蜚聲中(zhong)外(wai)的(de)唐(tang)代京師長安,以及(ji)東都洛(luo)陽,實(shi)際上都是在(zai)隋代建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de),創建(jian)(jian)這兩座(zuo)歷史名城的(de)第(di)一功臣是杰(jie)出的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑學家宇文愷。
宇文愷,字安(an)樂,鮮卑(bei)族。西魏恭(gong)帝(di)二年(nian)(555年(nian))生于(yu)長安(an)。他出(chu)生在(zai)北(bei)朝后期(qi)一個顯赫的(de)豪門(men)。
出生在這樣一個家(jia)(jia)庭中的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai),二歲時(shi)就被贈(zeng)爵雙泉(quan)縣伯(bo),六歲時(shi)襲祖爵安(an)平郡公,但身(shen)在將門的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)卻(que)不好(hao)弓馬,而喜好(hao)讀書(shu)。《隋書(shu)》本傳(chuan)說“愷(kai)少有器(qi)局。家(jia)(jia)世武(wu)將,諸兄(xiong)并(bing)以弓馬自(zi)達,愷(kai)獨好(hao)學(xue),博覽書(shu)記,解屬文(wen),多伎藝,號為(wei)名父(fu)公子(zi)。”這段記載可窺知(zhi)他為(wei)學(xue)的大致情況。
北周(zhou)末,宇(yu)文(wen)愷累遷右(you)侍上士、御正中(zhong)大夫(fu)、儀(yi)同(tong)三(san)司。大象二年(nian)(580年(nian)),楊堅任北周(zhou)宰相后,宇(yu)文(wen)愷又被任命(ming)為上開府(fu)、匠師(shi)中(zhong)大夫(fu)。據《唐六典》卷二三(san)“將(jiang)作都水監”記載(zai):“后周(zhou)有匠師(shi)中(zhong)大夫(fu)一人,掌城郭、宮室之制及諸(zhu)器物度量(liang)。”又據考證(zheng),北周(zhou)設有“匠師(shi)中(zhong)大夫(fu),一人,正五命(ming)”。因此(ci)可以推知,當時年(nian)輕的宇(yu)文(wen)愷已經在(zai)建筑科學和工程(cheng)管理方面嶄(zhan)露(lu)鋒芒。
581年,楊堅建(jian)(jian)立(li)隋(sui)朝(chao),是為(wei)隋(sui)文帝(di)。為(wei)了鞏固自(zi)己的統治地位(wei),他(ta)大肆誅(zhu)殺(sha)北(bei)周(zhou)宗(zong)室宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文氏,以清(qing)除北(bei)周(zhou)殘余勢力(li)。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)原(yuan)也被(bei)定(ding)入(ru)誅(zhu)殺(sha)之(zhi)列。由于(yu)(yu)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)家族與北(bei)周(zhou)宗(zong)室有(you)別,二兄宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文忻(xin)又(you)擁戴隋(sui)文帝(di)有(you)功,加上他(ta)本人的才(cai)華(hua)深得(de)隋(sui)文帝(di)的賞識(shi),因而(er)(er)方幸免一死(si)。隋(sui)文帝(di)“修宗(zong)廟(miao)(miao)”,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)被(bei)起用(yong),任營(ying)宗(zong)廟(miao)(miao)副監、太子(zi)左庶子(zi),負責宗(zong)廟(miao)(miao)的興修事務。宗(zong)廟(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)成后,被(bei)加封為(wei)甑山縣(xian)公,邑千戶,隨后投入(ru)了隋(sui)代都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)大興城(cheng)(cheng)(今西安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng))的營(ying)建(jian)(jian)工程。隋(sui)朝(chao)建(jian)(jian)立(li)之(zhi)時(shi),仍承襲北(bei)周(zhou)以長(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)京都(dou)。長(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)漢(han)代,已有(you)近八(ba)百年的歷史,城(cheng)(cheng)市已顯得(de)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)狹小(xiao),宮宇(yu)(yu)(yu)亦多(duo)朽蠹,加上供(gong)水、排水嚴重(zhong)不暢(chang),污水往(wang)往(wang)聚而(er)(er)不泄,生活用(yong)水受到嚴重(zhong)污染,已經不能(neng)適應社會發展(zhan)和(he)人們(men)生活的需要。因此,隋(sui)文帝(di)嫌(xian)其“制度狹小(xiao),又(you)宮內多(duo)妖異”,通直散騎常侍庾季才(cai)也奏云:“漢(han)營(ying)此城(cheng)(cheng),經今將八(ba)百歲(sui),水皆咸鹵,不甚宜人。”于(yu)(yu)是決定(ding)另建(jian)(jian)新都(dou)。
開(kai)皇(huang)二年(582年)六月(yue),隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)下(xia)(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao):“此(ci)(ci)城(cheng)從(cong)漢,凋殘日久(jiu),屢為(wei)戰場,舊(jiu)經喪亂。今(jin)之(zhi)宮(gong)室,事近(jin)權宜,又非(fei)謀筮從(cong)龜,瞻星揆(kui)日,不(bu)(bu)足建(jian)皇(huang)王之(zhi)邑,合大(da)(da)眾所聚”,“今(jin)區宇(yu)寧一,陰陽順序,安(an)(an)安(an)(an)以遷(qian),勿懷胥怨。龍首(shou)山川(chuan)原秀麗,卉物滋(zi)阜,卜食相土(tu),宜建(jian)都(dou)邑,定鼎之(zhi)基(ji)永固,無(wu)窮之(zhi)業在斯(si)。公私府(fu)宅(zhai),規模(mo)(mo)遠近(jin),營(ying)構資費,隨事條(tiao)奏。”隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)下(xia)(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao)于是“詔(zhao)(zhao)左仆射高(gao)颎、將(jiang)作大(da)(da)匠劉(liu)龍、巨鹿郡公賀婁子干、太(tai)(tai)府(fu)少卿高(gao)龍叉等創造新都(dou)”。“以太(tai)(tai)子左庶子宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)有巧思,領(ling)營(ying)新都(dou)副監(jian)”。時(shi)高(gao)颎雖(sui)為(wei)大(da)(da)監(jian),不(bu)(bu)過總領(ling)大(da)(da)綱(gang),而(er)規模(mo)(mo)計(ji)劃皆出(chu)自宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)。由于楊(yang)堅在北周時(shi)曾被(bei)封為(wei)大(da)(da)興郡公,故新都(dou)命(ming)名(ming)為(wei)大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(今(jin)陜西西安(an)(an))。開(kai)皇(huang)三(san)年,新都(dou)建(jian)成,而(er)倉廩尚(shang)虛(xu),需(xu)要大(da)(da)量轉運關東米粟,渭水(shui)多沙,不(bu)(bu)便漕(cao)運。四(si)年,下(xia)(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao)興建(jian)漕(cao)渠,令宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)率領(ling)水(shui)工鑿渠,引渭水(shui)通(tong)黃(huang)河,自大(da)(da)興城(cheng)東至(zhi)潼關三(san)百余里,名(ming)叫(jiao)廣通(tong)渠。渠成后,轉運便利,隋(sui)(sui)唐關中的富(fu)庶頗得益于此(ci)(ci)。其后,他(ta)受到(dao)其兄宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)忻被(bei)殺事件(jian)的牽連,一度罷官居家(jia)。開(kai)皇(huang)十三(san)年,隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)要在岐州(今(jin)陜西鳳翔)建(jian)仁(ren)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong),經右仆射楊(yang)素推薦(jian),文(wen)(wen)帝(di)任命(ming)愷(kai)為(wei)檢校將(jiang)作大(da)(da)匠,后又拜為(wei)仁(ren)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)監(jian)、將(jiang)作少監(jian)。在楊(yang)素主持下(xia)(xia),仁(ren)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)建(jian)造得非(fei)常華(hua)麗,成為(wei)隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)經常臨幸的別(bie)宮(gong)。
開(kai)皇十三年(nian)(593年(nian))二(er)月,隋(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝令楊(yang)素(su)在岐州(今陜西鳳翔)北營造仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮。楊(yang)素(su)以宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷有巧思,“奏前萊州刺史宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷檢校將(jiang)(jiang)作大匠”,負責仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮工(gong)程的(de)籌(chou)劃和設計(ji)。“于是夷山(shan)堙(yin)谷以立宮殿(dian),崇臺累榭,宛(wan)轉相屬”,整個(ge)宮殿(dian)區“制度壯麗”,是一組(zu)極其雄(xiong)偉的(de)宮殿(dian)建(jian)筑群。開(kai)皇十五年(nian)三月,仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮建(jian)成,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷被任命為(wei)仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮監,授儀同三司,接著又被任命為(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)作少監。
仁(ren)壽二年(602年)八(ba)月,隋文(wen)帝皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)獨孤(gu)氏卒(zu)。閏十月,楊素和(he)宇文(wen)愷受(shou)命營造皇(huang)(huang)陵太(tai)陵。獨孤(gu)皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)葬后(hou),宇文(wen)愷復爵安(an)平郡公(gong),邑千戶。
仁壽四年七(qi)月,隋煬(yang)帝(di)楊廣(guang)繼位。鑒于(yu)大興城(cheng)位置(zhi)偏西,又水陸交通不便(bian),也為(wei)了更進一步加強對(dui)河北、山東(dong)(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)及江淮地區的(de)(de)控制,決定(ding)在洛陽(yang)(yang)故都(dou)附近建(jian)造新城(cheng),作為(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)京。十一月癸丑,隋煬(yang)帝(di)在巡幸洛陽(yang)(yang)時下詔說,洛陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)地理位置(zhi)“控以(yi)(yi)三河,固以(yi)(yi)四塞,水陸通,貢賦(fu)等(deng)”,“今可于(yu)伊、洛營建(jian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)京,便(bian)即設(she)官分職,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)民(min)極(ji)也”。
據《隋(sui)書·煬帝(di)(di)紀》記載,大業(ye)元(yuan)年(nian)(605年(nian))三月(yue)(yue)丁未,隋(sui)煬帝(di)(di)“詔尚書令楊(yang)素、納言楊(yang)達、將(jiang)作(zuo)大匠(jiang)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)營(ying)建(jian)東京,徙(xi)(xi)豫州郭下居人(ren)以實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)”。又據《資治(zhi)通鑒》卷一八零記載,“每(mei)月(yue)(yue),役丁二百萬人(ren)。徙(xi)(xi)洛州郭內居民,及諸州富商大賈(jia)數萬戶以實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)”。大業(ye)二年(nian)春正月(yue)(yue)辛酉,“東京成(cheng)”,其(qi)營(ying)建(jian)過(guo)程前后僅歷(li)十個(ge)月(yue)(yue),是(shi)又一座(zuo)在(zai)(zai)短時間內經周密規劃、設(she)計、建(jian)造而成(cheng)的大型城市。在(zai)(zai)營(ying)建(jian)東京時,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)“揣(chuai)帝(di)(di)心在(zai)(zai)宏侈,于是(shi)東京制度窮極(ji)壯麗(li)”。故此宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)博得隋(sui)煬帝(di)(di)的歡心,被進(jin)位開府儀同三司(si)。其(qi)間,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)還受命在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)(nan)郡壽安縣(今河南(nan)(nan)宜陽)營(ying)造顯仁宮,“南(nan)(nan)接皁澗,北跨洛濱”,為此,曾(ceng)“發大江(jiang)之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)、五嶺以北奇(qi)(qi)材異(yi)石,輸之(zhi)洛陽;又求(qiu)海內嘉(jia)木異(yi)草,珍禽奇(qi)(qi)獸,以實(shi)(shi)園(yuan)苑”。
隋煬(yang)帝(di)楊廣即位后,要(yao)營建(jian)洛(luo)陽,又以愷(kai)(kai)為(wei)(wei)營東都(dou)副監(jian),后遷(qian)將作(zuo)大(da)匠。宇文愷(kai)(kai)把東都(dou)建(jian)筑(zhu)得極其壯麗,因此被升為(wei)(wei)工部(bu)尚書。他曾(ceng)(ceng)經(jing)建(jian)造大(da)帳,帳下可以容(rong)納數(shu)千人。又造觀(guan)風行殿(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)上可以容(rong)納侍衛數(shu)百人,行殿(dian)(dian)下裝(zhuang)輪軸,可以迅速(su)拆卸和(he)拼(pin)合。他曾(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)議按古制建(jian)筑(zhu)明堂,“下為(wei)(wei)方堂,堂有(you)(you)五室(shi),上為(wei)(wei)圓觀(guan),觀(guan)有(you)(you)四門(men)”,并曾(ceng)(ceng)用木料制作(zuo)了模型。雖然沒有(you)(you)興建(jian),卻表現了他的巧思(si)和(he)學(xue)識的淵(yuan)博。大(da)業八年(nian)(612年(nian)),宇文愷(kai)(kai)卒。
宇(yu)文(wen)愷在建筑學(xue)方面的著述有《東都圖記》20卷,《明堂圖議(yi)》2卷,《釋疑》1卷,均見行于世(shi)。但除《明堂圖議(yi)》的部(bu)分內容保(bao)存在《隋書·宇(yu)文(wen)愷傳(chuan)》、《北史·宇(yu)文(wen)貴傳(chuan)》和《資(zi)治通鑒》等(deng)史籍(ji)中外(wai),其他(ta)的后來都亡佚了,這(zhe)實(shi)是(shi)建筑學(xue)史上的一大損失。
政治、經濟、文化(hua)中心
大興城的(de)營(ying)建(jian),史稱“制(zhi)度(du)多(duo)出(chu)于高颎(jiong)”,“高颎(jiong)雖總(zong)(zong)大綱(gang),凡所規(gui)畫,皆(jie)出(chu)于愷(kai)”。宋(song)代(dai)的(de)宋(song)敏(min)求在《長安志》中也說(shuo)在隋(sui)大興城興建(jian)時,“命左仆射(she)高颎(jiong)總(zong)(zong)領其事,太子左庶(shu)子宇(yu)文愷(kai)創(chuang)制(zhi)規(gui)模,將作大匠(jiang)劉(liu)龍、工部尚書巨鹿郡(jun)公賀樓(lou)(婁)子干、大(太)府(fu)少(shao)卿尚龍義并充使(shi)營(ying)建(jian)”。可見(jian)高颎(jiong)主要是提出(chu)都城的(de)總(zong)(zong)的(de)制(zhi)度(du),并負責總(zong)(zong)的(de)施建(jian)方針,而具體的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)、設計則是由宇(yu)文愷(kai)完(wan)成的(de),其他的(de)副使(shi)主要是協助(zhu)負責施工和材料管理諸(zhu)事務。
大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不是在(zai)舊有(you)基礎上進行改建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市,而(er)是在(zai)短時間內按(an)周(zhou)密規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)嶄新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組成(cheng),先建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),后(hou)(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),最后(hou)(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。開(kai)皇二年(nian)(582年(nian))六月(yue)開(kai)始(shi)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),十(shi)二月(yue)基本竣工命名大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),次年(nian)三(san)月(yue)即正式(shi)遷(qian)入使用(yong),前后(hou)(hou)僅九個月(yue),其建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)速度之快實令人驚嘆。整(zheng)個工程的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、設(she)(she)(she)計、人力(li)、物(wu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)和管理(li)都應是相(xiang)當精細(xi)和嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設(she)(she)(she)計和建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)施工中,還得考慮地(di)形、水源(yuan)、交通、軍事(shi)防御(yu)、環境美(mei)化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市管理(li)、市場供需等的(de)(de)(de)配套,以及都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為政治、軍事(shi)、經濟、文化(hua)中心的(de)(de)(de)特點等諸多方面的(de)(de)(de)因素(su),解決一(yi)系(xi)列復雜的(de)(de)(de)問題。因此(ci)大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)標志著當時的(de)(de)(de)中國所(suo)達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)經濟和科學技術水平(ping)。
有(you)人(ren)曾列(lie)舉世(shi)(shi)界古代(dai)十座城(cheng)市的(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)進行比(bi)較:(1)隋(sui)大興城(cheng)(唐長安(an)城(cheng)),583年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)84.1平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(2)北魏洛陽(yang)城(cheng),493年(nian)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)100平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(3)明(ming)清北京城(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)60.2平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(4)元大都,1267年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)50平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(5)隋(sui)唐東京(洛陽(yang)城(cheng)),605年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)45.2平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(6)明(ming)南京,1366年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)43平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(7)漢長安(an)(內城(cheng)),建(jian)(jian)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前202年(nian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)35平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(8)巴格達,800年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)30.44平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(9)羅(luo)馬,300年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)13.68平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(10)拜占庭(ting),447年(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)11.99平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。從上所列(lie)可以看到,中(zhong)國古代(dai)都市的(de)規(gui)模之大在(zai)世(shi)(shi)界上是無與倫(lun)比(bi)的(de)。
大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃吸取了(le)曹魏(wei)(wei)鄴城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(故(gu)址(zhi)在(zai)今河北臨漳(zhang)鄴鎮東)、北魏(wei)(wei)洛陽城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗,在(zai)方(fang)整(zheng)對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則下(xia),沿著(zhu)南(nan)北中軸線,將(jiang)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要地位,郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則圍繞(rao)在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東、西、南(nan)三(san)面(mian)。分(fen)區(qu)整(zheng)齊明確,象征著(zhu)皇權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)威嚴(yan)(yan),充(chong)分(fen)體現了(le)中國(guo)古代(dai)京都(dou)(dou)規劃和(he)布局的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特風格(ge),反(fan)映了(le)統治者專制(zhi)集權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)想和(he)要求(qiu)。特別是把宮(gong)(gong)室、官署區(qu)與居住區(qu)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)分(fen)開,是一大(da)(da)創(chuang)新。北宋呂大(da)(da)防(fang)在(zai)《隋(sui)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖》題(ti)記中,曾稱贊(zan)大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局思(si)(si)想:“隋(sui)氏設都(dou)(dou),雖不能盡循先王之法,然畦分(fen)棋(qi)布,閭(lv)巷(xiang)皆中繩墨,坊有(you)(you)墉,墉有(you)(you)門,逋亡奸偽無(wu)所容(rong)足。而朝廷官寺,居民市區(qu)不復相參(can),亦一代(dai)之精制(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”清代(dai)徐松(song)也(ye)(ye)說(shuo):“自兩(liang)漢以后,至于(yu)(yu)(yu)晉(jin)、齊、梁、陳(chen),并有(you)(you)人(ren)家(jia)在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)闕之間(jian)。隋(sui)文帝(di)以為不便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)事(shi),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之內惟列府寺,不使雜(za)居,公私有(you)(you)辨,風俗齊整(zheng),實隋(sui)文之新意(yi)也(ye)(ye)。”
在大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規(gui)劃和興(xing)建中,對于環(huan)(huan)境美(mei)化和給(gei)(gei)(gei)排水(shui)(shui)問題,也(ye)給(gei)(gei)(gei)予(yu)了(le)高度的(de)重視(shi)。整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位于渭(wei)水(shui)(shui)南(nan)(nan)岸(an),西傍(bang)灃河(he),東依灞水(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui),南(nan)(nan)對終南(nan)(nan)山。根(gen)據其地理環(huan)(huan)境和河(he)道情況,開鑿了(le)三條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)引水(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)為永安渠(qu)和清明(ming)渠(qu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東為龍(long)首(shou)渠(qu),龍(long)首(shou)渠(qu)又分出兩條(tiao)支渠(qu)。三條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)都分別流(liu)經宮苑(yuan)再注入渭(wei)水(shui)(shui),不但可以解決給(gei)(gei)(gei)排水(shui)(shui)問題,而且(qie)可以進行(xing)生活物資(zi)的(de)運輸。水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)兩岸(an)種(zhong)植有柳(liu)樹,形(xing)成了(le)“渠(qu)柳(liu)條(tiao)條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜人景(jing)(jing)色。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)(nan)還開辟(pi)有曲江“芙蓉園”,其“花(hua)卉周環(huan)(huan),煙水(shui)(shui)明(ming)媚(mei),都人游(you)(you)賞盛于中秋(qiu)節。江側菰蒲(pu)蔥翠(cui),柳(liu)蔭(yin)四合,碧波紅(hong)蕖,湛然可愛”,是(shi)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)風景(jing)(jing)區和旅(lv)游(you)(you)區。
在(zai)大興城(cheng)的規(gui)劃、設計中,也(ye)還(huan)存在(zai)著嚴重的缺陷。其突出(chu)者有三:
其(qi)一(yi)是沒(mei)有(you)(you)很(hen)好地考慮當時(shi)社會發(fa)展的需(xu)求,城市規模(mo)過大,超越了時(shi)代的要求。其(qi)城南四列里坊(fang),經過隋(sui)唐兩代三百(bai)多年的時(shi)間,始終(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)多少住戶,非常冷落荒涼。正如(ru)宋敏(min)求所(suo)說:“自朱雀(que)門南第六橫街以南,率無居人第宅。”其(qi)注又云:“自興善寺(si)以南四坊(fang),東西盡郭(guo),雖有(you)(you)居者,煙火不接,耕墾種植,阡陌(mo)相(xiang)連。”
其二是大(da)興城的(de)道路(lu)雖然很寬,但全是土路(lu),雨雪時(shi)泥濘不堪,難(nan)以(yi)通行,有時(shi)連上朝都得(de)停止。為了排(pai)水,路(lu)面都是中間較(jiao)高,兩側有寬、深(shen)各(ge)兩米多的(de)水溝,但由于城內地形(xing)起伏較(jiao)大(da),排(pai)水仍有困難(nan),以(yi)致(zhi)暴雨后(hou)常有坊墻(qiang)倒塌(ta),居民溺死的(de)事故發生。
其三(san)是在(zai)漕運方(fang)面(mian)也存在(zai)著較大的(de)問題。有時(shi)漕運不通,即(ji)造成糧食供應(ying)匱乏(fa)。為此(ci),終于釀成了都城的(de)東(dong)遷。
在(zai)當時的(de)社會、經濟、科技(ji)條件(jian)下,大(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)有(you)如此規模的(de)建(jian)設和成就,是(shi)值得人們贊頌的(de)。大(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)設計(ji)和布局思想(xiang),不但對中國后世的(de)都市建(jian)設有(you)著很大(da)(da)的(de)影響,而且對日本、朝(chao)鮮的(de)都市建(jian)設也(ye)(ye)有(you)著深刻(ke)的(de)影響。如日本飛(fei)鳥、奈良時代的(de)都城(cheng)藤原京(jing)、平城(cheng)京(jing),就是(shi)仿效大(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)布局特(te)(te)點而建(jian)造的(de)。平城(cheng)京(jing)東西三十二町(ding),南(nan)北三十六町(ding),每隔四町(ding)均有(you)大(da)(da)路相通,形成整(zheng)齊有(you)序的(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)位于(yu)城(cheng)北正(zheng)中,四周以官衙和貴(gui)族邸第圍繞,明顯地體(ti)現著大(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)特(te)(te)征。
又謂(wei)“新都”。是隋(sui)唐(tang)時期僅僅次于大興(xing)(長安)的城(cheng)(cheng)市它位于漢魏洛(luo)陽城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)西約十公里,北依(yi)邙(mang)山,南對龍門,地(di)理(li)位置十分(fen)優越。正如李吉甫所說:“北據邙(mang)山,南直伊闕之(zhi)口,洛(luo)水貫之(zhi),有(you)河漢之(zhi)象,東去(qu)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)一十八里。”由于水陸交通(tong)方便,自隋(sui)代至北宋,一直作為都城(cheng)(cheng),成為一個政治、經濟和交通(tong)的中心。
東(dong)(dong)京的營(ying)建(jian)(jian)是一(yi)個浩大的工(gong)程。據(ju)《隋書(shu)·食(shi)貨(huo)志(zhi)》記(ji)載(zai):“始建(jian)(jian)東(dong)(dong)都,以尚書(shu)令(ling)楊素(su)為(wei)營(ying)作大監(jian),每月役(yi)(yi)丁二百萬人(ren)(ren)。”《大業雜記(ji)》中記(ji)載(zai):“初衛(wei)尉劉(liu)權(quan)、秘書(shu)丞韋萬頃總監(jian)筑宮城,一(yi)時布兵夫,周(zhou)匝四面,有(you)七十(shi)萬人(ren)(ren)。城周(zhou)匝兩重,延袤三十(shi)余(yu)里(li),高四十(shi)六尺。六十(shi)日成。其(qi)(qi)內諸殿基(ji)及諸墻(qiang)院,又(you)役(yi)(yi)十(shi)余(yu)萬人(ren)(ren)。直東(dong)(dong)都土工(gong)監(jian)常役(yi)(yi)八十(shi)萬人(ren)(ren),其(qi)(qi)木工(gong)、瓦工(gong)、金工(gong)、石工(gong)又(you)役(yi)(yi)十(shi)余(yu)萬人(ren)(ren)。”唐(tang)初張玄素(su)曾對唐(tang)太宗言及他所見營(ying)建(jian)(jian)東(dong)(dong)都的情(qing)況,說(shuo):“臣(chen)又(you)嘗(chang)見隋室造殿,楹棟宏(hong)壯,大木非(fei)隨(sui)近(jin)所有(you),多從豫章(今江(jiang)西境)采(cai)來(lai)。二千人(ren)(ren)曳(ye)一(yi)柱,其(qi)(qi)下施(shi)轂(gu)(gu),皆以生鐵(tie)為(wei)之,若(ruo)用木輪(lun),便(bian)即(ji)火出(chu)。鐵(tie)轂(gu)(gu)既生,行一(yi)二里(li)即(ji)有(you)破(po)壞,仍數(shu)百人(ren)(ren)別(bie)赍鐵(tie)轂(gu)(gu)以隨(sui)之,終(zhong)日不(bu)過(guo)(guo)進三二十(shi)里(li)。略(lve)計一(yi)柱,已用數(shu)十(shi)萬功(gong),則余(yu)費又(you)過(guo)(guo)于此。”從這些記(ji)載(zai),可以看到其(qi)(qi)用工(gong)量的大致狀況。建(jian)(jian)造大興(xing)城的用工(gong)狀況,雖缺乏史料記(ji)載(zai),但(dan)參照有(you)關東(dong)(dong)京的記(ji)載(zai),當(dang)與東(dong)(dong)京的用工(gong)數(shu)量相當(dang)。
東(dong)京規模略小于大興(xing)城(cheng)。據勘探,它的(de)東(dong)城(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7312米,南(nan)城(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7290米,北(bei)(bei)城(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6138米,西城(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6776米,總(zong)計周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)27516米,合55里。平(ping)面呈南(nan)寬北(bei)(bei)窄的(de)不(bu)規則長(chang)(chang)方形。全(quan)(quan)城(cheng)亦(yi)是由宮城(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)、郭城(cheng)所構(gou)成。洛水由西而東(dong)穿城(cheng)而過,把城(cheng)分(fen)為南(nan)北(bei)(bei)二區(qu)。由于地形的(de)關系,東(dong)京不(bu)似(si)(si)大興(xing)城(cheng)那樣強(qiang)調(diao)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)中軸(zhou)線和完全(quan)(quan)對稱的(de)布局方式,其宮城(cheng)和皇(huang)城(cheng)建于西北(bei)(bei)部,但整(zheng)(zheng)個規劃力求方正、整(zheng)(zheng)齊,仍與大興(xing)城(cheng)相似(si)(si)。
東京洛陽城(cheng)的營建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營建東京是宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷在城市建設方面的另一(yi)個重大成就。開皇(huang)四年(nian)(584年(nian))六月(yue),宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷又受命負責開鑿(zao)廣(guang)通(tong)渠(qu)工程。據記載:“隋主(zhu)以渭水多沙(sha),深淺不(bu)常,漕者苦之(zhi)”,“詔太子左庶(shu)子宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷帥水工鑿(zao)渠(qu),引渭水,自(zi)大興城東至(zhi)潼(tong)關三(san)百余里,名曰廣(guang)通(tong)渠(qu)。漕運通(tong)利(li),關內賴之(zhi)。”其后,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷出任萊州(zhou)(今山東掖縣)刺史(shi),“甚有能名”。
開皇六年閏八月,宇(yu)文愷之二兄上(shang)柱國、杞國公宇(yu)文忻因謀反被誅,宇(yu)文愷也受株連而解職,“除(chu)名于家(jia),久不得調”。
宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名紫微城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于南北(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)的(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部,“東(dong)(dong)西四(si)里一(yi)百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)步(bu),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)二(er)(er)里八(ba)十(shi)(shi)五步(bu),周(zhou)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)三(san)里二(er)(er)百四(si)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)步(bu),其崇四(si)丈八(ba)尺,以(yi)象北(bei)(bei)(bei)辰藩衛。實測東(dong)(dong)西長(chang)2820.3米(含掖庭宮(gong)(gong)),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬1492.1米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有墻把宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)隔(ge)成三(san)部分(fen)。宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有乾陽殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)(da)業殿(dian)(dian)等數(shu)十(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)、閣、堂、院,極其富麗堂皇。中(zhong)(zhong)部是(shi)大(da)(da)興(xing)宮(gong)(gong),由大(da)(da)興(xing)殿(dian)(dian)等數(shu)十(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)臺樓(lou)閣組成,是(shi)皇帝(di)起居(ju)、聽政的(de)場所。東(dong)(dong)部為東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong),專供太子居(ju)住和辦理政務。西部為掖庭宮(gong)(gong),是(shi)安置宮(gong)(gong)女學習技藝(yi)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)。李(li)吉甫稱:“(東(dong)(dong)京)宮(gong)(gong)室臺殿(dian)(dian),皆宇文愷所創也。愷巧思絕(jue)倫,因此制造頗(po)窮(qiong)奢(she)麗,前代都邑莫之比焉。”其中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)乾陽殿(dian)(dian)最為奢(she)華,是(shi)皇帝(di)舉行(xing)大(da)(da)典(dian)和接待重(zhong)要外(wai)(wai)國使(shi)團的(de)地方(fang)(fang)。“殿(dian)(dian)基高九尺,從地至鴟尾(房脊兩端的(de)獸)高一(yi)百七十(shi)(shi)尺,十(shi)(shi)三(san)間二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九架,三(san)陛軒(xuan)。文掍鏤(lou)檻,欒櫨(lu)百重(zhong),楶拱千構,云楣繡柱(zhu),華榱(cui)璧珰(dang),窮(qiong)軒(xuan)甍之壯麗。其柱(zhu)大(da)(da)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)圍(wei),倚(yi)井垂蓮,仰之者眩曜。南軒(xuan)垂以(yi)珠絲網絡,下不至地七尺,以(yi)防飛(fei)鳥(niao)。四(si)面周(zhou)以(yi)軒(xuan)廊,坐宿衛兵。”“殿(dian)(dian)庭東(dong)(dong)南西南各有重(zhong)樓(lou),一(yi)懸鐘,一(yi)懸鼓(gu),刻(ke)漏即在樓(lou)下,隨刻(ke)漏則鳴(ming)鐘鼓(gu)。”宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)門則天(tian)門,“門上飛(fei)觀(guan)相夾,門外(wai)(wai)即朝堂”。因其太奢(she),致(zhi)武德四(si)年(621年)唐高祖(zu)李(li)淵(yuan)令人焚毀另建。
形如(ru)偃月,謂之月陂(po)
宮(gong)城西面(mian)是上(shang)林西苑(yuan)(yuan),又名會通苑(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)今洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)澗(jian)西一(yi)帶。據《大業雜記(ji)(ji)》記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“(大業)元年夏(xia)五月西苑(yuan)(yuan),周二百(bai)里,其(qi)內(nei)(nei)造十六院(yuan),屈(qu)曲(qu)繞龍鱗溝(gou)。”苑(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)引(yin)澗(jian)河(he)匯(hui)水(shui)成海,周十余(yu)里,海中造蓬萊(lai)、方丈、瀛洲三神山,高出(chu)水(shui)面(mian)百(bai)余(yu)尺,臺觀殿(dian)閣(ge)布置在(zai)山上(shang),風景非常壯觀。緣(yuan)渠作十六院(yuan),門皆臨渠,堂殿(dian)樓觀,極為華(hua)麗(li)。為了(le)(le)引(yin)洛(luo)水(shui)入苑(yuan)(yuan),宇文愷還修筑(zhu)了(le)(le)月陂。據李吉甫《元和(he)郡縣圖志》卷五記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“洛(luo)水(shui),在(zai)(洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang))縣西南三里。西自苑(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)上(shang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)之南彌漫東流(liu),宇文愷筑(zhu)斜堤束令東北流(liu)。當水(shui)沖,捺(na)堰九折,形如(ru)偃(yan)月,謂之月陂。”
宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)東北面(mian)(mian)為含嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里為含嘉(jia)(jia)倉,是一座貯藏糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)國家糧(liang)(liang)倉。據《大(da)(da)業雜記(ji)》記(ji)載:“大(da)(da)業元年(nian),煬帝(di)建(jian)東都洛陽(yang),在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東建(jian)含嘉(jia)(jia)倉。”據1969年(nian)以來的(de)(de)考古發(fa)(fa)掘,含嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)43萬(wan)平方米,四面(mian)(mian)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻為挖槽夯筑而成。在(zai)(zai)倉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)東北和(he)偏南地區,勘探出(chu)大(da)(da)小不等的(de)(de)圓形或橢圓形的(de)(de)地下糧(liang)(liang)窖287座,估計全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)地下糧(liang)(liang)窖應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)400座以上。由于(yu)東京漕運方便,又(you)在(zai)(zai)含嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內儲藏了大(da)(da)量糧(liang)(liang)食(shi),避免了大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)(fa)生糧(liang)(liang)荒的(de)(de)問題(ti),使其糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)得(de)到了保(bao)障(zhang)。
皇城名太(tai)微(wei)城(又稱子城),亦稱南(nan)城、寶城,在宮(gong)城南(nan)面,由一(yi)條橫街與(yu)宮(gong)城相隔,“東(dong)(dong)西五(wu)里(li)(li)一(yi)十(shi)七(qi)步,南(nan)北三(san)(san)(san)(san)里(li)(li)二(er)(er)百九(jiu)十(shi)八步,周一(yi)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)里(li)(li)二(er)(er)百五(wu)十(shi)步,高三(san)(san)(san)(san)丈七(qi)尺(chi)。實測東(dong)(dong)西長與(yu)宮(gong)城相同(tong),南(nan)北寬為1843.6米(mi)。其城曲折,以象南(nan)宮(gong)垣”。皇城是(shi)軍政機(ji)構和宗廟(miao)的(de)所在地(di)。“城中南(nan)北七(qi)街,東(dong)(dong)西五(wu)街。左宗廟(miao),右社稷。百僚(liao)廨署列于其間(jian),凡(fan)省六,寺(si)九(jiu),臺一(yi),監四,衛十(shi)有八。東(dong)(dong)宮(gong)官(guan)屬,凡(fan)府一(yi),坊三(san)(san)(san)(san),寺(si)三(san)(san)(san)(san),率府十(shi)”。
郭(guo)城(cheng)稱羅(luo)郭(guo)城(cheng)、羅(luo)城(cheng)、京(jing)城(cheng),隋時僅筑有(you)短垣(yuan),一(yi)(yi)(yi)說:“東(dong)西(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)里一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步(bu),南(nan)(nan)北一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步(bu),周六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七里,其崇一(yi)(yi)(yi)丈八(ba)尺”,實測東(dong)西(xi)長9721 米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)8651.7米(mi)(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)由南(nan)(nan)北向大(da)(da)街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條,東(dong)西(xi)向大(da)(da)街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)條,劃分(fen)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)零(ling)八(ba)個(ge)里坊(fang)(fang)和(he)兩(liang)個(ge)商市(shi),形(xing)成(cheng)棋盤型的布局。白居易有(you)詩(shi)云:“百(bai)(bai)(bai)千家似(si)圍棋局,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二街如種菜(cai)畦。”既(ji)形(xing)象又貼(tie)切(qie)地描繪了大(da)(da)興城(cheng)的布局特征(zheng)。二說:“東(dong)西(xi)五(wu)千六百(bai)(bai)(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu),南(nan)(nan)北五(wu)千四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)”,實測南(nan)(nan)北最長處7312米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)最寬(kuan)處7290米(mi)(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)縱橫大(da)(da)街各十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般寬(kuan)41米(mi)(mi),把全(quan)城(cheng)劃分(fen)為“里一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)(san),市(shi)三(san)(san)”。這些里坊(fang)(fang)分(fen)布在北區(qu)(qu)的東(dong)部(bu)和(he)整(zheng)個(ge)南(nan)(nan)區(qu)(qu),其中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)區(qu)(qu)的里坊(fang)(fang)與街道最整(zheng)齊(qi)。里坊(fang)(fang)平面作方形(xing)或長方形(xing),面積比大(da)(da)興城(cheng)的里坊(fang)(fang)略小(xiao),坊(fang)(fang)內辟十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字形(xing)街道。由于里坊(fang)(fang)小(xiao)街道窄,臨街開(kai)門的住宅隨之增多,這樣(yang)就使城(cheng)內各部(bu)分(fen)的關系(xi)顯(xian)得比較緊湊(cou)。
城(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)都很寬。通向城(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)之寬度都在百米(mi)(mi)以上;最寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是界于宮城(cheng)和皇城(cheng)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),寬達(da)220米(mi)(mi)以上;位于南北(bei)中軸線(xian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主干道(dao)(dao)朱雀大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)寬150 米(mi)(mi);不通城(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)寬42—68米(mi)(mi);最窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是四周沿城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順城(cheng)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),寬25米(mi)(mi)。里坊(fang)(fang)(fang)都筑(zhu)有(you)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)墻(qiang),坊(fang)(fang)(fang)中也有(you)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)。大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)里坊(fang)(fang)(fang)四面開四個(ge)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)門(men),中辟十(shi)字街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie);小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)里坊(fang)(fang)(fang)開東西二(er)門(men),有(you)一條橫街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。這些(xie)縱橫相交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)形(xing)成一個(ge)交(jiao)通網絡,井然有(you)序。各大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩側都開有(you)排水(shui)溝(gou),街(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)兩旁植以榆(yu)、槐為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行道(dao)(dao)樹,株行距整齊(qi)劃(hua)一,使道(dao)(dao)路成為寬廣(guang)筆直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)林蔭大(da)(da)道(dao)(dao),為城(cheng)市增添了風采(cai)。
大(da)興(xing)宮(gong)的(de)(de)建造(zao)布(bu)局天(tian)(tian)人合一,從六(liu)坡(po)的(de)(de)高度看,地勢從北(bei)到南漸次降低(di)。那么宮(gong)城所處的(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)低(di)。不把(ba)宮(gong)城設置(zhi)(zhi)在最高處另有原委(wei)。根據天(tian)(tian)上星宿的(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi),最為尊貴的(de)(de)紫(zi)薇宮(gong)居于北(bei)天(tian)(tian)中央,它(ta)以北(bei)極為中樞,東、西兩(liang)藩共有十(shi)五顆星環(huan)抱(bao)著它(ta)。紫(zi)薇宮(gong)即皇宮(gong)的(de)(de)意思,皇帝(di)貴為天(tian)(tian)子(zi),地上的(de)(de)君(jun)主和天(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)星宿應該相(xiang)對(dui)應,應此,只能(neng)把(ba)皇宮(gong)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)在北(bei)邊(bian)中央位置(zhi)(zhi)。而且(qie)北(bei)有渭(wei)河相(xiang)倚,從防衛(wei)角度看,也具(ju)安全性(xing)。
但是(shi)(shi)這種(zhong)追求理念的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計似乎也有(you)缺陷。隋代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)——大(da)興宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)唐朝繼續沿(yan)用,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)改名太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。而(er)太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)就被大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所取(qu)代(dai),究其原因,就是(shi)(shi)應為太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地勢(shi)較低,而(er)長安(an)城(cheng)盛夏(xia)氣溫(wen)很(hen)(hen)高,使得住在太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)“湫濕感”。為此(ci)從秦至唐,每逢夏(xia)季,統治者都要(yao)(yao)到(dao)夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去避暑。唐太宗(zong)選定長安(an)城(cheng)北禁苑(yuan)中龍(long)首高地,營造大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),為太上皇(huang)消夏(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后來唐高宗(zong)李治又(you)接著以為完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為基礎,進行大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再建(jian)工程。大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)殿含元(yuan)殿建(jian)成(cheng)后,唐高宗(zong)便(bian)正(zheng)式(shi)在大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聽政。此(ci)后二百余年,大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都是(shi)(shi)唐代(dai)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朝會(hui)之所,成(cheng)為唐王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治中心和國(guo)家(jia)象征。
宇文愷的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)生(sheng),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)擔任營造(zao)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高級官員,主(zhu)(zhu)持過許多(duo)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng),起(qi)著(zhu)相當于(yu)工程(cheng)總(zong)指揮、總(zong)設計(ji)師(shi)和總(zong)工程(cheng)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。他(ta)在建(jian)筑(zhu)方(fang)面(mian)取得(de)了(le)(le)許多(duo)重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成就,有些成就甚至具有劃時(shi)(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。但也應(ying)該指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),在他(ta)設計(ji)和主(zhu)(zhu)持的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)中,除了(le)(le)開(kai)鑿廣通渠,客(ke)觀上有利于(yu)國(guo)計(ji)民生(sheng)外,其余大(da)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)滿(man)足統(tong)治(zhi)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治(zhi)需要(yao),尤其是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)殿建(jian)筑(zhu),不顧勞民傷(shang)財,取悅帝王。如營造(zao)仁壽宮(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),“役使嚴(yan)急,丁夫多(duo)死(si),疲頓顛仆,推填(tian)坑坎,覆以(yi)土(tu)石,因(yin)而(er)筑(zhu)為(wei)平(ping)地。死(si)者以(yi)萬(wan)數”,“時(shi)(shi)(shi)天暑,役夫死(si)者相次于(yu)道(dao),楊素悉焚除之”。營建(jian)東京(jing)時(shi)(shi)(shi),他(ta)“揣帝心在宏(hong)侈,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)東京(jing)制度窮極壯麗”。“東京(jing)官吏督役嚴(yan)急,役丁死(si)者什(shen)四五(wu),所司以(yi)車載死(si)丁,東至城皋(今(jin)河(he)南滎(ying)陽),北至河(he)陽(今(jin)河(he)南孟縣南),相望于(yu)道(dao)”。長(chang)城之役,“死(si)者十五(wu)六(liu)”。建(jian)仁壽宮(gong)和東京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng),宇文愷雖掛的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)副職,但他(ta)是(shi)(shi)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)負責(ze)者,因(yin)此功過與(yu)他(ta)都有直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。