梁(liang)山伯是《梁(liang)祝(zhu)》傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中的男(nan)主(zhu)角,歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)考證(zheng)確有其(qi)人(ren)(ren),梁(liang)山伯曾出任過地(di)方官,歷(li)代史(shi)書可以尋找到相關記載和資料。傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)梁(liang)知祝(zhu)為女人(ren)(ren)后,提娶不成而(er)終,祝(zhu)感(gan)其(qi)摯情,過墓而(er)入,合(he)而(er)為一。是為傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)大(da)概,今人(ren)(ren)多有考證(zheng)。
祝(zhu)英臺,會(hui)稽上虞(今浙江(jiang)上虞縣豐惠鎮(zhen))祝(zhu)家莊人(ren)。東晉(jin)時期女性歷史人(ren)物。祖籍山西太原(yuan),美(mei)麗聰穎,自幼隨習詩文,深(shen)慕班昭、蔡文姬的(de)(de)才(cai)學(xue),恨家無良師,一心(xin)(xin)想往杭州訪師求學(xue),遭到祝(zhu)員外拒絕。祝(zhu)英臺求學(xue)心(xin)(xin)切,便女扮男裝,遠去杭州求學(xue)。途(tu)中(zhong)邂逅了赴杭求學(xue)的(de)(de)書生梁(liang)山伯,一見如(ru)故,相讀甚歡,在草橋(qiao)亭上撮土為香,義結金蘭。不一日,二人(ren)來(lai)到杭州城的(de)(de)萬(wan)松書院,拜師入學(xue)。從此,同窗(chuang)共讀,形影不離。祝(zhu)父(fu)思女,催歸(gui)甚急(ji),祝(zhu)英臺只(zhi)得倉促(cu)回鄉,被迫許配給(gei)太守之子(zi)馬(ma)文才(cai)。美(mei)滿(man)姻緣,已(yi)成滄影。
越州(zhou)上虞縣有一女子(zi)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),喜(xi)(xi)歡吟讀詩(shi)書(shu),一心想出(chu)外求學,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)當時的(de)(de)女子(zi)不(bu)(bu)能在(zai)外拋頭露面,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)就和(he)丫頭銀心喬裝(zhuang)成(cheng)男子(zi),前(qian)(qian)往越州(zhou)城讀書(shu)。二(er)人(ren)在(zai)半途遇見了(le)也(ye)要前(qian)(qian)往越州(zhou)念書(shu)的(de)(de)鄞縣書(shu)生梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)及書(shu)僮(tong)士久,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和(he)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)二(er)人(ren)一見如故,遂結伴(ban)同(tong)(tong)行,前(qian)(qian)往越州(zhou)。 在(zai)越州(zhou)三(san)年期(qi)間(jian),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和(he)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)形影不(bu)(bu)離,白天一同(tong)(tong)讀書(shu)、晚上同(tong)(tong)床共枕,祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)內心暗暗地(di)(di)愛慕梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),但梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)個性(xing)憨(han)直,始終不(bu)(bu)知道(dao)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個女的(de)(de),更不(bu)(bu)知道(dao)她的(de)(de)心意(yi)(yi)。有一次(ci)清明節(jie)放假(jia)、二(er)人(ren)去鏡(jing)湖游玩的(de)(de)時候(hou),祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)借景物屢次(ci)向梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)暗示,可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)完全無(wu)(wu)法明白,甚(shen)至取笑祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)把自己比(bi)喻成(cheng)女子(zi),最后(hou)(hou)(hou)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)只得(de)(de)直接地(di)(di)向梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)表(biao)示,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)才(cai)(cai)恍然(ran)大悟。可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這件事(shi)全被(bei)在(zai)一旁偷看的(de)(de)馬(ma)文(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)得(de)(de)知,馬(ma)文(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)也(ye)知道(dao)祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)原來(lai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個女的(de)(de)了(le)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)家(jia)(jia)人(ren)寫信(xin)催祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)回(hui)家(jia)(jia),臨走(zou)前(qian)(qian),祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)留一封信(xin)告(gao)訴梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)「二(er)八、三(san)七、四六(liu)定」,意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)十天后(hou)(hou)(hou)去祝(zhu)府提(ti)(ti)親(qin)(qin)(qin),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)卻以為是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)個十天加(jia)在(zai)一起(qi),所以一個月后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)(cai)去提(ti)(ti)親(qin)(qin)(qin),等到(dao)(dao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)歡歡喜(xi)(xi)喜(xi)(xi)趕到(dao)(dao)祝(zhu)家(jia)(jia)時,才(cai)(cai)知道(dao)馬(ma)文(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)已經(jing)搶先一步提(ti)(ti)親(qin)(qin)(qin)、并(bing)且(qie)下(xia)了(le)聘禮,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)只得(de)(de)心碎地(di)(di)離開(kai),祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)沿路相(xiang)送、難舍難分。 梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)回(hui)家(jia)(jia)后(hou)(hou)(hou),相(xiang)思(si)病重,寫信(xin)向祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)要一些找不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)、拿不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)藥方,表(biao)示病情絕望了(le),同(tong)(tong)時希望祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)能前(qian)(qian)來(lai)探望一番,祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)則回(hui)信(xin)告(gao)訴梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),今生無(wu)(wu)緣(yuan),只希望二(er)人(ren)死后(hou)(hou)(hou)可(ke)以一起(qi)安葬在(zai)南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)病逝,祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)假(jia)意(yi)(yi)應(ying)允馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)婚事(shi),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)要求迎親(qin)(qin)(qin)隊伍必(bi)須從南(nan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)經(jing)過(guo),并(bing)且(qie)讓她下(xia)轎祭拜梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。當祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)下(xia)轎拜墓,一時之間(jian)風(feng)雨大作、陰風(feng)慘慘,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)墳墓竟然(ran)裂開(kai),祝(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)見狀,奮不(bu)(bu)顧身地(di)(di)跳(tiao)進去,墳墓馬(ma)上又(you)合起(qi)來(lai),不(bu)(bu)久,便從墳墓里飛出(chu)一對形影相(xiang)隨的(de)(de)蝴(hu)蝶……。
梁(liang)(liang)山伯與祝(zhu)英(ying)臺的故事是中國四大民間(jian)傳說(shuo)之(zhi)一,被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)東方的“羅密歐與朱麗葉(xie)”。我們通過祝(zhu)英(ying)臺女(nv)扮男(nan)裝并(bing)且(qie)主動向梁(liang)(liang)山伯示愛(ai)的故事情(qing)結,能更深(shen)一步(bu)地體(ti)會古代(dai)社會中女(nv)性大膽追求真(zhen)愛(ai)、 渴(ke)望美好愛(ai)情(qing)的個人(ren)情(qing)感(gan)。梁(liang)(liang)祝(zhu)的愛(ai)情(qing)悲劇(ju),使人(ren)們認真(zhen)思考包辦婚(hun)姻制度在某些方面(mian)的局限性,為(wei)(wei)改善(shan)婚(hun)姻制度提供了有益的幫助(zhu)。
如果說,梁(liang)祝婚(hun)姻被殘酷(ku)葬送具有強烈的悲劇(ju)意義(yi),那么它(ta)的“化蝶(die)”結尾便富有積極意義(yi)。活(huo)著追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)不到(dao)的東(dong)西(xi),在死后(hou)繼(ji)續“追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)”,終(zhong)于得(de)到(dao)。“化蝶(die)”的結局(ju),體(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)愛情的偉大力(li)(li)量,體(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)人們對(dui)美(mei)好(hao)(hao)事物的執著追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)。千百年來(lai),這種力(li)(li)量一直(zhi)鼓舞(wu)著人們向一切(qie)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)私利(li)而破壞世(shi)間的美(mei)好(hao)(hao)的頑(wan)固邪惡勢力(li)(li)作斗爭。
諸城(cheng)的(de)(de)《梁祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)》傳說據考早始于南北朝時期,完整故事形成于唐,由藝人(ren)(ren)傳唱或表演即在宋代了。在梁祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)傳說中,諸城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)歷來(lai)都(dou)認定梁祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)故事就發生(sheng)在諸城(cheng),梁山(shan)伯和祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英臺就是(shi)諸城(cheng)人(ren)(ren),而且有(you)(you)真(zhen)(zhen)村名、真(zhen)(zhen)地(di)點,更(geng)有(you)(you)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)物、真(zhen)(zhen)情節,較之其他地(di)區的(de)(de)傳說更(geng)完整,更(geng)真(zhen)(zhen)實。傳說流傳之廣,影響之深(shen),無處能比。諸城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)常以(yi)本(ben)地(di)出過(guo)這樣(yang)一個故事而津津樂(le)道。老到叟嫗,小到稚(zhi)童(tong),都(dou)能知曉并講出梁山(shan)屯的(de)(de)梁山(shan)伯和祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)家樓的(de)(de)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英臺的(de)(de)愛情故事,并會到里丈河北去指冢為(wei)證(zheng)。
有(you)研究指出梁(liang)祝故事的(de)雛形,即是《華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)畿》。六朝時(shi)(shi)期,江南盛傳《華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)畿》這首令人性靈搖蕩的(de)民(min)歌,《古今樂錄》曰:“《華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)畿》者,宋少帝時(shi)(shi)懊惱(nao)一曲(qu),亦變曲(qu)也。少帝時(shi)(shi),南徐一士(shi)子,從華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)畿往云(yun)陽。見客(ke)舍有(you)女子年十八(ba)九,悅之無因(yin),遂感心疾。母問(wen)其故,具(ju)以啟(qi)母。母為(wei)(wei)至華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)尋訪,見女具(ju)說聞感之因(yin)。脫蔽膝令母密置其席(xi)下臥之,當(dang)已。少日果差。忽舉席(xi)見蔽膝而(er)(er)抱持,遂吞食而(er)(er)死。氣欲(yu)絕,謂母曰:‘葬(zang)時(shi)(shi)車載,從華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)度。’母從其意。比至女門(men),牛不肯前,打(da)拍不動。女曰:“且待(dai)須臾。”妝(zhuang)點(dian)沐浴(yu),既而(er)(er)出。歌曰:“華(hua)(hua)山(shan)(shan)(shan)畿,君既為(wei)(wei)儂死,獨活為(wei)(wei)誰施(shi)?歡若見憐時(shi)(shi),棺(guan)木為(wei)(wei)儂開。”棺(guan)應聲開,女透入棺(guan),家人叩打(da),無如之何,乃合葬(zang),呼(hu)曰神女冢(zhong)。宋郭茂倩《樂府詩集》亦有(you)記(ji)載。