蜚(fei)聲中外的(de)唐代(dai)京師長(chang)安,以及東都洛(luo)陽,實際上都是在隋代(dai)建造的(de),創(chuang)建這兩(liang)座歷史名城(cheng)的(de)第一功臣(chen)是杰(jie)出的(de)建筑學家宇文愷。
宇(yu)文愷,字安(an)(an)樂,鮮卑(bei)族。西(xi)魏(wei)恭帝二年(nian)(555年(nian))生于(yu)長(chang)安(an)(an)。他(ta)出生在(zai)北朝后期一個顯赫的(de)豪門。
出(chu)生(sheng)在(zai)這樣一(yi)個家(jia)庭(ting)中的宇(yu)文愷,二歲(sui)時就被贈(zeng)爵雙泉縣伯,六(liu)歲(sui)時襲祖爵安平郡公,但身在(zai)將(jiang)門(men)的宇(yu)文愷卻(que)不好弓(gong)馬,而喜好讀書。《隋書》本傳說“愷少(shao)有(you)器(qi)局。家(jia)世武(wu)將(jiang),諸兄并以弓(gong)馬自達,愷獨好學,博覽(lan)書記,解(jie)屬文,多伎藝(yi),號為(wei)(wei)名父公子。”這段記載可窺知他為(wei)(wei)學的大致(zhi)情況。
北周末,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)累遷右侍(shi)上士(shi)、御正中大(da)(da)夫(fu)、儀同(tong)三司。大(da)(da)象二年(nian)(580年(nian)),楊堅任(ren)北周宰相(xiang)后,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)又(you)被任(ren)命(ming)為(wei)上開(kai)府(fu)、匠師中大(da)(da)夫(fu)。據(ju)《唐六(liu)典(dian)》卷二三“將(jiang)作都水監”記載:“后周有(you)(you)匠師中大(da)(da)夫(fu)一(yi)人(ren),掌城郭、宮室之制及(ji)諸(zhu)器物度量。”又(you)據(ju)考證,北周設有(you)(you)“匠師中大(da)(da)夫(fu),一(yi)人(ren),正五命(ming)”。因此(ci)可以推知,當(dang)時年(nian)輕的宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)已(yi)經在(zai)建筑科學和工(gong)程管理方面嶄(zhan)露鋒芒。
581年,楊堅建(jian)立(li)隋(sui)(sui)(sui)朝,是為(wei)隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝。為(wei)了鞏固自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治地位,他(ta)大(da)肆誅殺(sha)北周宗室(shi)宇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)氏,以清除北周殘余勢(shi)力。宇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷原也被(bei)定入誅殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)列。由于(yu)宇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷家族與(yu)北周宗室(shi)有別,二兄宇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)忻(xin)又擁戴(dai)隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝有功(gong),加上(shang)他(ta)本人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)才華深得隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)賞(shang)識(shi),因而方(fang)幸免一(yi)死。隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝“修宗廟”,宇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷被(bei)起(qi)用,任營宗廟副監、太子(zi)左(zuo)庶子(zi),負責宗廟的(de)(de)(de)(de)興修事務。宗廟建(jian)成后,被(bei)加封為(wei)甑山縣公,邑(yi)千戶,隨后投入了隋(sui)(sui)(sui)代都(dou)城(cheng)大(da)興城(cheng)(今西(xi)安(an)城(cheng))的(de)(de)(de)(de)營建(jian)工程。隋(sui)(sui)(sui)朝建(jian)立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)時,仍承襲北周以長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)為(wei)京都(dou)。長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)始建(jian)于(yu)漢代,已(yi)有近八百年的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),城(cheng)市已(yi)顯(xian)得過于(yu)狹小,宮(gong)宇亦(yi)多(duo)朽(xiu)蠹,加上(shang)供水、排(pai)水嚴重不(bu)暢(chang),污水往往聚而不(bu)泄(xie),生活用水受到嚴重污染,已(yi)經(jing)(jing)不(bu)能適應社會發展和(he)人(ren)們生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。因此(ci),隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝嫌(xian)其(qi)“制(zhi)度狹小,又宮(gong)內多(duo)妖異”,通直(zhi)散騎(qi)常侍庾(yu)季才也奏云:“漢營此(ci)城(cheng),經(jing)(jing)今將八百歲,水皆咸鹵(lu),不(bu)甚宜人(ren)。”于(yu)是決定另(ling)建(jian)新都(dou)。
開(kai)皇二(er)年(nian)(nian)(582年(nian)(nian))六(liu)月,隋文(wen)帝(di)(di)下(xia)詔:“此(ci)城從漢(han),凋殘日久,屢為戰(zhan)場,舊經(jing)喪亂(luan)。今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)宮(gong)室(shi),事近權宜,又非謀(mou)筮從龜,瞻星揆日,不(bu)(bu)(bu)足建(jian)皇王之(zhi)(zhi)邑,合(he)大(da)(da)(da)眾所聚”,“今(jin)區宇(yu)寧一(yi),陰陽順序,安(an)安(an)以(yi)(yi)遷,勿(wu)懷胥怨(yuan)。龍(long)首山川原秀麗(li),卉物滋阜,卜食相土,宜建(jian)都(dou)邑,定(ding)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)永(yong)固(gu),無窮之(zhi)(zhi)業在(zai)(zai)斯。公私府(fu)宅(zhai),規模遠近,營(ying)構資(zi)費,隨事條奏(zou)。”隋文(wen)帝(di)(di)下(xia)詔于是“詔左仆射(she)高(gao)颎、將作大(da)(da)(da)匠劉龍(long)、巨鹿郡(jun)公賀婁子干、太府(fu)少卿高(gao)龍(long)叉等創造(zao)新(xin)都(dou)”。“以(yi)(yi)太子左庶(shu)(shu)子宇(yu)文(wen)愷有巧思,領營(ying)新(xin)都(dou)副監(jian)”。時(shi)高(gao)颎雖為大(da)(da)(da)監(jian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過總領大(da)(da)(da)綱(gang),而(er)規模計劃(hua)皆(jie)出自(zi)宇(yu)文(wen)愷。由于楊堅(jian)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)周(zhou)時(shi)曾被封為大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)郡(jun)公,故新(xin)都(dou)命(ming)名為大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(今(jin)陜西(xi)西(xi)安(an))。開(kai)皇三年(nian)(nian),新(xin)都(dou)建(jian)成(cheng),而(er)倉廩尚虛,需要大(da)(da)(da)量轉運關(guan)東(dong)米粟,渭水多沙(sha),不(bu)(bu)(bu)便漕運。四年(nian)(nian),下(xia)詔興(xing)建(jian)漕渠,令宇(yu)文(wen)愷率領水工鑿渠,引渭水通黃河(he),自(zi)大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城東(dong)至(zhi)潼關(guan)三百余(yu)里,名叫廣(guang)通渠。渠成(cheng)后(hou)(hou),轉運便利,隋唐關(guan)中的(de)富庶(shu)(shu)頗得(de)益(yi)于此(ci)。其后(hou)(hou),他受到其兄宇(yu)文(wen)忻被殺(sha)事件的(de)牽(qian)連,一(yi)度罷官居家。開(kai)皇十三年(nian)(nian),隋文(wen)帝(di)(di)要在(zai)(zai)岐州(今(jin)陜西(xi)鳳翔(xiang))建(jian)仁壽宮(gong),經(jing)右仆射(she)楊素推薦,文(wen)帝(di)(di)任命(ming)愷為檢校將作大(da)(da)(da)匠,后(hou)(hou)又拜(bai)為仁壽宮(gong)監(jian)、將作少監(jian)。在(zai)(zai)楊素主持下(xia),仁壽宮(gong)建(jian)造(zao)得(de)非常(chang)華麗(li),成(cheng)為隋文(wen)帝(di)(di)經(jing)常(chang)臨幸的(de)別宮(gong)。
開皇(huang)(huang)十三年(nian)(593年(nian))二月,隋文帝令(ling)楊(yang)素在(zai)岐州(今陜西鳳翔)北營造仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)。楊(yang)素以宇(yu)文愷有(you)巧(qiao)思,“奏前萊州刺史宇(yu)文愷檢校將作大匠(jiang)”,負責仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)工程(cheng)的籌劃和設計。“于是夷(yi)山堙谷以立(li)宮(gong)殿(dian),崇臺累(lei)榭,宛(wan)轉相屬”,整個宮(gong)殿(dian)區“制度壯麗”,是一組極其雄偉的宮(gong)殿(dian)建筑(zhu)群。開皇(huang)(huang)十五年(nian)三月,仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)建成,宇(yu)文愷被(bei)任命為仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)監,授儀(yi)同三司(si),接著又被(bei)任命為將作少監。
仁壽(shou)二(er)年(602年)八月(yue),隋文(wen)帝(di)皇后(hou)獨孤(gu)氏卒。閏十月(yue),楊素和(he)宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)受命營造(zao)皇陵太陵。獨孤(gu)皇后(hou)葬后(hou),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)復爵安平(ping)郡公(gong),邑千戶。
仁(ren)壽四(si)年七月,隋(sui)煬帝楊廣繼位(wei)。鑒于(yu)大興城位(wei)置偏(pian)西,又(you)水陸交通不便,也為了(le)更(geng)進(jin)一步(bu)加強(qiang)對河北、山東(dong)以(yi)及江淮地區的控(kong)制,決定在洛陽(yang)故都附近建造(zao)新城,作(zuo)為東(dong)京。十一月癸丑,隋(sui)煬帝在巡(xun)幸洛陽(yang)時下詔說(shuo),洛陽(yang)的地理位(wei)置“控(kong)以(yi)三河,固以(yi)四(si)塞(sai),水陸通,貢賦等”,“今可于(yu)伊(yi)、洛營(ying)建東(dong)京,便即設官分職,以(yi)為民極也”。
據《隋書·煬(yang)帝(di)紀》記載,大業元年(nian)(605年(nian))三月丁(ding)(ding)未,隋煬(yang)帝(di)“詔尚書令楊素(su)、納言楊達、將作大匠宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷營(ying)(ying)建東(dong)京,徙(xi)豫(yu)州郭下居人以(yi)(yi)實之”。又(you)據《資治(zhi)通鑒》卷一(yi)八零(ling)記載,“每月,役丁(ding)(ding)二百萬(wan)人。徙(xi)洛州郭內(nei)居民,及諸州富商大賈(jia)數萬(wan)戶以(yi)(yi)實之”。大業二年(nian)春正(zheng)月辛酉,“東(dong)京成(cheng)”,其營(ying)(ying)建過程(cheng)前后僅(jin)歷十(shi)個月,是(shi)又(you)一(yi)座在(zai)短時間內(nei)經周(zhou)密(mi)規劃、設計(ji)、建造(zao)而成(cheng)的(de)大型城市。在(zai)營(ying)(ying)建東(dong)京時,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷“揣帝(di)心在(zai)宏侈,于(yu)是(shi)東(dong)京制度窮極壯麗”。故(gu)此宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷博得隋煬(yang)帝(di)的(de)歡心,被(bei)進位開府儀同三司。其間,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷還受命在(zai)河南郡(jun)壽(shou)安縣(今(jin)河南宜陽)營(ying)(ying)造(zao)顯(xian)仁宮(gong),“南接皁澗,北跨洛濱”,為此,曾“發大江(jiang)之南、五嶺以(yi)(yi)北奇材異石,輸之洛陽;又(you)求海內(nei)嘉木異草,珍禽奇獸(shou),以(yi)(yi)實園苑”。
隋煬帝楊廣即位后,要營建(jian)洛(luo)陽,又(you)以(yi)(yi)愷(kai)為(wei)營東(dong)都副(fu)監,后遷將作大匠。宇文(wen)愷(kai)把東(dong)都建(jian)筑(zhu)得(de)極其壯麗,因此(ci)被升為(wei)工部尚書。他曾經建(jian)造大帳,帳下(xia)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)容(rong)(rong)納(na)(na)數千(qian)人。又(you)造觀(guan)風行殿,殿上可(ke)以(yi)(yi)容(rong)(rong)納(na)(na)侍衛(wei)數百人,行殿下(xia)裝輪軸(zhou),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)迅(xun)速拆卸和拼合。他曾建(jian)議按古制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)筑(zhu)明堂(tang),“下(xia)為(wei)方堂(tang),堂(tang)有五室,上為(wei)圓觀(guan),觀(guan)有四門”,并曾用木料制(zhi)(zhi)作了模型。雖然沒有興(xing)建(jian),卻表現了他的巧思和學識的淵博(bo)。大業(ye)八年(612年),宇文(wen)愷(kai)卒。
宇文愷(kai)在(zai)建(jian)筑學方面的(de)著述有《東都圖記》20卷(juan),《明堂圖議》2卷(juan),《釋疑》1卷(juan),均見行于(yu)世。但除《明堂圖議》的(de)部分內容保存在(zai)《隋書·宇文愷(kai)傳(chuan)》、《北史·宇文貴傳(chuan)》和《資治通(tong)鑒》等史籍中(zhong)外,其他的(de)后(hou)來都亡(wang)佚了,這(zhe)實是建(jian)筑學史上的(de)一大損失(shi)。
政治(zhi)、經濟(ji)、文(wen)化中(zhong)心
大興城(cheng)的(de)營建(jian),史稱“制(zhi)度(du)多出于(yu)高(gao)颎(jiong)”,“高(gao)颎(jiong)雖總(zong)大綱,凡所規畫,皆出于(yu)愷”。宋代的(de)宋敏求(qiu)在《長安志》中也說在隋(sui)大興城(cheng)興建(jian)時,“命左(zuo)仆射高(gao)颎(jiong)總(zong)領其事(shi),太子(zi)左(zuo)庶子(zi)宇(yu)文愷創制(zhi)規模,將(jiang)作大匠劉龍、工(gong)部尚(shang)書(shu)巨鹿郡公賀樓(婁)子(zi)干(gan)、大(太)府少卿尚(shang)龍義并充使(shi)營建(jian)”。可見高(gao)颎(jiong)主要(yao)(yao)是提(ti)出都(dou)城(cheng)的(de)總(zong)的(de)制(zhi)度(du),并負責(ze)總(zong)的(de)施建(jian)方(fang)針,而具體的(de)規劃、設計則(ze)是由(you)宇(yu)文愷完成的(de),其他的(de)副(fu)使(shi)主要(yao)(yao)是協助負責(ze)施工(gong)和材料(liao)管(guan)理諸(zhu)事(shi)務。
大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian),不是(shi)在舊有(you)基礎上進行改建(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市,而是(shi)在短時間內按周密規(gui)劃(hua)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嶄新城(cheng)(cheng)市。全城(cheng)(cheng)由宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)郭城(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)成(cheng),先建(jian)(jian)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng),后(hou)建(jian)(jian)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng),最(zui)后(hou)建(jian)(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)。開皇(huang)二年(582年)六月(yue)開始興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian),十二月(yue)基本竣工命(ming)名大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng),次年三(san)月(yue)即正式遷入使用(yong),前后(hou)僅(jin)九個月(yue),其建(jian)(jian)設速度之快實(shi)令人(ren)驚(jing)嘆(tan)。整(zheng)個工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)、設計、人(ren)力、物力的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織和(he)管理(li)都應(ying)是(shi)相當精細和(he)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在規(gui)劃(hua)設計和(he)建(jian)(jian)設施工中,還(huan)得考慮地形、水源、交(jiao)通、軍事防御、環(huan)境(jing)美化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)市管理(li)、市場供需等的(de)(de)(de)(de)配套(tao),以(yi)及都城(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為政治、軍事、經(jing)濟(ji)、文化(hua)中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點等諸多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su),解決一(yi)系列復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。因此大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)標志著當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國所達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)和(he)科學技術水平。
有人曾列(lie)舉(ju)世界(jie)古代(dai)十座城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)進行比(bi)較:(1)隋(sui)大興城(cheng)(cheng)(唐(tang)長安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)),583年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)84.1平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(2)北魏洛(luo)陽城(cheng)(cheng),493年(nian)(nian)擴建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)100平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(3)明(ming)清(qing)北京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)60.2平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(4)元大都,1267年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)50平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(5)隋(sui)唐(tang)東(dong)京(jing)(洛(luo)陽城(cheng)(cheng)),605年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)45.2平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(6)明(ming)南京(jing),1366年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)43平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(7)漢(han)長安(an)(內城(cheng)(cheng)),建(jian)(jian)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前202年(nian)(nian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)35平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(8)巴格達,800年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)30.44平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(9)羅馬,300年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)13.68平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li);(10)拜占庭,447年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)11.99平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。從上(shang)所(suo)列(lie)可以看到,中國古代(dai)都市(shi)的(de)規模之大在世界(jie)上(shang)是無(wu)與倫比(bi)的(de)。
大(da)興城的(de)(de)(de)規劃吸(xi)取了(le)曹魏鄴(ye)城(故址在(zai)(zai)今河北(bei)臨漳(zhang)鄴(ye)鎮東(dong))、北(bei)魏洛陽城的(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan),在(zai)(zai)方整對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)原則下,沿(yan)著(zhu)南北(bei)中軸線,將宮(gong)(gong)城和皇(huang)城置于(yu)全城的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要地位,郭(guo)城則圍(wei)繞在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)城和皇(huang)城的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)、西、南三面。分(fen)區(qu)整齊明確(que),象征(zheng)著(zhu)皇(huang)權的(de)(de)(de)威(wei)嚴,充分(fen)體現了(le)中國古代(dai)京(jing)都(dou)規劃和布局的(de)(de)(de)獨特風格(ge),反映了(le)統治(zhi)者專(zhuan)制集權的(de)(de)(de)思想和要求。特別是(shi)把宮(gong)(gong)室、官署(shu)區(qu)與居(ju)住區(qu)嚴格(ge)分(fen)開,是(shi)一(yi)大(da)創新(xin)。北(bei)宋呂大(da)防在(zai)(zai)《隋(sui)都(dou)城圖》題記中,曾(ceng)稱贊(zan)大(da)興城的(de)(de)(de)布局思想:“隋(sui)氏設都(dou),雖不能盡循先王之(zhi)法(fa),然畦分(fen)棋布,閭(lv)巷(xiang)皆中繩墨,坊有(you)墉,墉有(you)門,逋亡奸偽無(wu)所容(rong)足。而朝廷官寺(si),居(ju)民市區(qu)不復相參,亦(yi)一(yi)代(dai)之(zhi)精制也(ye)(ye)。”清代(dai)徐松(song)也(ye)(ye)說:“自兩(liang)漢以后,至于(yu)晉、齊、梁、陳,并有(you)人(ren)家(jia)在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)闕之(zhi)間。隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)以為不便(bian)于(yu)事(shi),于(yu)是(shi)皇(huang)城之(zhi)內惟列府寺(si),不使雜居(ju),公私有(you)辨,風俗齊整,實隋(sui)文(wen)之(zhi)新(xin)意也(ye)(ye)。”
在大興城(cheng)的(de)規劃和(he)(he)興建中,對于(yu)環(huan)境美化和(he)(he)給(gei)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti),也給(gei)予了(le)高(gao)度(du)的(de)重視。整個城(cheng)址位(wei)于(yu)渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)南岸(an),西傍灃河,東(dong)依灞水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),南對終南山。根據其地理環(huan)境和(he)(he)河道情況,開(kai)鑿了(le)三條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)。城(cheng)南為永安渠(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)清明渠(qu)(qu),城(cheng)東(dong)為龍首渠(qu)(qu),龍首渠(qu)(qu)又分(fen)出兩條(tiao)(tiao)支渠(qu)(qu)。三條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)都分(fen)別流經(jing)宮(gong)苑(yuan)再注入渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),不但可以解決給(gei)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti),而且可以進行生活物資(zi)的(de)運輸。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)兩岸(an)種植(zhi)有柳(liu)樹,形成(cheng)了(le)“渠(qu)(qu)柳(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜人景色。城(cheng)東(dong)南還開(kai)辟有曲(qu)江(jiang)“芙蓉園”,其“花(hua)卉(hui)周(zhou)環(huan),煙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)明媚,都人游賞盛于(yu)中秋節。江(jiang)側(ce)菰蒲蔥翠,柳(liu)蔭四合,碧波(bo)紅蕖,湛然可愛”,是全城(cheng)的(de)風景區和(he)(he)旅游區。
在(zai)大(da)興城的規劃、設(she)計中,也還存在(zai)著(zhu)嚴重的缺陷(xian)。其突出者有三:
其(qi)一是沒有(you)很好(hao)地考慮當時社會(hui)發(fa)展的需(xu)求,城(cheng)市規(gui)模過大(da),超(chao)越了(le)時代的要求。其(qi)城(cheng)南四列(lie)里坊,經過隋唐兩代三(san)百多年的時間,始終沒有(you)多少住戶,非常冷落(luo)荒涼。正如宋敏求所說:“自朱雀門(men)南第六橫街(jie)以南,率無居人第宅。”其(qi)注又云:“自興善寺以南四坊,東西盡郭,雖有(you)居者,煙火不接,耕墾種植,阡陌(mo)相連。”
其二是(shi)大興城的(de)道路(lu)雖然很寬(kuan),但全是(shi)土路(lu),雨雪時泥濘不堪(kan),難以通行,有(you)(you)時連上朝都得停(ting)止。為了排水(shui)(shui),路(lu)面(mian)都是(shi)中間較(jiao)高,兩(liang)側有(you)(you)寬(kuan)、深各兩(liang)米多的(de)水(shui)(shui)溝,但由(you)于城內地形起伏(fu)較(jiao)大,排水(shui)(shui)仍有(you)(you)困難,以致(zhi)暴雨后常有(you)(you)坊墻倒塌,居民溺死(si)的(de)事(shi)故發生。
其(qi)三是(shi)在漕(cao)運(yun)方面也存在著較大的問題(ti)。有時漕(cao)運(yun)不通,即造成(cheng)糧食供應(ying)匱(kui)乏。為此,終于(yu)釀(niang)成(cheng)了都城的東遷。
在當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會、經(jing)濟、科技條件下,大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有如此規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)和成(cheng)就(jiu),是(shi)值(zhi)得人(ren)們贊頌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)和布局(ju)(ju)思想(xiang),不(bu)但(dan)對(dui)中國后世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都市建(jian)設(she)有著(zhu)(zhu)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),而(er)且(qie)對(dui)日(ri)本(ben)、朝鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都市建(jian)設(she)也(ye)(ye)有著(zhu)(zhu)深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。如日(ri)本(ben)飛鳥、奈良時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)藤原京(jing)、平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)京(jing),就(jiu)是(shi)仿效大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)(ju)特(te)點而(er)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)京(jing)東(dong)西三十二町(ding),南(nan)北(bei)三十六町(ding),每隔四(si)町(ding)均(jun)有大(da)(da)(da)(da)路相通,形成(cheng)整(zheng)齊有序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)位于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)正中,四(si)周以官衙和貴族(zu)邸第圍繞,明顯地體現著(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。
又謂“新都(dou)”。是隋(sui)唐時期僅僅次(ci)于(yu)大興(長(chang)安)的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)它位于(yu)漢(han)魏洛(luo)陽城(cheng)(cheng)之西約十(shi)公里(li),北依邙山,南對龍門,地理(li)位置十(shi)分(fen)優越。正如李吉甫所說:“北據邙山,南直伊闕(que)之口,洛(luo)水貫之,有河漢(han)之象,東(dong)去(qu)故城(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)十(shi)八里(li)。”由于(yu)水陸交通方(fang)便,自隋(sui)代至(zhi)北宋,一(yi)直作為(wei)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng),成為(wei)一(yi)個政治、經濟和(he)交通的中心。
東(dong)(dong)京(jing)的(de)(de)營(ying)建是一(yi)(yi)個浩大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程。據《隋(sui)書·食貨(huo)志》記載(zai)(zai):“始建東(dong)(dong)都,以尚(shang)書令楊素為(wei)營(ying)作大(da)(da)(da)監,每月役丁二(er)百(bai)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”《大(da)(da)(da)業雜記》中(zhong)記載(zai)(zai):“初(chu)衛尉劉(liu)權(quan)、秘書丞韋(wei)萬(wan)頃(qing)總監筑(zhu)宮城,一(yi)(yi)時布(bu)兵(bing)夫(fu),周匝四面,有(you)七十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。城周匝兩重,延袤三(san)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)里,高四十(shi)(shi)六(liu)尺。六(liu)十(shi)(shi)日(ri)成。其內諸(zhu)殿基及諸(zhu)墻院,又役十(shi)(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。直東(dong)(dong)都土工(gong)(gong)監常役八十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),其木工(gong)(gong)、瓦工(gong)(gong)、金工(gong)(gong)、石工(gong)(gong)又役十(shi)(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”唐初(chu)張玄素曾對唐太宗言及他所(suo)(suo)見營(ying)建東(dong)(dong)都的(de)(de)情況,說:“臣又嘗見隋(sui)室造殿,楹棟宏(hong)壯,大(da)(da)(da)木非隨近所(suo)(suo)有(you),多從豫(yu)章(今江西境)采來。二(er)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)曳一(yi)(yi)柱,其下施(shi)轂,皆(jie)以生鐵為(wei)之,若用木輪,便即火出。鐵轂既生,行一(yi)(yi)二(er)里即有(you)破壞(huai),仍(reng)數(shu)百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)別赍鐵轂以隨之,終日(ri)不過進三(san)二(er)十(shi)(shi)里。略計一(yi)(yi)柱,已用數(shu)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)功(gong),則(ze)余(yu)費又過于(yu)此。”從這些記載(zai)(zai),可以看到其用工(gong)(gong)量的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)致狀況。建造大(da)(da)(da)興城的(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)狀況,雖缺乏史料記載(zai)(zai),但(dan)參(can)照有(you)關(guan)東(dong)(dong)京(jing)的(de)(de)記載(zai)(zai),當與東(dong)(dong)京(jing)的(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)數(shu)量相當。
東(dong)京(jing)(jing)規(gui)模略小于(yu)大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。據勘探,它的東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7312米(mi),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7290米(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6138米(mi),西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6776米(mi),總(zong)計周長(chang)(chang)27516米(mi),合55里(li)。平面呈南(nan)寬(kuan)北(bei)窄(zhai)的不(bu)規(gui)則長(chang)(chang)方形。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦是由(you)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)構成。洛水由(you)西而(er)東(dong)穿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而(er)過,把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為南(nan)北(bei)二區。由(you)于(yu)地(di)形的關系(xi),東(dong)京(jing)(jing)不(bu)似大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)那樣強調南(nan)北(bei)中軸(zhou)線和完全(quan)對(dui)稱(cheng)的布局方式,其宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)于(yu)西北(bei)部,但整個(ge)規(gui)劃(hua)力求方正、整齊,仍與大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相似。
東京洛陽城的營建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營建東(dong)京(jing)是宇文(wen)(wen)愷在城市建設(she)方面的(de)另一個重大(da)成(cheng)就。開(kai)皇四(si)年(584年)六月,宇文(wen)(wen)愷又受(shou)命負責開(kai)鑿廣(guang)通渠工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。據(ju)記載(zai):“隋主以(yi)渭(wei)水多沙,深淺不常,漕(cao)(cao)者苦(ku)之”,“詔(zhao)太子(zi)左庶子(zi)宇文(wen)(wen)愷帥水工(gong)(gong)鑿渠,引(yin)渭(wei)水,自(zi)大(da)興(xing)城東(dong)至潼關三百余(yu)里,名曰廣(guang)通渠。漕(cao)(cao)運通利,關內賴之。”其后,宇文(wen)(wen)愷出任萊州(今山東(dong)掖縣)刺史,“甚(shen)有(you)能名”。
開皇(huang)六年閏八(ba)月,宇(yu)文愷之二兄上柱(zhu)國、杞(qi)國公宇(yu)文忻(xin)因謀反(fan)被誅,宇(yu)文愷也(ye)受株連而解職,“除(chu)名于家(jia),久不(bu)得調”。
宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)名(ming)紫微城(cheng),宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)位于(yu)南(nan)北(bei)中軸線的(de)北(bei)部,“東(dong)西(xi)四里一百八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)步(bu),南(nan)北(bei)二(er)(er)里八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五步(bu),周(zhou)一十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)里二(er)(er)百四十(shi)(shi)(shi)一步(bu),其(qi)(qi)崇四丈八(ba)(ba)(ba)尺,以象北(bei)辰藩衛。實(shi)測東(dong)西(xi)長2820.3米(含掖(ye)庭(ting)宮(gong)(gong)),南(nan)北(bei)寬1492.1米。城(cheng)內有墻(qiang)把宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)分隔成三(san)(san)部分。宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)內有乾(qian)陽殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)(da)業(ye)殿(dian)(dian)等(deng)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)、閣、堂、院,極其(qi)(qi)富麗堂皇(huang)。中部是(shi)大(da)(da)興宮(gong)(gong),由大(da)(da)興殿(dian)(dian)等(deng)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)臺樓閣組(zu)成,是(shi)皇(huang)帝起(qi)居、聽政(zheng)的(de)場所。東(dong)部為(wei)東(dong)宮(gong)(gong),專供太(tai)子居住和(he)辦理政(zheng)務。西(xi)部為(wei)掖(ye)庭(ting)宮(gong)(gong),是(shi)安置宮(gong)(gong)女學習技藝的(de)地(di)方。李吉(ji)甫(fu)稱:“(東(dong)京(jing))宮(gong)(gong)室(shi)臺殿(dian)(dian),皆宇文愷(kai)所創也(ye)。愷(kai)巧思絕倫,因(yin)此制造(zao)頗窮(qiong)(qiong)奢(she)(she)麗,前代都(dou)邑(yi)莫(mo)之(zhi)比焉(yan)。”其(qi)(qi)中以乾(qian)陽殿(dian)(dian)最為(wei)奢(she)(she)華(hua),是(shi)皇(huang)帝舉行大(da)(da)典和(he)接待重要外國使(shi)團的(de)地(di)方。“殿(dian)(dian)基高(gao)九尺,從地(di)至(zhi)鴟尾(房脊兩端的(de)獸(shou))高(gao)一百七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)尺,十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)間二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九架,三(san)(san)陛軒(xuan)。文掍鏤檻,欒櫨百重,楶拱千構(gou),云(yun)楣(mei)繡(xiu)柱,華(hua)榱璧珰(dang),窮(qiong)(qiong)軒(xuan)甍之(zhi)壯麗。其(qi)(qi)柱大(da)(da)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四圍,倚井垂(chui)蓮,仰之(zhi)者眩(xuan)曜。南(nan)軒(xuan)垂(chui)以珠(zhu)絲網(wang)絡,下不至(zhi)地(di)七(qi)(qi)尺,以防飛鳥(niao)。四面(mian)周(zhou)以軒(xuan)廊,坐宿衛兵。”“殿(dian)(dian)庭(ting)東(dong)南(nan)西(xi)南(nan)各(ge)有重樓,一懸(xuan)鐘,一懸(xuan)鼓,刻(ke)(ke)漏即在(zai)樓下,隨刻(ke)(ke)漏則(ze)鳴鐘鼓。”宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)正門(men)(men)則(ze)天門(men)(men),“門(men)(men)上飛觀相夾,門(men)(men)外即朝堂”。因(yin)其(qi)(qi)太(tai)奢(she)(she),致武德四年(nian)(621年(nian))唐高(gao)祖李淵令人(ren)焚毀另建。
形如偃月,謂之月陂
宮城西面是上(shang)林西苑(yuan),又名會(hui)通苑(yuan),在今洛(luo)陽澗西一帶。據《大業(ye)雜記》記載:“(大業(ye))元年(nian)夏五月(yue)西苑(yuan),周(zhou)二(er)百(bai)里(li),其(qi)內造十六院,屈曲繞龍鱗溝。”苑(yuan)內引澗河匯水(shui)(shui)成海,周(zhou)十余(yu)里(li),海中(zhong)造蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲(zhou)三神山,高出水(shui)(shui)面百(bai)余(yu)尺(chi),臺觀(guan)(guan)殿閣布置在山上(shang),風景非(fei)常壯觀(guan)(guan)。緣渠作(zuo)十六院,門(men)皆(jie)臨(lin)渠,堂(tang)殿樓(lou)觀(guan)(guan),極為(wei)華麗(li)。為(wei)了引洛(luo)水(shui)(shui)入苑(yuan),宇文愷還(huan)修筑了月(yue)陂(po)。據李吉甫《元和郡縣圖志》卷五記載:“洛(luo)水(shui)(shui),在(洛(luo)陽)縣西南三里(li)。西自苑(yuan)內上(shang)陽之南彌漫東(dong)流,宇文愷筑斜(xie)堤束令(ling)東(dong)北流。當水(shui)(shui)沖,捺堰九折,形如偃月(yue),謂之月(yue)陂(po)。”
宮城(cheng)(cheng)的東(dong)(dong)北面為(wei)(wei)含(han)(han)嘉城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)里為(wei)(wei)含(han)(han)嘉倉,是一(yi)座貯藏(zang)糧食的大(da)(da)(da)(da)型國家糧倉。據《大(da)(da)(da)(da)業(ye)雜(za)記(ji)》記(ji)載:“大(da)(da)(da)(da)業(ye)元年,煬(yang)帝建(jian)東(dong)(dong)都洛(luo)陽,在(zai)宮城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)建(jian)含(han)(han)嘉倉。”據1969年以來的考古發掘,含(han)(han)嘉城(cheng)(cheng)的總面積約43萬平方米,四(si)面有城(cheng)(cheng)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)(wei)挖槽(cao)夯筑而成。在(zai)倉城(cheng)(cheng)的東(dong)(dong)北和(he)偏南(nan)地區(qu),勘探出大(da)(da)(da)(da)小不等(deng)的圓形(xing)或橢(tuo)圓形(xing)的地下糧窖(jiao)287座,估計全城(cheng)(cheng)的地下糧窖(jiao)應在(zai)400座以上。由于東(dong)(dong)京(jing)漕運方便,又在(zai)含(han)(han)嘉城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)儲藏(zang)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量糧食,避免了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)發生(sheng)糧荒(huang)的問題,使其(qi)糧食供應得到了(le)保障(zhang)。
皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名太(tai)微城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(又稱子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),亦稱南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、寶城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)面,由(you)一(yi)條橫街(jie)與宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相隔(ge),“東(dong)西五(wu)(wu)里(li)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)七步,南(nan)(nan)北三(san)里(li)二百(bai)九十(shi)(shi)八步,周(zhou)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)三(san)里(li)二百(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)步,高三(san)丈七尺。實(shi)測東(dong)西長(chang)與宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相同,南(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)為1843.6米。其城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲折,以象南(nan)(nan)宮(gong)垣(yuan)”。皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是軍政機(ji)構和宗廟的所在(zai)地。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中南(nan)(nan)北七街(jie),東(dong)西五(wu)(wu)街(jie)。左宗廟,右社稷。百(bai)僚廨署列于其間(jian),凡(fan)省六,寺(si)九,臺一(yi),監四,衛(wei)十(shi)(shi)有八。東(dong)宮(gong)官屬,凡(fan)府(fu)一(yi),坊三(san),寺(si)三(san),率府(fu)十(shi)(shi)”。
郭城稱羅(luo)郭城、羅(luo)城、京(jing)城,隋時僅筑有短垣,一(yi)說(shuo):“東(dong)西(xi)(xi)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八里(li)(li)一(yi)百一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步,南北(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里(li)(li)一(yi)百七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步,周六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七里(li)(li),其(qi)崇(chong)一(yi)丈八尺”,實測(ce)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長9721 米(mi),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)8651.7米(mi)。全(quan)(quan)城由南北(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)大(da)街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條(tiao),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)向(xiang)大(da)街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四條(tiao),劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)一(yi)百零八個(ge)里(li)(li)坊和兩個(ge)商(shang)市(shi)(shi),形(xing)成棋盤(pan)型(xing)的布局。白居易有詩云:“百千家似(si)圍棋局,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)街如種菜畦。”既形(xing)象又貼切(qie)地描繪(hui)了大(da)興城的布局特征。二(er)說(shuo):“東(dong)西(xi)(xi)五(wu)千六百十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步,南北(bei)(bei)(bei)五(wu)千四百七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步”,實測(ce)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)長處7312米(mi),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)最(zui)寬(kuan)處7290米(mi)。全(quan)(quan)城縱橫大(da)街各十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao),一(yi)般寬(kuan)41米(mi),把(ba)全(quan)(quan)城劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“里(li)(li)一(yi)百三(san),市(shi)(shi)三(san)”。這些里(li)(li)坊分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)區的東(dong)部和整個(ge)南區,其(qi)中南區的里(li)(li)坊與(yu)街道(dao)最(zui)整齊。里(li)(li)坊平面(mian)作(zuo)方形(xing)或長方形(xing),面(mian)積比大(da)興城的里(li)(li)坊略小(xiao),坊內辟十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字形(xing)街道(dao)。由于里(li)(li)坊小(xiao)街道(dao)窄,臨街開門的住宅隨之增多,這樣就(jiu)使城內各部分(fen)(fen)的關系(xi)顯得比較緊湊。
城中的(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)都很寬(kuan)。通(tong)向城門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)之(zhi)寬(kuan)度都在百米(mi)(mi)以上(shang);最寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)是界于(yu)宮城和(he)皇(huang)城之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)橫街,寬(kuan)達220米(mi)(mi)以上(shang);位于(yu)南北中軸線上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)干道(dao)朱雀大(da)街寬(kuan)150 米(mi)(mi);不通(tong)城門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)寬(kuan)42—68米(mi)(mi);最窄的(de)(de)(de)是四(si)周(zhou)沿城墻(qiang)內側的(de)(de)(de)順城街,寬(kuan)25米(mi)(mi)。里坊都筑有(you)坊墻(qiang),坊中也(ye)有(you)街道(dao)。大(da)的(de)(de)(de)里坊四(si)面開四(si)個(ge)坊門(men)(men)(men),中辟十字街;小的(de)(de)(de)里坊開東西(xi)二(er)門(men)(men)(men),有(you)一條(tiao)橫街。這(zhe)些縱橫相交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)形成(cheng)一個(ge)交(jiao)通(tong)網絡,井(jing)然有(you)序。各大(da)街的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)側都開有(you)排水溝,街道(dao)兩(liang)旁植以榆、槐為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)道(dao)樹,株行(xing)距整齊劃一,使道(dao)路成(cheng)為(wei)寬(kuan)廣筆直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)林蔭大(da)道(dao),為(wei)城市(shi)增(zeng)添了風采。
大興宮(gong)的(de)建造布局(ju)天人合一,從六(liu)坡的(de)高(gao)度(du)看,地(di)勢從北(bei)到南漸次降低。那么宮(gong)城所(suo)處(chu)(chu)的(de)位置則(ze)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)低。不把(ba)宮(gong)城設置在最(zui)高(gao)處(chu)(chu)另有(you)原(yuan)委。根(gen)據天上星(xing)宿的(de)位置,最(zui)為尊貴的(de)紫(zi)薇宮(gong)居于北(bei)天中央,它以北(bei)極(ji)為中樞,東(dong)、西兩(liang)藩共有(you)十五顆星(xing)環抱(bao)著它。紫(zi)薇宮(gong)即皇宮(gong)的(de)意(yi)思(si),皇帝貴為天子,地(di)上的(de)君主(zhu)和(he)天上的(de)星(xing)宿應該(gai)相(xiang)對(dui)應,應此,只能把(ba)皇宮(gong)布置在北(bei)邊中央位置。而(er)且(qie)北(bei)有(you)渭河相(xiang)倚,從防衛角度(du)看,也具安(an)全性。
但是(shi)(shi)這種追求理念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計似乎也有缺陷。隋代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)——大(da)(da)(da)(da)興宮(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝繼(ji)續沿用,只是(shi)(shi)改名太(tai)(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。而(er)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)快就被(bei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)所取(qu)代,究其原因,就是(shi)(shi)應為太(tai)(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)地勢(shi)較低(di),而(er)長(chang)(chang)安城盛夏(xia)(xia)氣溫很(hen)高(gao)(gao),使得住在太(tai)(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)有“湫濕(shi)感”。為此(ci)從秦至唐(tang)(tang)(tang),每逢夏(xia)(xia)季,統治(zhi)者(zhe)都(dou)要(yao)到(dao)(dao)夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)避暑。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗(zong)選定長(chang)(chang)安城北禁(jin)苑中龍首高(gao)(gao)地,營造大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong),為太(tai)(tai)(tai)上皇消夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。后(hou)(hou)來唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高(gao)(gao)宗(zong)李治(zhi)又接著以(yi)為完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為基礎,進行大(da)(da)(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再建工程。大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)殿(dian)含元殿(dian)建成(cheng)后(hou)(hou),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高(gao)(gao)宗(zong)便(bian)正(zheng)式在大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)聽政。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)二百余(yu)年,大(da)(da)(da)(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝會之所,成(cheng)為唐(tang)(tang)(tang)王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)中心和國家象征。
宇文(wen)愷的(de)(de)(de)一生,主要是(shi)擔任(ren)營(ying)造方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)高級官員,主持(chi)過許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng),起(qi)著相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)總指揮、總設計師(shi)和(he)總工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)方面(mian)取(qu)得了許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)就,有(you)(you)些(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)就甚至(zhi)具有(you)(you)劃時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。但也應該(gai)指出的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),在他(ta)設計和(he)主持(chi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)中,除了開鑿(zao)廣通渠(qu),客觀上(shang)有(you)(you)利于(yu)國(guo)計民生外,其(qi)余大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)是(shi)為了滿足統治(zhi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)需要,尤其(qi)是(shi)宮(gong)殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),不顧(gu)勞民傷財,取(qu)悅帝(di)王(wang)。如營(ying)造仁壽宮(gong)時(shi),“役(yi)使嚴急(ji),丁夫多(duo)(duo)(duo)死,疲頓顛仆,推填(tian)坑坎(kan),覆(fu)以(yi)土石(shi),因(yin)而筑(zhu)(zhu)為平地(di)。死者(zhe)以(yi)萬數”,“時(shi)天(tian)暑(shu),役(yi)夫死者(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)次于(yu)道,楊(yang)素悉焚(fen)除之(zhi)”。營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)京(jing)時(shi),他(ta)“揣帝(di)心(xin)在宏侈,于(yu)是(shi)東(dong)京(jing)制度窮極壯麗”。“東(dong)京(jing)官吏督役(yi)嚴急(ji),役(yi)丁死者(zhe)什(shen)四五,所司以(yi)車載死丁,東(dong)至(zhi)城(cheng)皋(gao)(今河南(nan)滎(ying)陽),北(bei)至(zhi)河陽(今河南(nan)孟縣南(nan)),相(xiang)(xiang)望(wang)于(yu)道”。長城(cheng)之(zhi)役(yi),“死者(zhe)十五六”。建(jian)仁壽宮(gong)和(he)東(dong)京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng),宇文(wen)愷雖掛的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)副(fu)職,但他(ta)是(shi)實際的(de)(de)(de)負責者(zhe),因(yin)此功(gong)過與他(ta)都有(you)(you)直接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)關系。