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黃芩
0 票數:0 #中草藥材#
黃芩,中藥名。別名山茶根、土金茶根,是唇形科黃芩屬多年生草本植物;肉質根莖肥厚,葉堅紙質,披針形至線狀披針形,總狀花序在莖及枝上頂生。黃芩生于向陽草坡地上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米,產于黑龍江,遼寧,內蒙古,河北,四川等地,中國北方多數省區都可種植。其以根入藥,味苦、性寒,有清熱燥濕、瀉火解毒、止血、安胎等功效。
  • 中文學名: 黃芩
  • 拉丁學名: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
  • 別稱: 山茶(cha)根,土金(jin)茶(cha)根
  • 界: 植物(wu)界(jie)
  • 門: 被子植物門(men)
  • 綱: 雙(shuang)子葉植物綱
  • 亞綱: 合(he)瓣花亞(ya)綱
  • 目: 管狀花目
  • 科: 唇形科
  • 亞科: 黃芩亞科
  • 屬: 黃芩屬
  • 亞屬: 黃芩亞屬
  • 種: 黃芩
  • 分布區域: 中國(guo),蘇聯東西伯利亞(ya),蒙古(gu),朝鮮,日本
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基本介紹

黃芩(拉丁學名:Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi),別(bie)名山茶(cha)根(gen)(gen)、土(tu)金茶(cha)根(gen)(gen),是唇形科黃芩屬多年生草本植物(wu);肉質(zhi)根(gen)(gen)莖肥厚,葉(xie)堅紙質(zhi),披(pi)針形至線狀披(pi)針形,總狀花序在莖及枝(zhi)上頂(ding)生,花冠紫、紫紅(hong)至藍色,花絲(si)扁平(ping),花柱細(xi)長,花盤環狀,子(zi)房(fang)褐(he)色,小堅果卵球形,花果期7~9月(yue)。

黃芩生于(yu)向陽(yang)草坡地(di)(di)、休荒地(di)(di)上,海(hai)拔60~1300(1700~2000)米。產(chan)于(yu)黑(hei)龍江,遼寧,內(nei)蒙古,河(he)北,河(he)南,甘(gan)肅(su),陜西,山(shan)西,山(shan)東(dong),四(si)川等地(di)(di),中國北方多數省(sheng)區都可種植。俄羅斯(si)東(dong)西伯利亞,蒙古,朝鮮(xian),日本均(jun)有分布。模式標本采自(zi)俄羅斯(si)。

黃(huang)芩(qin)的(de)根(gen)入藥,味(wei)苦(ku)、性寒(han),有(you)清熱燥(zao)濕、瀉火解毒、止血、安胎(tai)(tai)等(deng)功效(xiao)。主治(zhi)溫(wen)熱病、上呼吸道(dao)感(gan)染、肺熱咳嗽、濕熱黃(huang)膽、肺炎、痢疾、咳血、目赤、胎(tai)(tai)動不安、高(gao)血壓、癰腫(zhong)癤(jie)瘡等(deng)癥。黃(huang)芩(qin)的(de)臨床抗(kang)菌性比(bi)黃(huang)連(lian)好,而且不產生抗(kang)藥性。

生長與分布

生長環境

生于向(xiang)陽草坡地、休(xiu)荒地上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米。

黃(huang)芩野生(sheng)于山(shan)頂、山(shan)坡、林緣、路旁等向(xiang)陽較干燥的地(di)方。喜溫(wen)(wen)(wen)暖,耐(nai)嚴寒,成年植(zhi)株地(di)下(xia)(xia)部分在-35℃低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)(xia)仍(reng)能安全越冬,35℃高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)不致(zhi)枯(ku)死,但不能經受40℃以(yi)上連(lian)續高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)天氣。耐(nai)旱怕澇,地(di)內積(ji)水(shui)或雨(yu)水(shui)過多(duo),生(sheng)長不良(liang),重者爛根死亡(wang)。排水(shui)不良(liang)的土(tu)地(di)不宜種植(zhi)。土(tu)壤以(yi)壤土(tu)和沙(sha)質壤士,酸堿(jian)度以(yi)中(zhong)性(xing)和微堿(jian)性(xing)為(wei)好(hao),忌(ji)連(lian)作(zuo)。

地理分布

人工栽培

黃(huang)芩主(zhu)要分布在山東、陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)、山西(xi)(xi)、甘(gan)肅(su)四大產區,其(qi)中(zhong)集中(zhong)在山西(xi)(xi)絳(jiang)(jiang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)南凡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、運城(cheng)市夏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)瑤峰(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新絳(jiang)(jiang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)萬安鎮(zhen)(zhen)、萬榮縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、聞喜縣(xian)(xian)(xian)薛店鎮(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)商(shang)洛、渭(wei)南臨渭(wei)區橋南鎮(zhen)(zhen)、商(shang)州(zhou)市商(shang)州(zhou)區孝(xiao)義鎮(zhen)(zhen)、洛南縣(xian)(xian)(xian)景村鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳(feng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)棣花(hua)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、商(shang)洛市夜村鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳(feng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)商(shang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;山東沂蒙山區、莒縣(xian)(xian)(xian)庫山鄉、萊(lai)蕪市茶葉口鎮(zhen)(zhen)、富官莊(zhuang)鄉等(deng)地;甘(gan)肅(su)主(zhu)產隴西(xi)(xi)、渭(wei)源、漳(zhang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),次產岷縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、宕昌、河西(xi)(xi)等(deng)地。

野生

黃芩主要(yao)(yao)分布中(zhong)國內(nei)蒙中(zhong)東部(bu)和東北(bei)三省大部(bu),河(he)北(bei)承(cheng)德,內(nei)蒙古赤峰等幾個(ge)最(zui)具規模的主產(chan)區(qu),是中(zhong)國北(bei)方(fang)野(ye)生中(zhong)藥材的主要(yao)(yao)產(chan)地之(zhi)一。

形態及特征

多年生草本;根莖(jing)肥(fei)厚(hou),肉質(zhi),徑達2厘(li)米,伸長而分(fen)枝。莖(jing)基部(bu)伏(fu)地,上(shang)升,高30~120厘(li)米,基部(bu)徑2.5-3毫米,鈍四棱形,具細條(tiao)紋,近無毛(mao)或被上(shang)曲至開展的微柔毛(mao),綠色或帶(dai)紫色,自基部(bu)多分(fen)枝。

葉堅紙質,披針形(xing)至線(xian)狀披針形(xing),長1.5~4.5厘米,寬0.5~1.2厘米,頂端鈍,基部圓(yuan)形(xing),全緣(yuan),上(shang)面(mian)暗綠色(se),無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)疏被(bei)(bei)貼生至開展的微柔毛(mao)(mao),下(xia)面(mian)色(se)較淡,無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)沿中(zhong)脈(mo)疏被(bei)(bei)微柔毛(mao)(mao),密被(bei)(bei)下(xia)陷的腺(xian)點,側脈(mo)4對(dui),與中(zhong)脈(mo)上(shang)面(mian)下(xia)陷下(xia)面(mian)凸(tu)出;葉柄短,長2毫(hao)米,腹凹背凸(tu),被(bei)(bei)微柔毛(mao)(mao)。

花(hua)序(xu)在莖(jing)及枝上(shang)頂(ding)生,總狀(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)7~15厘米(mi)(mi),常再于(yu)莖(jing)頂(ding)聚成(cheng)圓錐花(hua)序(xu);花(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),與序(xu)軸均被微柔(rou)毛;苞片(pian)下部(bu)者似葉(xie),上(shang)部(bu)者遠較小,卵圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)4~11毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),近于(yu)無毛。花(hua)萼開花(hua)時(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),盾(dun)片(pian)高(gao)1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),外面(mian)密被微柔(rou)毛,萼緣被疏柔(rou)毛,內(nei)(nei)面(mian)無毛,果時(shi)花(hua)萼長(chang)(chang)(chang)5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),有高(gao)4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)的盾(dun)片(pian)。花(hua)冠紫(zi)(zi)、紫(zi)(zi)紅至(zhi)藍色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.3~3厘米(mi)(mi),外面(mian)密被具腺(xian)短(duan)柔(rou)毛,內(nei)(nei)面(mian)在囊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)膨大處被短(duan)柔(rou)毛;冠筒近基部(bu)明顯(xian)膝曲,中部(bu)徑1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),至(zhi)喉部(bu)寬(kuan)達(da)6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);冠檐2唇(chun)形(xing)(xing),上(shang)唇(chun)盔狀(zhuang)(zhuang),先端(duan)微缺(que),下唇(chun)中裂片(pian)三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵圓形(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)7.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),兩側(ce)(ce)裂片(pian)向(xiang)上(shang)唇(chun)靠合。雄(xiong)蕊(rui)4,稍露(lu)出,前對(dui)較長(chang)(chang)(chang),具半藥(yao),退化半藥(yao)不明顯(xian),后對(dui)較短(duan),具全(quan)藥(yao),藥(yao)室裂口具白色(se)髯毛,背部(bu)具泡(pao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)毛;花(hua)絲扁平,中部(bu)以(yi)下前對(dui)在內(nei)(nei)側(ce)(ce)后對(dui)在兩側(ce)(ce)被小疏柔(rou)毛。花(hua)柱細長(chang)(chang)(chang),先端(duan)銳尖(jian),微裂。花(hua)盤環狀(zhuang)(zhuang),高(gao)0.75毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),前方(fang)稍增大,后方(fang)延伸成(cheng)極短(duan)子房(fang)柄(bing)。子房(fang)褐色(se),無毛。

小堅果卵球形,高1.5毫米,徑1毫米,黑(hei)褐色(se),具瘤(liu),腹面近基部具果臍。花期7-8月(yue),果期8-9月(yue)。

生活習性

根(gen)(gen)的生長:黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)為(wei)直根(gen)(gen)系,主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)在前三年生長正常,其主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)長度、粗度、鮮重(zhong)和干重(zhong)均(jun)逐年增加,主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)中黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)苷(gan)含量較高。第四年以(yi)后,生長速度開(kai)始(shi)(shi)變慢,部分主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)出(chu)現(xian)枯心,以(yi)后逐年加重(zhong),八年生的家重(zhong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)幾乎所有(you)主(zhu)根(gen)(gen)及(ji)較粗的側根(gen)(gen)全(quan)部枯心,而且黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)苷(gan)的含量也大幅度降低。

莖(jing)(jing)、葉(xie)(xie)生長(chang):出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)后,主(zhu)莖(jing)(jing)逐(zhu)漸長(chang)高,葉(xie)(xie)數逐(zhu)漸增加,隨后形成分枝并現(xian)蕾、開花、結實。5~6月(yue)為莖(jing)(jing)葉(xie)(xie)生長(chang)期(qi),一年生黃(huang)芩主(zhu)莖(jing)(jing)約可(ke)長(chang)出(chu)(chu)30對葉(xie)(xie),其(qi)中前五對葉(xie)(xie)每4~6天(tian)長(chang)出(chu)(chu)1對,其(qi)后葉(xie)(xie)片每2~3天(tian)長(chang)出(chu)(chu)1對。

開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結果(guo):一(yi)年(nian)(nian)生植株一(yi)般出苗(miao)后(hou)2個月(yue)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)現(xian)蕾,二年(nian)(nian)生及(ji)其以后(hou)的(de)黃芩(qin)(qin),多于(yu)返青出苗(miao)后(hou)70~80天(tian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)現(xian)蕾,現(xian)蕾后(hou)10天(tian)左(zuo)右(you)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)開(kai)花(hua)(hua),40天(tian)左(zuo)右(you)果(guo)實開(kai)始(shi)(shi)成熟,如環境條(tiao)件適宜黃芩(qin)(qin)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結實可持續到霜枯期。

栽培方法

間苗定苗

采取(qu)種子(zi)直播時(shi),當幼苗(miao)長到4厘米(mi)(mi)高時(shi)要間去(qu)過密和(he)瘦弱的小苗(miao),按株距10厘米(mi)(mi)定苗(miao)。育苗(miao)地不必(bi)間苗(miao)。

中耕除草

幼(you)苗(miao)出土(tu)后,應及時松土(tu)除(chu)草,并結(jie)合松土(tu)向(xiang)幼(you)苗(miao)四周適(shi)當培土(tu),保持疏松、無雜草,一(yi)年(nian)需要除(chu)草3-4次。

施肥灌溉

苗高10-15厘米時,追肥1次,施(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)為每(mei)畝用(yong)人畜糞水1500-2000千克(ke)(ke)。6月(yue)底(di)-7月(yue)初,每(mei)畝追施(shi)(shi)過磷酸(suan)鈣(gai)20千克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素5千克(ke)(ke),行間開溝施(shi)(shi)下,覆(fu)土后(hou)澆水。次年收獲的待植(zhi)株枯萎后(hou),于行間開溝每(mei)畝追施(shi)(shi)腐熟廄肥2000千克(ke)(ke)、過磷酸(suan)鈣(gai)20千克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素5千克(ke)(ke)、草木灰(hui)150千克(ke)(ke),然后(hou)覆(fu)土蓋平。

黃芩耐旱(han)怕澇,雨季需注意排水,田間不可積水,否(fou)則(ze)易爛根(gen)。遇(yu)嚴重干(gan)旱(han)時或追(zhui)肥后,可適當澆(jiao)水。

摘除花蕾

在抽出(chu)花序前(qian),將(jiang)花梗減(jian)掉(diao),可(ke)減(jian)少養分消耗,促使根(gen)系生長,提高產量。

繁殖方式

種子繁殖:

⑴直播法

種子(zi)繁殖以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)播為主(zhu),直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)播黃(huang)芩(qin)根系直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),根叉(cha)少,商(shang)品(pin)外觀品(pin)質好(hao),同時省(sheng)工。

直播多于(yu)春季進行,一般(ban)在(zai)地(di)(di)下5厘米地(di)(di)溫穩定在(zai)12℃-15℃時播種,北方地(di)(di)區多在(zai)4月上中(zhong)旬(xun)前后。

⑵育苗移栽法

育苗移(yi)栽法可節省種子,延(yan)長生(sheng)長時(shi)間(jian),利于確保全苗,但較為費工,同時(shi)移(yi)栽黃(huang)芩主根較短,根叉較多,商品外觀品質差(cha),一般(ban)在(zai)種子昂貴或者旱地缺水直播難(nan)以出(chu)苗保苗時(shi)采用。

扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)繁殖(zhi):扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)雖可繁殖(zhi),但生產中很少(shao)采(cai)用。扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)敗的關鍵(jian)在于扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)季(ji)節和(he)取條(tiao)部分。扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)時間以(yi)春季(ji)5-6月份扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)活率(lv)高(gao)。插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)應選莖尖半木(mu)質化的幼嫩部分,扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)活率(lv)可達(da)90%以(yi)上。

分根(gen)繁(fan)(fan)殖:即挖(wa)取(qu)洞(dong)未(wei)萌發的3年生(sheng)(sheng)黃芩根(gen)莖(jing),切(qie)取(qu)主根(gen)留供藥用,然后根(gen)據根(gen)莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)長的自然形狀分切(qie)成若干塊,每塊有芽眼(yan)2-3個(ge)即可栽(zai)種。分根(gen)繁(fan)(fan)殖雖然生(sheng)(sheng)長快,但繁(fan)(fan)殖系數(shu)太低(di),生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中很少采用。

病害防治

病害有(you)葉枯病,可清潔(jie)田(tian)園,發端正初期噴灑1:1:200波爾多液,或用50%多菌(jun)靈1000倍液防治。

根(gen)腐(fu)病(bing)(bing),注意排水,實(shi)行輪作;及早撥(bo)出病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)燒毀,病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)處(chu)土(tu)壤用(yong)石灰消毒。

蟲害有黃芩舞蛾(e),可用90%敵百蟲防治。

價值及其他

藥用價值

付方

性味:苦,寒。

①《本經(jing)》:味苦,平。

②《別錄(lu)》:大寒,無毒。

③《藥性(xing)論(lun)》:味苦甘。

歸經:入心、肺、膽、大(da)腸經。

①《品匯精要》:行手太陰、陽(yang)明經。

②《綱(gang)目(mu)》:入手少陰(yin)(yin)、陽(yang)明,手足太(tai)陰(yin)(yin)、少陽(yang)六經。

③《雷(lei)公炮制藥(yao)性解》:入肺、大腸、膀胱、膽四經。

功能主治

瀉實火,除(chu)濕熱(re)(re),止血,安胎。治(zhi)壯熱(re)(re)煩渴,肺熱(re)(re)咳嗽,濕熱(re)(re)瀉痢,黃疸,熱(re)(re)淋,吐、衄、崩、漏,目赤(chi)腫(zhong)痛,胎動不安,癰腫(zhong)疔瘡。

①《本經》:主諸(zhu)熱黃疸,腸澼(pi),泄利,逐水,下(xia)血閉,(治)惡瘡,疽蝕,火瘍。

②《別錄》:療痰熱,胃中(zhong)熱,小腹(fu)絞痛,消谷,利小腸,女(nv)子血閉,淋(lin)露下(xia)血,小兒腹(fu)痛。

③陶弘景:治奔豚,臍下熱痛。

④《藥性論》:能治(zhi)熱(re)毒(du),骨蒸,寒熱(re)往來(lai),腸胃不(bu)利,破壅氣,治(zhi)五(wu)淋(lin),令(ling)人(ren)宣(xuan)暢,去(qu)關節煩(fan)悶,解熱(re)渴,治(zhi)熱(re)腹中疞(xu)痛,心腹堅脹。

⑤《日華子本(ben)草》:下(xia)氣,主(zhu)天行熱疾,疔瘡,排膿。治(zhi)乳癰,發背。

⑥《珍珠囊》:除(chu)陽有余,涼心去熱,通寒格。

⑦李杲:治(zhi)發(fa)熱口苦。

⑧《滇南本(ben)草》:上行瀉(xie)肺火,下行瀉(xie)膀胱火,(治)男子五淋,女子暴崩,調(diao)經(jing)(jing)清(qing)(qing)熱,胎(tai)有(you)火熱不安(an),清(qing)(qing)胎(tai)熱,除(chu)六經(jing)(jing)實(shi)火實(shi)熱。

⑨《綱(gang)目》:治風熱(re)(re)濕(shi)熱(re)(re)頭(tou)疼(teng),奔豚(tun)熱(re)(re)痛,火(huo)咳,肺痿喉腥(xing),諸失(shi)血(xue)。

⑩《本草正》:枯者清上(shang)焦之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo),消痰利氣,定喘嗽,止失血(xue),退往來寒熱,風熱濕(shi)熱,頭(tou)痛,解瘟疫(yi),清咽(yan),療肺痿(wei)肺癰(yong),乳癰(yong)發(fa)背,尤祛肌表之(zhi)(zhi)熱,故治斑疹、鼠瘺,瘡瘍、赤眼;實(shi)者涼下焦之(zhi)(zhi)熱,能除赤痢,熱蓄膀胱,五淋澀(se)痛,大(da)腸閉結,便血(xue)、漏血(xue)。

⑾《科學的(de)民(min)間藥草》:外洗(xi)創(chuang)口,有防(fang)腐作用。

用法用量

內服:煎(jian)湯,1~3錢(qian);或(huo)入丸、散。外用:煎(jian)水洗(xi)或(huo)研末撤。

化學成分

黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)根(gen)含(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類化合物(wu):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(baicalein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)新素(su)(su)(su)(su)(neobaicalein),即(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)Ⅱ(skullcapflavoneⅡ),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(baicalin),漢(han)(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(wogonin),漢(han)(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(wogono-side),木(mu)蝴蝶素(su)(su)(su)(su)A(oroxylin,oroxylin A),7-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(7-methoxbaic alein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(skullcapflavone)Ⅰ,二(er)(er)(er)(er)氫木(mu)蝴蝶素(su)(su)(su)(su)A(dihydrooroxylin A),白楊(yang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(chrysin),2,5,8-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-flavone),2,5,8-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二(er)(er)(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone),4,5,7-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(4,5,7-trhydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone),2,3,5,6,7-五(wu)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,3,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavanone),漢(han)(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-5-β-D-葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)甙(wogonin-5-β-D-glucoside),2-(3-羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-4-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-乙基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-1-O-α-L-鼠李糖(tang)(tang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(1→3)-β-D(4-阿魏酰基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)〔2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-1-O-α-L-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-D-(4-feruloyl)glucoside〕,白楊(yang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯(bo)(bo)糖(tang)(tang)甙(chrysin-6-C-β-D-glucoside-8-C-β-L-arabinoside),白楊(yang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯(bo)(bo)糖(tang)(tang)甙-8-C-β-D-葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)甙(chrysin-6-C-α-L-arabi-noside-8-C-β-D-glucoside),(2S)-2,5,6,7-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-25,6,7-terahydroxyflavanone〕,5,7,2,6-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,6-tetrahydroxyflavone),5,8-二(er)(er)(er)(er)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二(er)(er)(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-drimethoxyflavone),5,7,4-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone),木(mu)蝴蝶素(su)(su)(su)(su)A-7-O-葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)醛酸甙(oroxylinA-7-O-glucuronide),5,7,2-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihyroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,2-二(er)(er)(er)(er)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7,8-三(san)(san)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyfla-vone),5-閎(hong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7,8-二(er)(er)(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-flavone),去甲(jia)(jia)漢(han)(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(norwogonin),二(er)(er)(er)(er)氫黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(dihydro-baicalin),5,7,2-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxyflavone),5,7,2-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二(er)(er)(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone),5,7,2,5-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二(er)(er)(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)即(ji)粘(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)Ⅲ(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone,vis-ciduiin Ⅲ,5,2,5-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)三(san)(san)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2,5-trihy-droxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-7-O-β-D-吡(bi)喃(nan)葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)甙(baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),5,7,2-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trhiyroxy-8-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)(si)(si)閎(hong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-tetrahydroxyflavone),3,5,7,2,5,6-五(wu)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(3,5,7,2,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone)即(ji)粘(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)Ⅰ(viscidulin Ⅰ),(2S)-7,2,6-三(san)(san)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-5-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-7,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone〕,2,6,2,4-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)查爾(er)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,6,2,4-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxychalcone),5,7,2,5-四(si)(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxyflavone),左旋(xuan)圣草素(su)(su)(su)(su)(eriodictyol),半枝蓮種素(su)(su)(su)(su)(rivularin)及粘(zhan)(zhan)毛(mao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-吡(bi)喃(nan)葡(pu)萄糖(tang)(tang)甙(viscidulin Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-glucoplyranoside)等。另外(wai)還(huan)含(han)β-谷甾醇(chun)(β-sitosterol),菜(cai)油甾醇(chun)(campesterol)及豆甾醇(chun)(stigmasterol)。

藥理作用

抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)用(yong):黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)煎(jian)劑100%濃(nong)(nong)度(du),平(ping)(ping)板法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),對痢(li)(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、傷寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、副傷寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、霍(huo)亂弧菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、大腸桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、變(bian)形桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠膿桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、葡(pu)萄球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶血(xue)(xue)性(xing)璉球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(a,B)、肺炎(yan)雙球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、白喉(hou)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等有(you)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)煎(jian)劑試(shi)管法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)1:1280濃(nong)(nong)度(du)可抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制傷寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶血(xue)(xue)性(xing)鏈(lian)(lian)球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)a,1:640濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制溶血(xue)(xue)性(xing)鏈(lian)(lian)球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)B,肺炎(yan)雙球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)及福(fu)氏(shi)痢(li)(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、人(ren)結核桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)H37,1:320濃(nong)(nong)度(du)可抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制霍(huo)亂弧菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、志賀氏(shi)痢(li)(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun);1:80濃(nong)(nong)度(du)時宋(song)內氏(shi)痢(li)(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)醇(chun)浸液0.5g/ml或0。05g/ml,用(yong)瓊脂斜面(mian)培(pei)養,藥液與培(pei)養基(ji)1:1混合,對綠膿桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)醇(chun)浸液2g/ml濃(nong)(nong)度(du),平(ping)(ping)皿法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)對大腸桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、桔草桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、金黃(huang)(huang)色葡(pu)萄球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)煎(jian)劑、醇(chun)提劑1g/ml濃(nong)(nong)度(du),用(yong)平(ping)(ping)板法(fa)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時對腦(nao)膜炎(yan)球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)均有(you)抑(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)用(yong)。

抗真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作用(yong):黃(huang)(huang)芩煎液,試管斜面法(fa)試驗(yan)4%濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑制狗小(xiao)牙胞菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)及堇色(se)毛癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),8%濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑制許蘭(lan)(lan)氏(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),10%濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑制許蘭(lan)(lan)氏(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蒙古變種,15%濃(nong)(nong)度(du)抑制共心性毛癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)及鐵銹色(se)毛癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。黃(huang)(huang)芩水浸劑1:3濃(nong)(nong)度(du)在試管內對堇色(se)毛癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、同心性毛癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),許蘭(lan)(lan)氏(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、奧杜盎氏(shi)小(xiao)芽胞癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、羊毛樣小(xiao)芽胞癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、紅色(se)表皮(pi)癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、K、W、氏(shi)表皮(pi)癬(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、星形(xing)奴卡(ka)氏(shi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等(deng)有(you)不同程度(du)抑菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作用(yong)。

抗(kang)病毒作(zuo)用:黃芩煎劑(ji)25-100%濃度,體外試驗對乙(yi)型(xing)肝(gan)炎病毒DNA復制(zhi)有抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用。

抗(kang)炎抗(kang)變(bian)態反(fan)應:黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)70%乙(yi)醇提取物(wu)200,500mg/kg灌胃(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)、漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)50,100mg/kg灌胃(wei),可(ke)抑制醋酸(suan)引起的小(xiao)鼠腹(fu)腔滲出(chu)增加(jia),對(dui)48/80(一種化合物(wu)名稱(cheng),Sigma生產)引起的大(da)鼠足腫(zhong)也有(you)抑制作用,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)70%乙(yi)醇提取物(wu)500mg/kg灌胃(wei),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)及漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)100mg/kg灌胃(wei)對(dui)大(da)鼠佐(zuo)劑性關節(jie)炎有(you)抑制作用。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)水提物(wu)100,200mg/kg灌胃(wei),對(dui)大(da)鼠被動皮膚過敏反(fan)應(PCA)有(you)抑制作用,但對(dui)氯化苦(ku)引起的小(xiao)鼠接觸皮炎(耳腫(zhong)脹)無(wu)明顯(xian)影響。

對(dui)中樞(shu)神(shen)經系統的作用(yong):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩煎劑(ji)(ji)4g/kg腹腔注射(she)(she),對(dui)小鼠防御(yu)性條(tiao)件(jian)反射(she)(she)可使陽(yang)性反射(she)(she)時延長,而(er)對(dui)非(fei)條(tiao)件(jian)反射(she)(she)及分化(hua)無影(ying)響,說明黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩可加強皮(pi)層抑(yi)制過程。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩煎劑(ji)(ji)2g/kg,對(dui)傷(shang)寒混合疫苗(miao)致(zhi)熱(re)家(jia)兔有解熱(re)作用(yong)。但(dan)也有報道(dao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩水煎劑(ji)(ji)或(huo)酒浸劑(ji)(ji)5-9g/只灌胃(wei),或(huo)2g/只im,均(jun)不能證明黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩對(dui)傷(shang)寒疫苗(miao)致(zhi)熱(re)家(jia)兔有解熱(re)作用(yong)。

對(dui)心(xin)血(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong):黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)醇提液1g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)注射,可(ke)使(shi)麻醉(zui)(zui)犬血(xue)壓(ya)下(xia)降。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)煎劑(ji)0。06g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)注射,對(dui)麻醉(zui)(zui)犬有明顯降壓(ya)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)20mg/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)注射,可(ke)使(shi)麻醉(zui)(zui)犬血(xue)壓(ya)下(xia)降40-50%。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)浸劑(ji)灌胃/kg灌胃,3次(ci)/天,連(lian)續4周(zhou),使(shi)慢(man)性腎(shen)(shen)性高血(xue)壓(ya)犬血(xue)壓(ya)下(xia)降,心(xin)率變慢(man)。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)2×10(-4)mol/l,在豚(tun)鼠離體主動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)條(tiao)、肺(fei)動脈(mo)(mo)(mo)條(tiao)、氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)條(tiao)及(ji)右心(xin)房均有競爭性的拮抗腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su)(su),去(qu)甲腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su)(su)及(ji)多巴胺引起的收縮作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),也拮抗異丙腎(shen)(shen)上腺(xian)素(su)(su)舒張氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)和增加(jia)右心(xin)房自(zi)發頻率作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),提示黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)對(dui)a,B1,B2受體均有阻(zu)斷作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

抗血小板(ban)(ban)聚(ju)集及抗凝:黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)、漢黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)、千層紙素(su)A、黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)黃(huang)酮Ⅱ及白楊素(su)(chrysin)于濃度1。0mM時,均(jun)可抑(yi)(yi)制膠(jiao)原誘(you)導的(de)大鼠血小板(ban)(ban)聚(ju)集,白楊素(su)對(dui)(dui)ADP誘(you)導的(de)血小板(ban)(ban)聚(ju)集也(ye)有抑(yi)(yi)制作用(yong)(yong),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)及漢黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)對(dui)(dui)花(hua)生四(si)烯(xi)酸誘(you)導的(de)血小板(ban)(ban)聚(ju)集也(ye)有抑(yi)(yi)制作用(yong)(yong),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)及黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)對(dui)(dui)凝血酶(mei)誘(you)導的(de)纖(xian)維蛋白原轉(zhuan)化為纖(xian)維蛋白也(ye)抑(yi)(yi)制;黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素(su)及黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)20,50mg/kg灌胃,對(dui)(dui)內毒素(su)誘(you)導的(de)大鼠彌漫(man)性血管(guan)內凝血,可以防止血小板(ban)(ban)及纖(xian)維蛋白原含量的(de)降低。

降(jiang)(jiang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)(zhi):黃(huang)芩(qin)水浸液10%2ml/只灌(guan)(guan)(guan)胃(wei)(wei),連續給藥(yao)7周(zhou),可使(shi)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)喂(wei)(wei)飼(si)的(de)家兔(tu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)含(han)(han)量(liang)下降(jiang)(jiang)。黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)、黃(huang)芩(qin)甙100mg/kg灌(guan)(guan)(guan)胃(wei)(wei),可降(jiang)(jiang)低實(shi)驗(yan)性高(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)(zhi)大鼠(shu)玉米油(you)(you)-膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)-膽(dan)(dan)(dan)酸喂(wei)(wei)飼(si)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)游離(li)脂(zhi)(zhi)肪酸、甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)及(ji)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang),黃(huang)芩(qin)黃(huang)酮Ⅱ100mg/kg灌(guan)(guan)(guan)胃(wei)(wei),可降(jiang)(jiang)低血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)總膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)及(ji)肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang),增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度脂(zhi)(zhi)蛋白-膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)(HDL-ch)的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang),漢黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)100mg/kg灌(guan)(guan)(guan)胃(wei)(wei),可防止肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)的(de)沉(chen)積并增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)HDL-ch的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)。黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)、黃(huang)芩(qin)甙100mg/kg灌(guan)(guan)(guan)胃(wei)(wei),對乙醇(chun)引起(qi)的(de)高(gao)(gao)血(xue)(xue)(xue)脂(zhi)(zhi)大鼠(shu),可降(jiang)(jiang)低肝(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)總膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)、游離(li)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)固(gu)(gu)醇(chun)及(ji)甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang),漢黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)能降(jiang)(jiang)低血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)甘(gan)(gan)油(you)(you)三(san)(san)酯(zhi)的(de)水平,黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)能增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清(qing)(qing)HDL-ch含(han)(han)量(liang)。

保肝、利(li)膽、抗(kang)氧(yang)化:黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甲醇提取物1000mg/kg腹腔注射,對(dui)(dui)(dui)異(yi)硫氰酸萘(nai)酯(ANIT)引(yin)起的大鼠肝損害有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong),可抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue)清膽紅素的增(zeng)加(jia)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)醇提物50,100mg/kg,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙50,100mg/kg灌胃,對(dui)(dui)(dui)家兔(tu)有利(li)膽作用(yong)。漢(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素10(-4)-10(-6)mol/l濃度(du)體(ti)(ti)外試驗,對(dui)(dui)(dui)大鼠肝微(wei)粒體(ti)(ti)脂質(zhi)(zhi)過氧(yang)化有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong),使丙(bing)二醛(MDA)含量下降(jiang)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素及黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙2。5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,漢(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素2.5×10(-4)mol/l,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)酮Ⅱ2。5×10(-4)mol/l,漢(han)(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素-7-O-D葡萄糖醛酸2.5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,對(dui)(dui)(dui)FeC12-維生(sheng)素C-ADP混合(he)物誘導的大鼠肝勻漿脂質(zhi)(zhi)過氧(yang)化有抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong),使肝MDA的形成顯著下降(jiang),對(dui)(dui)(dui)NADPH一ADP引(yin)起的脂質(zhi)(zhi)過氧(yang)化也抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

抗癌:黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)醚提物對(dui)小鼠白血病L1210細胞有(you)細胞毒(du)作用(yong),半(ban)數(shu)有(you)效量(liang)為(wei)10.4mg/ml,黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)黃(huang)(huang)酮Ⅱ對(dui)小鼠L1210細胞的半(ban)數(shu)有(you)效量(liang)為(wei)1.5μg/ml,黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)甙、黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素及漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)素對(dui)L1210作用(yong)不(bu)顯著。

其(qi)它(ta)作用(yong)(yong)(yong):黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)10,20mg/kg靜脈注射(she),對(dui)麻醉犬有(you)(you)(you)利尿作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)煎劑4g/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei),對(dui)大(da)鼠(shu)半乳糖性白(bai)內障(zhang)(zhang)有(you)(you)(you)防(fang)(fang)治作用(yong)(yong)(yong),可(ke)延(yan)緩白(bai)內障(zhang)(zhang)的形(xing)成(cheng)。黃(huang)芩(qin)甙對(dui)大(da)鼠(shu)晶體醛糖還原酶有(you)(you)(you)抑(yi)(yi)制作用(yong)(yong)(yong),其(qi)ID50為1.81×10(-3)mg/ml。黃(huang)芩(qin)甙150mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)(wei),對(dui)鏈黑霉(mei)素(su)(su)(su)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)的糖尿病大(da)鼠(shu)血糖水平無明(ming)顯(xian)下降,但紅細胞山梨(li)醇含(han)量于(yu)治療后顯(xian)著(zhu)降低,提(ti)示在(zai)動物體內也有(you)(you)(you)抑(yi)(yi)制醛糖酶的作用(yong)(yong)(yong),有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)能用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)糖尿病性并發癥的防(fang)(fang)治。黃(huang)芩(qin)甙、黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)及漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)50-125μg/ml對(dui)小(xiao)鼠(shu)肝唾液(ye)酸(suan)酶有(you)(you)(you)抑(yi)(yi)制作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)甙100mg/kg,葡萄糖醛酸(suan)43mg/kg皮下注射(she)均可(ke)對(dui)抗(kang)士的寧引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)的小(xiao)鼠(shu)死(si)亡,而甙元黃(huang)芩(qin)素(su)(su)(su)無效,認為黃(huang)芩(qin)甙水解后的葡萄糖醛酸(suan)起(qi)(qi)的解毒作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)對(dui)PGs的代謝有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)廣泛的影響,水提(ti)物對(dui)PGs的生物合成(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)抑(yi)(yi)制作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

民間傳說

李(li)時珍生(sheng)于(yu)明朝嘉(jia)靖年(nian)間(jian),自幼(you)聰明伶俐,好學上(shang)進,小(xiao)小(xiao)年(nian)紀就立志考取功(gong)名(ming)。光(guang)耀門庭。可是(shi)天有不(bu)測風云,在(zai)李(li)時珍十、六歲時,他突患急(ji)病,咳嗽不(bu)止,并(bing)且(qie)久(jiu)冶不(bu)愈。隨著病情加劇,他每(mei)日吐痰(tan)(tan)碗余,煩(fan)、渴引(yin)飲,骨蒸勞熱,六脈浮洪(hong),雖服用柴胡、麥冬、荊芥、竹瀝等(deng)解表退熱、潤肺清(qing)心、清(qing)熱化痰(tan)(tan)之劑卻并(bing)無(wu)效果。方圓(yuan)百(bai)里的名(ming)醫都束手無(wu)策,認為(wei)其已(yi)無(wu)藥可救。眼(yan)看小(xiao)時珍生(sheng)命危在(zai)旦夕。

正在李時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)的(de)父(fu)(fu)母悲傷絕望之(zhi)際,村子里(li)來了一位從遠方云游(you)到此(ci)的(de)道士,這(zhe)位道人(ren)(ren)白發長髯(ran)(ran),頗有一種仙風道骨的(de)味道。聞言(yan)道人(ren)(ren)專治疑難雜癥,小時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)的(de)父(fu)(fu)母急忙(mang)把道人(ren)(ren)請到家中(zhong)給他(ta)看病(bing)(bing)。道士給小時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)號了脈象(xiang)后,捋捋長髯(ran)(ran)說:“不(bu)妨,不(bu)妨,此(ci)病(bing)(bing)只需(xu)服用(yong)黃芩30克(ke),加(jia)水兩盅(zhong),煎(jian)至一盅(zhong),服用(yong)半月(yue)即(ji)可(ke)痊愈。“時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)的(de)父(fu)(fu)母半信半疑地(di)按方煎(jian)藥。奇跡出現了。半月(yue)之(zhi)后,小時(shi)珍(zhen)(zhen)身熱全退(tui),痰多咳嗽(sou)的(de)癥狀(zhuang)也消(xiao)失(shi)了,身體(ti)逐漸恢復健康。一味黃芩居然起到了立竿見影(ying)的(de)治療(liao)效果。

李(li)時珍深感中(zhong)國(guo)醫(yi)學的(de)神奇,更對這位身懷絕(jue)技(ji)的(de)道士欽佩不已,從此(ci),便跟隨道人刻苦(ku)鉆研醫(yi)學,讀遍歷代(dai)醫(yi)書,踏遍高山大川(chuan)。功(gong)夫不負有(you)心人,李(li)時珍終于在醫(yi)學上取得了(le)(le)巨大的(de)成(cheng)就,成(cheng)為醫(yi)林一代(dai)宗師(shi)。在他(ta)編著的(de)《本草綱目》中(zhong),李(li)時珍對救了(le)(le)他(ta)性命的(de)黃芩這味中(zhong)藥推(tui)崇(chong)備加,稱之(zhi)(zhi)為“藥中(zhong)肯綮,如鼓應桴,醫(yi)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)妙,有(you)如此(ci)哉(zai)!

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