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)淋漓大(da)汗(han)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)神昏健忘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)聲顫身動(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)寒熱(re)往來者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)胸中滿悶(men)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)努力呼(hu)(hu)吸似(si)喘者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)咽干作渴者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)常常呵欠者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)肢體痿(wei)廢者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)食后易饑(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)二便不(bu)禁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)癃閉身腫者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)張口呼(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)(wai)出(chu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)上達,肛門突出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)女子有(you)(you)(you)(you)下血(xue)不(bu)止,更有(you)(you)(you)(you)經水逆行者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”等等。,
以(yi)上(shang)見癥(zheng)以(yi)心肺(fei)證候為(wei)主,常(chang)兼見脾(pi)胃證候。若單見脾(pi)胃證候而無心肺(fei)證候者(zhe),是謂中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)。中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)之重者(zhe),張氏認為(wei)有(you)(you)引起大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)之可能,“夫(fu)中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)誠有(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)之時(shi),然不若大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)之尤屬危險(xian)也。間有(you)(you)因(yin)中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian),泄瀉(xie)日久,或轉(zhuan)致大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)者(zhe)”。這樣(yang)把大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)與中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)(xian)分別開來(lai),確為(wei)閱歷之談。
張(zhang)氏(shi)認為(wei),引(yin)起大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)陷的原因不外勞力(li)(li)過(guo)度、久病和誤藥。如“力(li)(li)小任重(zhong),或(huo)(huo)枵腹力(li)(li)作(zuo),或(huo)(huo)病后氣(qi)(qi)(qi)力(li)(li)未復而勤于(yu)動作(zuo),或(huo)(huo)泄(xie)瀉日(ri)久,或(huo)(huo)服破氣(qi)(qi)(qi)藥太過(guo)或(huo)(huo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分虛極自(zi)下(xia)(xia)陷”。張(zhang)氏(shi)治療大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)陷,創制升(sheng)陷湯(tang)(生(sheng)黃芪、知母、桔梗、柴(chai)胡、升(sheng)麻),該方以(yi)黃芪為(wei)君,升(sheng)補大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),佐知母涼潤以(yi)濟其之(zhi)(zhi)偏,柴(chai)胡引(yin)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陷者自(zi)左上(shang)升(sheng),升(sheng)麻引(yin)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陷者自(zi)右上(shang)升(sheng),桔梗為(wei)藥中之(zhi)(zhi)舟(zhou)楫,導諸藥之(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)上(shang)達胸中。若(ruo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛極加(jia)人(ren)參或(huo)(huo)寄生(sheng),以(yi)培氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)本,或(huo)(huo)更加(jia)山(shan)萸肉(rou)以(yi)防氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)渙散(san),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛甚者酌增升(sheng)麻用量。
心(xin)肺之(zhi)(zhi)陽,尤賴胸(xiong)中大氣為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)保護(hu),大氣一陷,則(ze)心(xin)肺陽分素虛者,至此而益虛,癥見其人(ren)心(xin)冷,背緊(jin),惡寒(han),常覺短(duan)氣等。張氏認為(wei)欲(yu)助(zhu)胸(xiong)中心(xin)肺之(zhi)(zhi)陽,必須先升提下陷之(zhi)(zhi)大氣,否則(ze)但(dan)服溫補心(xin)肺之(zhi)(zhi)陽之(zhi)(zhi)劑無(wu)效,制(zhi)回陽升陷湯(tang)(生黃芪、干姜(jiang)、當歸身、桂枝炭、甘草(cao))以治之(zhi)(zhi)。
胸(xiong)中大氣(qi)(qi)正常,有賴于少陽、陽明(ming)之氣(qi)(qi)的升發。若大氣(qi)(qi)下(xia)陷,升發之氣(qi)(qi)被郁(yu),氣(qi)(qi)分(fen)郁(yu)結,經絡(luo)瘀滯,常見胸(xiong)中滿痛或脅下(xia)撐脹(zhang)、腹痛等。對此(ci),張氏又制(zhi)理郁(yu)升陷湯(生(sheng)黃(huang)芪、知母、當歸身、桂枝(zhi)尖、柴胡(hu)、乳香(xiang)、沒藥);對脾氣(qi)(qi)虛極下(xia)陷,小便不禁者,制(zhi)理脾升陷湯(生(sheng)黃(huang)芪、白術(shu)、桑寄(ji)生(sheng)、川斷、萸肉、龍(long)骨、牡(mu)蠣、川萆薢(xiao)、甘草)治(zhi)之。
(三)寒(han)溫統一,注重清透
《醫學衷中參西錄》論(lun)(lun)溫(wen)病(bing),主(zhu)張寒溫(wen)統一,認(ren)為溫(wen)病(bing)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)已備(bei)于傷寒。如溫(wen)病(bing)初起治(zhi)(zhi)宜辛涼(liang)(liang),然辛涼(liang)(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)亦備(bei)于傷寒,麻(ma)杏甘石(shi)湯(tang)(tang)“誠為溫(wen)病(bing)初得之(zhi)(zhi)的方矣”。但(dan)其外(wai)表證未解,內(nei)有蘊熱即可服用。至溫(wen)病(bing)傳經已深(shen),清燥熱之(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)虎(hu)(hu)湯(tang)(tang)、白(bai)虎(hu)(hu)加(jia)人參湯(tang)(tang),通(tong)腑(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)、小(xiao)承氣湯(tang)(tang),開(kai)結胸之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)、小(xiao)陷(xian)胸湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)(zhi)下利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)頭翁湯(tang)(tang)、黃芩湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)(zhi)發黃之(zhi)(zhi)茵陳桅子柏皮湯(tang)(tang)等及一切涼(liang)(liang)潤、清火、育陰、安神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)劑,皆可使用。并指出寒溫(wen)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)別(bie),在于“始異(yi)而終同(tong)”。所謂(wei)“始異(yi)”,即傷寒發表可用溫(wen)熱,溫(wen)病(bing)發表必用辛涼(liang)(liang);謂(wei)其“終同(tong)”,即病(bing)傳陽(yang)明之(zhi)(zhi)后,不論(lun)(lun)傷寒、溫(wen)病(bing),皆宜治(zhi)(zhi)以寒涼(liang)(liang),而大(da)忌(ji)溫(wen)熱。
張氏臨證將溫(wen)病分為風(feng)溫(wen)、春溫(wen)、濕溫(wen)三(san)類。認為三(san)類溫(wen)病雖見癥不同,其(qi)本(ben)(ben)質皆緣郁熱(re)。“大凡病溫(wen)之人(ren),多系內有蘊(yun)熱(re),至春陽(yang)萌動(dong)之時(shi),又(you)(you)薄受(shou)外感拘束,其(qi)熱(re)即陡(dou)發而成溫(wen)”。他遵(zun)循(xun)“火郁發之”之旨,治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)上(shang)主(zhu)張宣(xuan)散郁結,疏通氣機,透邪(xie)(xie)外達。反(fan)對徒執寒涼(liang),只清(qing)不透,使邪(xie)(xie)無由出。并自擬清(qing)解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)、涼(liang)解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)、寒解(jie)(jie)湯(tang)三(san)方,徑以石(shi)膏清(qing)其(qi)內熱(re),又(you)(you)選用薄荷、連翹(qiao)、蟬蛻發表,且“引胃中化而欲散之熱(re),仍還太陽(yang)作汗而解(jie)(jie)”。正是(shi)基于(yu)對溫(wen)病“郁熱(re)”這一本(ben)(ben)質的深刻認識,初起治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)即立足于(yu)清(qing)透。
溫(wen)病入里化熱,抑或傷(shang)寒(han)、中風(feng)入里化熱,是陽明熱盛之象,張(zhang)氏(shi)皆(jie)(jie)以寒(han)涼(liang)清(qing)熱為主,不復有(you)(you)(you)傷(shang)寒(han)、中風(feng)、溫(wen)病之分,投以白虎(hu)湯(tang)靈活(huo)加減化裁。臨證使用白虎(hu)湯(tang),張(zhang)氏(shi)有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)豐富的(de)經驗,認為白虎(hu)湯(tang)之“四大”典型癥狀中,唯脈洪(hong)為必(bi)見(jian)之癥。只要(yao)見(jian)脈洪(hong)大,又有(you)(you)(you)陽明熱盛之一二癥,則無(wu)論外感內傷(shang),皆(jie)(jie)可用之,不必(bi)拘泥于古人(ren)之說。
陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)腑實用三承(cheng)(cheng)氣湯,此(ci)乃(nai)大(da)法,然張氏認為(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)氣力(li)猛,倘(tang)或審證(zheng)不(bu)確,即足誤事。于(yu)是據其(qi)三十余年臨(lin)證(zheng)經驗,強調“凡遇陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)應下證(zheng),亦先投以(yi)(yi)白(bai)虎(hu)湯一二劑(ji),更改其(qi)服法,將石膏為(wei)末(mo)而不(bu)入煎,以(yi)(yi)藥湯送(song)服之(zhi)”,因屢用此(ci)方奏效,遂(sui)名(ming)之(zhi)曰白(bai)虎(hu)承(cheng)(cheng)氣湯。對(dui)于(yu)溫熱(re)病(bing)神(shen)昏譫語(yu),張氏遵從陸九芝(zhi)“胃熱(re)之(zhi)甚,神(shen)為(wei)之(zhi)昏,從來神(shen)昏之(zhi)病(bing),皆屬胃家”之(zhi)說,將熱(re)病(bing)神(shen)昏分為(wei)虛實兩類。其(qi)脈象洪而有力(li),按(an)之(zhi)甚實者,可按(an)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)胃實治之(zhi),投以(yi)(yi)大(da)劑(ji)白(bai)虎(hu)湯;若脈兼弦、兼數,或重按(an)仍甚實者,治宜白(bai)虎(hu)加人參湯;對(dui)邪入陽(yang)(yang)明(ming),淫熱(re)于(yu)肝(gan),致(zhi)肝(gan)風(feng)內動者,以(yi)(yi)白(bai)虎(hu)撤其(qi)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)之(zhi)熱(re),生(sheng)(sheng)龍(long)骨(gu)、生(sheng)(sheng)牡蠣以(yi)(yi)鎮肝(gan)熄(xi)風(feng)。
張氏治療溫病不僅擅用白(bai)虎,而且依(yi)據病證不同,化裁組成了眾多新方,如石膏(gao)粳米湯(tang)(tang)、鎮逆(ni)白(bai)虎湯(tang)(tang)、通變白(bai)虎加人參湯(tang)(tang)等,皆由白(bai)虎湯(tang)(tang)衍化而來(lai)。
二、治療經驗
張氏(shi)一生勤于臨(lin)證(zheng),《醫學(xue)衷中參西錄(lu)》記載了他豐富的臨(lin)床(chuang)經驗,其中尤以(yi)論治中風、脫證(zheng)等最具特色。
(一)分別中風論治
中風有真(zhen)中、類(lei)中之(zhi)別。張氏認為(wei)真(zhen)中者極少,因而著意對類(lei)中進行(xing)研究、發揮。指出類(lei)中風亦(yi)即(ji)內(nei)中風,此“風自(zi)內(nei)生,非風自(zi)外來(lai)也”,其(qi)治療分充血(xue)、貧血(xue),以(yi)虛實論治。
1、腦充血治療
張氏(shi)根(gen)據“血菀于(yu)上(shang),使(shi)人薄厥(jue)”的理(li)論,認為腦充(chong)血即(ji)(ji)《內經》中(zhong)(zhong)所言(yan)的煎厥(jue)、薄厥(jue)、大厥(jue)。其(qi)病位在“肝(gan)”,陰虛(xu)陽亢、上(shang)實下虛(xu)、臟腑之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)升(sheng)發(fa)太過或失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)下行(xing),血隨(sui)(sui)氣(qi)逆(ni)為主要病機。即(ji)(ji)“人之(zhi)(zhi)血隨(sui)(sui)氣(qi)行(xing),氣(qi)上(shang)升(sheng)不已,血即(ji)(ji)隨(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)升(sheng)不已,以(yi)致(zhi)腦中(zhong)(zhong)血管充(chong)血過甚”(《醫學衷中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄·醫案·腦充(chong)血門》),有礙神(shen)經,以(yi)致(zhi)語言(yan)肢體謇(jian)澀不利,口(kou)眼(yan)歪(wai)斜(xie)等(deng)等(deng)。
根(gen)據(ju)腦(nao)充血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木失和,肺(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不降(jiang),腎氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不攝,沖(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)又復上逆,臟腑(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化皆上升(sheng)太過(guo)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病機(ji),張氏提出治(zhi)療本(ben)病應“清其(qi)臟腑(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熱,滋其(qi)臟腑(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰,更(geng)降(jiang)其(qi)臟腑(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),引腦(nao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)所(suo)充之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”的(de)“鎮(zhen)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熄(xi)風(feng)、引血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”的(de)原則,并創制鎮(zhen)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熄(xi)風(feng)湯(tang)(懷牛膝、生赭(zhe)石(shi)、生杭芍(shao)、天冬、生龍骨、生牡(mu)蠣、生龜板、玄參(can)(can)、川楝(lian)子、生麥芽(ya)、茵陳、甘草)作為治(zhi)療本(ben)病的(de)主(zhu)方。方中赭(zhe)石(shi)降(jiang)胃(wei),平(ping)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)沖(chong),下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通便;牛膝善(shan)引上部(bu)(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),二藥(yao)合用(yong),相輔相成;玄參(can)(can)、天冬、白芍(shao)滋陰退熱;龍骨、牡(mu)蠣、龜板、芍(shao)藥(yao)斂肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)火、鎮(zhen)熄(xi)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)風(feng),以緩(huan)其(qi)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上升(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢;玄參(can)(can)、天冬清肺(fei)制肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan);山藥(yao)、甘草和胃(wei)緩(huan)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan);茵陳為“青蒿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫩(nen)者,稟(bing)少陽初生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),與肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木同氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相求,最能(neng)將順肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性,且又善(shan)瀉肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)熱”,為清涼(liang)腦(nao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涼(liang)藥(yao)也(ye);麥芽(ya)“善(shan)助肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)木疏泄(xie)以行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腎氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”;川楝(lian)子善(shan)引肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)達,又能(neng)折其(qi)更(geng)動之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力。本(ben)方標本(ben)兼治(zhi),鎮(zhen)潛(qian)共用(yong),引涵兼施,直中病之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肯綮,確有獨到之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。
此外(wai),張氏還參照西醫病理,闡述了腦(nao)充血、腦(nao)溢血、腦(nao)出血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)型及用藥(yao)的不(bu)同。對(dui)腦(nao)部血管中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血滲出者(zhe),他在(zai)友人“腦(nao)充血證(zheng),宜于引血下(xia)行藥(yao)中加破血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)以治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的啟(qi)發下(xia),指出對(dui)其身(shen)體(ti)壯實(shi)者(zhe),可酌加大黃(huang)數錢以逐瘀;其身(shen)形脈象不(bu)甚壯實(shi)者(zhe),加桃仁、丹參等化(hua)瘀。并(bing)明確(que)提出“腦(nao)充血當通大便為要務”。對(dui)腦(nao)充血后期脈象柔和(he)而肢(zhi)體(ti)痿廢(fei)者(zhe),主張“少用黃(huang)芪助活(huo)血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)以通絡”,但應(ying)謹慎從事(shi)。而對(dui)于“血菀于上”的腦(nao)充血者(zhe),因黃(huang)芪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,補而兼升,氣升則血必隨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升,故病初應(ying)忌用黃(huang)芪,誤(wu)用則兇危立見。其辨證(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴謹,用藥(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精確(que),可見一斑。
2、腦貧血治療
與(yu)腦(nao)充(chong)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)證相(xiang)反,張(zhang)氏認為(wei)腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)證則為(wei)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)注于腦(nao)過少,無以養其(qi)(qi)腦(nao)髓(sui)(sui)神經,致使腦(nao)神經失其(qi)(qi)所司。而血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)注過少,實(shi)由“宗氣虛寒,不能助(zhu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)川”。故治(zhi)療腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)證,主(zhu)張(zhang)“應峻補(bu)(bu)(bu)其(qi)(qi)胸中大氣”,自擬當歸補(bu)(bu)(bu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)湯益氣溫陽(yang)、補(bu)(bu)(bu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),治(zhi)療中風脈象遲(chi)弱,身軟,肢體漸覺不利(li),或頭重目眩,或神昏(hun)健忘,甚或昏(hun)仆(pu),移時(shi)蘇醒致成偏(pian)枯者(zhe)。方中主(zhu)以黃芪升(sheng)補(bu)(bu)(bu)胸中大氣,使血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)隨氣升(sheng),上(shang)(shang)達腦(nao)中;用當歸、龍眼肉、鹿角膠養血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生髓(sui)(sui);丹參、乳、沒(mei)開血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)痹,化瘀滯;甘松助(zhu)心房運行(xing)有力(li),以多輸血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于腦(nao),且又(you)為(wei)調養神經之(zhi)品。對于腦(nao)貧血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)肢體痿(wei)廢(fei)或偏(pian)枯,脈象極微細無力(li)者(zhe),又(you)擬干頹湯、補(bu)(bu)(bu)腦(nao)振(zhen)痿(wei)湯治(zhi)療。并指出(chu)肢體偏(pian)廢(fei),服藥(yao)久不效(xiao)者(zhe),應著(zhu)重補(bu)(bu)(bu)腎通絡(luo),多選(xuan)用胡桃肉、地龍、馬(ma)錢子等。
(二)重視沖氣為病,善用鎮沖降逆
沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)脈(mo)為(wei)(wei)奇經八(ba)脈(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),張氏論病(bing)極重(zhong)視沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),指出(chu)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)甚多(duo),而(er)(er)醫者識(shi)其(qi)病(bing)者甚少。即(ji)或能(neng)識(shi)此(ci)病(bing),亦多(duo)不(bu)能(neng)洞悉其(qi)病(bing)因(yin)”。因(yin)而(er)(er),對沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的生(sheng)理,尤其(qi)是沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的病(bing)因(yin)、病(bing)理、病(bing)脈(mo)、治法(fa)都(dou)作了詳(xiang)細闡述,自成一(yi)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)。其(qi)述沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)脈(mo),、兼采《內》《難》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),認為(wei)(wei)其(qi)“在胞室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩旁(pang),與(yu)任脈(mo)相連(lian),為(wei)(wei)腎臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輔弼,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化相通……上(shang)(shang)(shang)系原隸陽(yang)明胃(wei)腑(fu)”,并認為(wei)(wei)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng),固由于(yu)腎臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虛(xu)(xu),亦多(duo)由于(yu)肝(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)恣橫,素性多(duo)怒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人,其(qi)肝(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暴發,更助沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)”。即(ji)腎虛(xu)(xu)無以涵木,不(bu)能(neng)收斂(lian)(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)行,肝(gan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)橫逆(ni)(ni),胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)而(er)(er)呈上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊。張氏描述的沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)證(zheng),除自覺有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自下上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),脈(mo)多(duo)弦硬而(er)(er)長(chang)外,主(zhu)要表現有(you)胃(wei)脘(wan)或腹(fu)中滿(man)悶,噦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),呃逆(ni)(ni)連(lian)連(lian),嘔吐(tu)(tu)不(bu)止,或見吐(tu)(tu)血、衄(nv)血等(deng)(deng)胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)逆(ni)(ni)不(bu)降(jiang)(jiang)見癥;或兩脅(xie)痛脹(zhang),頭目眩暈,甚而(er)(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)火挾痰上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),發生(sheng)突然昏仆等(deng)(deng);或為(wei)(wei)胸滿(man)窒塞(sai),喘息大(da)作。其(qi)治療(liao),主(zhu)張以斂(lian)(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),降(jiang)(jiang)胃(wei)平肝(gan)為(wei)(wei)佐(zuo),獨創(chuang)參赭(zhe)鎮(zhen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)湯、鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)降(jiang)(jiang)胃(wei)湯等(deng)(deng)鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)諸方。其(qi)組方特(te)色(se),一(yi)為(wei)(wei)善(shan)用鎮(zhen)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)降(jiang)(jiang)逆(ni)(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,如赭(zhe)石、龍(long)、牡等(deng)(deng);一(yi)為(wei)(wei)善(shan)用補虛(xu)(xu)固澀(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,如山(shan)萸肉、山(shan)藥(yao)、白芍、芡(qian)實等(deng)(deng),攻中有(you)補,降(jiang)(jiang)斂(lian)(lian)結(jie)合,用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臨(lin)床,確有(you)良效(xiao)。其(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)學說(shuo)為(wei)(wei)中醫臨(lin)床治療(liao)雜病(bing)又辟(pi)新徑(jing)。
(三)脫分上下內外(wai),治脫重視肝虛
張氏認為(wei)(wei)(wei)脫(tuo)(tuo)雖有上、下(xia)(xia)、內、外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)別,概由(you)(you)肝(gan)虛,其云(yun):“凡人元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)脫(tuo)(tuo),皆脫(tuo)(tuo)在肝(gan)”。他根據(ju)肝(gan)主疏(shu)泄、調暢氣(qi)(qi)機的功能(neng),認為(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)的運(yun)行(xing)和胃氣(qi)(qi)的布化,全賴于(yu)肝(gan)臟(zang)正常的疏(shu)泄功能(neng)。倘肝(gan)虛則(ze)損泄元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi),耗散腎(shen)氣(qi)(qi),而(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上脫(tuo)(tuo)或下(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)。“蓋(gai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)上脫(tuo)(tuo)由(you)(you)于(yu)肝(gan),其下(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)亦由(you)(you)于(yu)肝(gan)。誠以肝(gan)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)腎(shen)行(xing)氣(qi)(qi),即能(neng)瀉元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)自下(xia)(xia)出(chu)也”。(《醫學衷中參西錄·醫案·霍亂門》)上脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)證,“喘逆迫(po)促,脈若水上浮麻”,張氏制參赭鎮氣(qi)(qi)湯救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。方(fang)中以人參補虛極(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諸(zhu)氣(qi)(qi),借(jie)“赭石(shi)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力,挽(wan)回(hui)將脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)”;蘇子助赭石(shi)降氣(qi)(qi);生山(shan)藥、生白芍滋補肝(gan)胃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin),以守持元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi);山(shan)萸肉、生芡實、生龍骨、生牡蠣酸斂(lian)收澀,固(gu)(gu)攝元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)。下(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo),如“日夜吐瀉不已,脈沉細欲無(wu),虛極(ji)將脫(tuo)(tuo)者(zhe),為(wei)(wei)(wei)至危之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)候”,張氏以急救回(hui)陽湯救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),方(fang)用(yong)(yong)人參以回(hui)陽;山(shan)藥、芍藥滋陰(yin);重用(yong)(yong)山(shan)萸肉斂(lian)肝(gan)固(gu)(gu)脫(tuo)(tuo)。上下(xia)(xia)兩脫(tuo)(tuo)兼見(jian)者(zhe),挽(wan)陰(yin)回(hui)陽,以“既(ji)濟湯”酸斂(lian)固(gu)(gu)澀。
除元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)上脫(tuo)、下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)之外(wai)(wai),又(you)有所謂外(wai)(wai)脫(tuo)、內(nei)脫(tuo)。外(wai)(wai)脫(tuo)者,癥見周身汗出不(bu)止,或(huo)“目睛上竄,或(huo)喘逆(ni),或(huo)怔忡(chong),或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛不(bu)足以息”,張(zhang)(zhang)氏認為(wei)此乃“肝膽虛極而元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)欲脫(tuo)也”。即(ji)肝陰過虛,肝風萌(meng)動,元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)欲脫(tuo),用來復(fu)湯治(zhi)之。內(nei)脫(tuo),如“胸中大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)短不(bu)足以息,或(huo)努力呼吸,有似乎喘,或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)息將停,危在頃(qing)刻(ke)……其(qi)(qi)脈(mo)象沉遲微弱,關(guan)前尤甚;其(qi)(qi)劇者,或(huo)六脈(mo)不(bu)全,或(huo)參伍不(bu)調”,此系中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)自內(nei)而陷(xian)的內(nei)脫(tuo)證,張(zhang)(zhang)氏以“升陷(xian)湯”升補下(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)之氣(qi)(qi)(qi),再加山萸肉(rou)收斂氣(qi)(qi)(qi)分之耗散,使升者不(bu)至復(fu)陷(xian),共挽中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)陷(xian)所致之內(nei)脫(tuo)。
從上(shang)述救(jiu)(jiu)脫(tuo)(tuo)方可見,張氏救(jiu)(jiu)脫(tuo)(tuo)善用山(shan)(shan)萸(yu)肉(rou)。他認為(wei)山(shan)(shan)英肉(rou)味酸(suan)性溫,固澀(se)滑(hua)脫(tuo)(tuo),通(tong)利九竅(qiao),流通(tong)血脈,為(wei)補(bu)肝之(zhi)妙藥,其救(jiu)(jiu)脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)功,較參(can)、術、芪更勝(sheng)。“蓋萸(yu)肉(rou)之(zhi)性,不獨補(bu)肝也,凡(fan)人(ren)(ren)身之(zhi)陰陽(yang),氣血將散者(zhe),皆能(neng)斂(lian)之(zhi),故救(jiu)(jiu)脫(tuo)(tuo)之(zhi)藥,當以萸(yu)肉(rou)為(wei)第一”。常用萸(yu)肉(rou)治療各種虛脫(tuo)(tuo)危證,或配以生龍(long)骨(gu)、牡蠣斂(lian)汗;或配人(ren)(ren)參(can)、附(fu)子、山(shan)(shan)藥、炙甘草益氣回陽(yang)固脫(tuo)(tuo);或配當歸、熟地(di)填補(bu)精血等(deng)。其論脫(tuo)(tuo)證病機及(ji)治法用藥,別開生面,對(dui)后人(ren)(ren)啟(qi)迪(di)尤深。
(四)遣藥制(zhi)方心(xin)得
張氏(shi)制方用(yong)藥頗有(you)獨到經(jing)驗,通性味,善配(pei)伍,別(bie)具(ju)(ju)匠(jiang)心(xin)。具(ju)(ju)體表現(xian)在以(yi)下幾(ji)個方面。
1、精研藥物(wu),頗多新見
張(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)認(ren)為(wei)學醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)第一層功夫即(ji)是識(shi)藥(yao)性(xing),其對(dui)(dui)藥(yao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie),于(yu)諸家本(ben)草學之外,頗多新見。《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參西錄》書中(zhong)專列《藥(yao)物》一章,對(dui)(dui)常用的(de)(de)(de)79種藥(yao)物詳加解(jie)釋,闡述了張(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)對(dui)(dui)藥(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)獨到認(ren)識(shi)與經驗。其中(zhong)他研(yan)究最(zui)精的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物有黃(huang)芪、山萸肉(rou)、赭石、山藥(yao)、三七(qi)、黨參、乳香、沒藥(yao)、三棱、水蛭、牛膝、龍骨、牡(mu)蠣(li)等。
例如,他(ta)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)大劑量石膏治療外感熱性(xing)病(bing)(bing)屢(lv)收良效(xiao),認為(wei)并無損傷脾(pi)胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)弊,且隨著熱退病(bing)(bing)愈而(er)飲(yin)食倍增,為(wei)清解大熱之(zhi)(zhi)特(te)效(xiao)藥(yao)(yao)。善(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)三(san)(san)棱、莪(e)術(shu)(shu),認為(wei)二(er)(er)藥(yao)(yao)善(shan)(shan)(shan)破血、調氣(qi)(qi),化瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)則三(san)(san)棱優于(yu)莪(e)術(shu)(shu),理氣(qi)(qi)則莪(e)術(shu)(shu)優于(yu)三(san)(san)棱,若“二(er)(er)藥(yao)(yao)合用(yong),常有(you)(you)協同之(zhi)(zhi)功”。認為(wei)水蛭破瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)最(zui)效(xiao),善(shan)(shan)(shan)除日(ri)久之(zhi)(zhi)瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)滯,能(neng)使瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)血默消于(yu)無形之(zhi)(zhi)中,乳香善(shan)(shan)(shan)透竅理氣(qi)(qi),沒藥(yao)(yao)善(shan)(shan)(shan)化瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)理血,二(er)(er)藥(yao)(yao)并用(yong)為(wei)宣(xuan)通(tong)臟(zang)腑、流通(tong)經(jing)絡之(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)藥(yao)(yao),常用(yong)于(yu)治心、胃(wei)、脅(xie)、腹(fu)及肢(zhi)體關節諸痛,經(jing)痛,產后瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)血腹(fu)痛,月經(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)調,風寒(han)濕痹,中風四肢(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遂及一切瘡瘍腫(zhong)痛;雞內金(jin)味酸性(xing)溫藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)平和(he)(he),有(you)(you)補(bu)脾(pi)胃(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)妙,善(shan)(shan)(shan)化有(you)(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)積;山(shan)楂化瘀(yu)(yu)(yu)血而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷新血,開(kai)郁氣(qi)(qi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷正氣(qi)(qi);茵(yin)陳、麥芽皆具疏肝(gan)(gan)解郁之(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao),體弱陰虛不(bu)(bu)(bu)任柴(chai)胡升散者(zhe),常以(yi)(yi)其(qi)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi);黃(huang)芪性(xing)溫味微(wei)甘,補(bu)氣(qi)(qi)兼能(neng)升氣(qi)(qi),善(shan)(shan)(shan)治氣(qi)(qi)虛、氣(qi)(qi)陷諸證,且其(qi)“性(xing)溫而(er)上升,以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)補(bu)肝(gan)(gan)有(you)(you)同氣(qi)(qi)相求之(zhi)(zhi)妙用(yong)”,故(gu)凡肝(gan)(gan)氣(qi)(qi)虛弱不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)條(tiao)達,用(yong)一切補(bu)肝(gan)(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)皆不(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)者(zhe),倡重(zhong)用(yong)黃(huang)芪為(wei)主,而(er)少佐以(yi)(yi)理氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)品(pin),并據此批評“肝(gan)(gan)虛無補(bu)法(fa)”之(zhi)(zhi)談。這(zhe)些獨(du)創性(xing)見解,擴大和(he)(he)豐富了藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的臨床應用(yong)范圍。
2、善用生藥,注(zhu)重配伍
張(zhang)(zhang)錫純在(zai)(zai)《醫學(xue)衷中(zhong)參西(xi)錄》中(zhong)自擬良方百余首,以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥見(jian)長,對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥的使用(yong)獨具卓(zhuo)見(jian)。如(ru)水(shui)蛭,方書(shu)多(duo)謂必須(xu)炙透(tou)方可(ke)使用(yong),但張(zhang)(zhang)氏認(ren)為,此物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于水(shui)中(zhong),原得水(shui)之(zhi)精氣(qi)而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),炙之(zhi)則傷水(shui)之(zhi)精氣(qi),不(bu)若生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)。因(yin)而(er)在(zai)(zai)治療經閉不(bu)行、產后惡露不(bu)盡(jin)或瘀血頑(wan)癥時,常于理(li)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)湯、理(li)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)丸(wan)中(zhong)加入水(shui)蛭一(yi)錢或一(yi)兩,并標明“不(bu)用(yong)炙”。認(ren)為赭(zhe)石色赤性微涼(liang),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)血兼能(neng)涼(liang)血,且因(yin)其質(zhi)重墜,又可(ke)鎮(zhen)逆(ni)、降痰、止嘔、通便,“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)研(yan)服(fu)之(zhi)不(bu)傷腸胃(wei)……且生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)服(fu)則養氣(qi)純全,大(da)能(neng)養血”。故(gu)治陰陽兩虛、喘(chuan)逆(ni)迫促之(zhi)喘(chuan)息,重用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)赭(zhe)石伍以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)龍牡斂(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)降逆(ni);又與肉蓯蓉、當歸并用(yong),補腎斂(lian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),潤便通結。張(zhang)(zhang)氏臨(lin)床常用(yong)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥還有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)乳香、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沒藥、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)雞內金(jin)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)黃芪(qi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山藥、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)杭(hang)芍、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)石膏等。
此外,張氏(shi)根據(ju)其臨(lin)床經(jing)驗和體(ti)會,總結出許(xu)多新的藥(yao)對(dui)配(pei)伍關(guan)系。如山(shan)藥(yao)配(pei)牛蒡(bang)子,疏補兼行,補腎健脾(pi),清肺止(zhi)咳,祛痰降氣(qi)(qi)(qi);人參配(pei)代赭石,剛柔相濟,升(sheng)降互用,治療脾(pi)胃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛,沖氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相干,或用于上盛下虛、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)血(xue)將脫;黃芪配(pei)知母,寒熱平(ping)調以益氣(qi)(qi)(qi)升(sheng)舉(ju);人參配(pei)威靈仙治氣(qi)(qi)(qi)虛小便不利;生(sheng)龍、牡配(pei)萸肉,三(san)藥(yao)聯合應用,收斂固脫、澀(se)精止(zhi)汗等,均可(ke)資臨(lin)床參考。
3、潛心實踐,創(chuang)制新(xin)方
張氏對(dui)方藥的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)(yong)也頗有心(xin)得,在《醫學衷中(zhong)(zhong)參西錄》中(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)立了(le)許多(duo)有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方劑,廣及內、外、婦、兒各科(ke),其多(duo)有所宗,遵(zun)經而(er)不(bu)泥(ni)古(gu),通變而(er)不(bu)失規(gui)矩。其中(zhong)(zhong),有不(bu)少為(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)法仲景原意而(er)化裁創(chuang)制的(de)(de)(de)新方。如(ru)治(zhi)(zhi)吐衄諸方是(shi)受《金匱》瀉心(xin)湯(tang)(tang)影響,以(yi)降胃為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),故喜(xi)用(yong)(yong)赭石、半(ban)夏(xia)。治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)胸(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)(zhong)蘊熱為(wei)(wei)(wei)外感所束,不(bu)能(neng)發泄而(er)致煩躁的(de)(de)(de)猶(you)龍湯(tang)(tang),立意源于(yu)(yu)大(da)青龍湯(tang)(tang),由連翹、生(sheng)石膏、蟬蛻、牛蒡子組(zu)成(cheng)。治(zhi)(zhi)滿悶短氣,呼吸不(bu)利的(de)(de)(de)蕩胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)(tang),于(yu)(yu)大(da)陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)(tang)中(zhong)(zhong)取用(yong)(yong)芒(mang)硝,于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)(tang)中(zhong)(zhong)取用(yong)(yong)瓜蔞,又(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)下(xia)痞硬之(zhi)(zhi)旋覆代赭湯(tang)(tang)中(zhong)(zhong)取用(yong)(yong)赭石,而(er)復加蘇子以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)向導(dao),可(ke)以(yi)代大(da)陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)(tang)、丸,亦可(ke)代小(xiao)陷(xian)胸(xiong)(xiong)湯(tang)(tang)。又(you)(you)如(ru)其治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)婦科(ke)病之(zhi)(zhi)理沖(chong)湯(tang)(tang)、理沖(chong)丸,用(yong)(yong)參、術、當歸、山藥等補氣健脾扶(fu)正,莪術、三棱、水蛭等活血(xue)(xue)化瘀(yu),為(wei)(wei)(wei)攻補兼施,扶(fu)正化瘀(yu),治(zhi)(zhi)閉(bi)(bi)經及癥瘕之(zhi)(zhi)虛實夾雜證良方。又(you)(you)如(ru)治(zhi)(zhi)崩(beng)漏的(de)(de)(de)安(an)沖(chong)湯(tang)(tang)、固(gu)沖(chong)湯(tang)(tang),熔塞(sai)流、澄(cheng)源、補虛于(yu)(yu)一爐,止(zhi)血(xue)(xue)而(er)不(bu)留瘀(yu),清熱而(er)不(bu)涼(liang)遏,溫補而(er)不(bu)閉(bi)(bi)邪(xie)。再如(ru),如(ru)治(zhi)(zhi)陰虛勞嗽之(zhi)(zhi)資生(sheng)湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)(zhi)腦充血(xue)(xue)頭目眩暈之(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)瓴湯(tang)(tang),治(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)腹疼(teng)痛、癥瘕痰癖的(de)(de)(de)活絡效(xiao)(xiao)靈丹,治(zhi)(zhi)腎虛滑胎(tai)的(de)(de)(de)壽胎(tai)丸等等,都(dou)是(shi)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)名方。
張氏治(zhi)學(xue)嚴(yan)謹,重視(shi)實踐,主張溝通中西,取(qu)長補短,是近代中西醫匯(hui)通派的代表之一。結合其多年臨證經驗與(yu)匯(hui)通中西的體會,著(zhu)成《醫學(xue)衷中參西錄》。
張錫純(chun),字壽甫,清末民初河(he)北省(sheng)鹽山縣人(ren)。生活(huo)于公元1860~1933年(nian)(清咸(xian)豐十年(nian)至民國(guo)二十二年(nian))。幼敏而好學,攻(gong)讀經史之(zhi)余,兼習岐黃之(zhi)書,后因(yin)兩試(shi)秋闈不第,遂潛心(xin)醫(yi)(yi)學。早(zao)年(nian)懸壺鄉梓,革命(ming)軍(jun)興,應聘(pin)從戎去(qu)武漢(han)為軍(jun)醫(yi)(yi)。1917年(nian)在沈陽創(chuang)建“立達中醫(yi)(yi)院”。直奉戰起,回故居(ju)河(he)北滄(cang)州行醫(yi)(yi),1926年(nian)移(yi)居(ju)天津,創(chuang)辦(ban)“天津國(guo)醫(yi)(yi)函授學校(xiao)”,培養了大批中醫(yi)(yi)后繼人(ren)才(cai)。
張(zhang)(zhang)氏治(zhi)學(xue)嚴謹,重視(shi)實踐,主張(zhang)(zhang)溝通中西(xi)(xi),取長補短,是(shi)近代中西(xi)(xi)醫(yi)匯通派(pai)的(de)(de)代表之(zhi)一。其(qi)醫(yi)德高(gao)尚,常舍藥(yao)濟貧,遇疑難(nan)重癥,殫思竭慮,并(bing)(bing)親(qin)自攜藥(yao)到病家督煎(jian),守(shou)護達旦。為了體驗藥(yao)物的(de)(de)毒性反應(ying)和用(yong)量,曾親(qin)嘗巴豆、花(hua)椒(jiao)、甘遂等藥(yao),足見其(qi)對病人極(ji)端負責(ze)的(de)(de)精神(shen)和重視(shi)實踐的(de)(de)治(zhi)學(xue)態(tai)度(du)。他醫(yi)術精湛,常能力排(pai)眾議,獨(du)任其(qi)責(ze),起群(qun)醫(yi)束手之(zhi)沉疴(ke),療效卓著,名(ming)震遐邇(er)。當時與江蘇陸晉笙(sheng)、楊如侯,廣東(dong)劉(liu)蔚楚同負盛名(ming),又(you)與慈溪張(zhang)(zhang)生甫、嘉定張(zhang)(zhang)山雷并(bing)(bing)稱名(ming)醫(yi)三張(zhang)(zhang)。
張氏勤于鉆研(yan),善于總結(jie),平(ping)生著述甚多,后(hou)因天津洪水(shui)沒其居(ju),遺書(shu)(shu)蕩盡,傳世(shi)者僅《醫學(xue)衷中參(can)西錄(lu)》一書(shu)(shu)。
《醫(yi)學衷中(zhong)參西錄(lu)》為20世紀中(zhong)醫(yi)臨床醫(yi)學名著,素為醫(yi)家所(suo)重視。