扁形動物門是動物界的一個門,無脊椎動物,是一類兩側對稱,三胚層,無體腔,無呼吸系統、無循環系統,有口無肛門的動物。已記錄的扁形動物約有15000種。生活于淡水、海洋等潮濕處,體前端有兩個可感光的色素點(眼點)。體表部分或全部分布有纖毛。扁形動物門開始有發達的中胚層,并出現兩側對稱;有肌肉組織,感受器亦趨完善,攝食、消化、排泄等機能也隨之加強;由中胚層形成的間葉組織,亦稱實質組織,充滿體內各器官之間,能輸送營養和排泄廢物;組織細胞還有再生新的器官系統的能力,這些在動物進化上都具有重要意義。扁蟲多數雌雄同體、異體受精,少數種類為雌雄異體。自由生活種類廣泛分布在海水和淡水的水域中,少數在陸地上潮濕土中生活(如:渦蟲)。大部分種類為寄生生活(如:血吸蟲,絳蟲,華枝睪吸蟲)。扁蟲約2萬種,一般分為3綱:渦(wo)蟲(chong)綱Turbellaria、吸蟲(chong)綱Trematoda和絳蟲(chong)綱Cestoda,我(wo)國已發現近(jin)1000種。
根(gen)據扁(bian)形動(dong)物的(de)形態(tai)特(te)征(zheng)和生活方式的(de)不(bu)同,本門動(dong)物可以分為(wei)以下3個(ge)綱:
是扁形(xing)動物(wu)中最原始的類(lei)群,體表被纖毛,腸(chang)道較(jiao)發達,體長5mm至60cm,已(yi)知約4000種,多數營自(zi)由生活(huo)(huo)(huo)。海洋(yang)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)的如(ru)旋(xuan)渦蟲Conv01uta schultrei;淡水中生活(huo)(huo)(huo)的如(ru)真渦蟲Dugesia(Euplanaria);少(shao)數種類(lei)在(zai)陸(lu)地(di)潮濕土(tu)中生活(huo)(huo)(huo)如(ru)土(tu)笄蛭渦蟲Bipariu1nmkewense。
成蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)表無纖毛(mao),腸道較簡單,通(tong)常(chang)有口吸盤和腹吸盤等吸附器官。已知約6千種,均(jun)營寄生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo),生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)史復雜,包含1~2個中(zhong)間(jian)宿主。如寄生(sheng)(sheng)在人(ren)體(ti)(ti)門靜脈內的日本(ben)血吸蟲(chong)(chong)Schistos0ma jap0nicum,給(gei)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)以極大的危(wei)害,此外尚有寄生(sheng)(sheng)在人(ren)體(ti)(ti)肝(gan)臟的華枝睪吸蟲(chong)(chong)Clonrchus sinensis;寄生(sheng)(sheng)在人(ren)體(ti)(ti)肺內的魏氏并殖吸蟲(chong)(chong)Parag0nimus westermani等。
成蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)無纖毛,消化(hua)系(xi)統(tong)包括口和(he)腸(chang)(chang)等全(quan)部退化(hua)消失(shi),成蟲(chong)(chong)一般作長帶(dai)狀,由(you)多(duo)數節片組(zu)成,有吸盤(pan)和(he)鉤(gou)等附著(zhu)器(qi)(qi)官,已知約(yue)有3千(qian)4百種(zhong),全(quan)為營體(ti)(ti)內寄(ji)生(sheng)生(sheng)活,寄(ji)生(sheng)在脊椎動(dong)物的(de)腸(chang)(chang)道等器(qi)(qi)官內,為高(gao)度營寄(ji)生(sheng)生(sheng)活的(de)類群。如豬帶(dai)絳蟲(chong)(chong)Taenia solium和(he)牛帶(dai)絳蟲(chong)(chong)Taenia saginatus。
自(zi)由生(sheng)活和寄生(sheng)種類(lei)都利(li)用氧(yang),但多數寄生(sheng)種類(lei)厭氧(yang)代謝占優勢,甚至有氧(yang)的(de)環(huan)境(jing)(如血流中(zhong))也如此。與其他無脊椎動物(wu)相比,寄生(sheng)扁形動物(wu)組織中(zhong)的(de)碳(tan)水化合(he)物(wu)含量(liang)高,蛋白(bai)質含量(liang)低。絳蟲的(de)碳(tan)水化合(he)物(wu)主要是糖原,它是低氧(yang)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)能量(liang)的(de)主要來源。某些(xie)種類(lei)的(de)糖原占身體乾重(zhong)的(de)40%以(yi)上。
扁蟲在(zai)進化上的(de)意義:自扁蟲開始出現(xian)“器官”一個生命(ming)層(ceng)次。
扁形動(dong)物(wu)門(Platyhelminthes)無(wu)(wu)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)。特征為兩(liang)側對(dui)稱(cheng),通常扁平(ping),無(wu)(wu)呼吸系統、骨骼和(he)循環系統,無(wu)(wu)體腔,且不(bu)具(ju)(ju)真體節。寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)自由生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。已知(zhi)約13,000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)(fen)5綱(gang)。渦蟲綱(gang)(Turbellaria)約3,000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),全部(bu)自由生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。多數(shu)不(bu)超(chao)過(guo)5公釐(1/5吋(cun)),最(zui)大的達半公尺(約20吋(cun))長(chang),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)淡水、海水和(he)潮濕處。典型者(zhe)呈葉片(pian)狀或(huo)帶狀。前端(duan)有(you)兩(liang)個色素點,是原始的眼(yan)。體表的全部(bu)或(huo)一(yi)部(bu)有(you)纖毛。絳蟲綱(gang)(Cestoda〕條)約3,500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),內寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。體長(chang),通常分(fen)(fen)成節片(pian),無(wu)(wu)消(xiao)化管,表皮特化具(ju)(ju)吸收和(he)分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)作用。固著器(qi)官(guan)僅位于(yu)體前端(duan)。成蟲幾乎都寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)脊椎動(dong)物(wu),但原絳蟲亞綱(gang)(Cestodaria)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)的寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在環節動(dong)物(wu)體內。吸蟲綱(gang)(Trematoda)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類為外寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)內寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),約6,250種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。體不(bu)分(fen)(fen)節片(pian),固著器(qi)官(guan)發達。此外尚有(you)單殖綱(gang)(Monogenea)及楯盤綱(gang)(Aspidocotylea或(huo)Aspidobothria)。
扁蟲(chong)具有(you)(you)像(xiang)(xiang)葉片或(huo)者(zhe)絲帶一樣(yang)扁平(ping)的身(shen)(shen)體,它(ta)們(men)的大(da)(da)小(xiao)從幾毫米(mi)到幾米(mi)不等。在13000多種扁蟲(chong)中,有(you)(you)10000中過著寄生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo),自由生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的有(you)(you)3000多種,大(da)(da)部分是海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)的。它(ta)們(men)喜歡在巖石或(huo)者(zhe)海(hai)藻(zao)(zao)覆蓋(gai)下的泥沙中生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。扁蟲(chong)通常在潮(chao)間帶的巖石上藏身(shen)(shen),也(ye)常在大(da)(da)型卵石下面(mian)用腹(fu)面(mian)的纖毛沿石面(mian)滑動(dong),淡褐色(se)的身(shen)(shen)體像(xiang)(xiang)一片海(hai)藻(zao)(zao),前方有(you)(you)兩個深(shen)色(se)的眼點,觀察周(zhou)圍的動(dong)靜。咽部平(ping)時像(xiang)(xiang)皺(zhou)起的窗簾一樣(yang),縮進身(shen)(shen)體腹(fu)面(mian)當(dang)中的一個開口里。夜幕降臨(lin)后(hou),它(ta)就悄悄地出來活(huo)(huo)動(dong),主要捕食小(xiao)型的軟(ruan)體動(dong)物。
渦蟲多為肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性,由于有(you)各種(zhong)發達的攝食(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)制(zhi),能(neng)捕食(shi)(shi)(shi)比它們自身大的動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu),如環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、節(jie)肢動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)貝類(lei)等(deng)。渦蟲一(yi)般(ban)有(you)一(yi)個肌肉(rou)發達的咽(yan)(yan),能(neng)自口(kou)中翻出,伸到環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)甲(jia)殼類(lei)的體內(nei),攝食(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)器官和(he)(he)體液。更(geng)發達的咽(yan)(yan)能(neng)擴展而把動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)整(zheng)個包住。咽(yan)(yan)簡單(dan)而有(you)纖毛者,僅能(neng)攝食(shi)(shi)(shi)原生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)輪蟲之類(lei)的小動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)。吸(xi)蟲雖有(you)消(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)道,但(dan)其(qi)(qi)體表似(si)能(neng)吸(xi)收葡(pu)萄糖(tang)等(deng)類(lei)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。絳蟲無消(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)道,所有(you)養料都通過體表吸(xi)收。氨基酸(suan)和(he)(he)小分子的碳(tan)水化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)向濃度高(gao)的場(chang)所轉(zhuan)移時需(xu)消(xiao)(xiao)耗能(neng)量,這和(he)(he)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)消(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)道內(nei)的過程(cheng)相同(tong)。
扁(bian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)多(duo)雌雄同體(ti)(ti)(ti),常行(xing)自(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)受精,但(dan)也行(xing)異體(ti)(ti)(ti)受精。也有營(ying)無性生(sheng)(sheng)殖的(de)。有幾種渦(wo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)精子(zi)通(tong)過陰莖深入(ru)另一個體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)組織(zhi)內(皮下(xia)授精)。自(zi)(zi)由生(sheng)(sheng)活種類的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活史(shi)簡單,卵產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)後黏附在(zai)(zai)他(ta)物上,不久孵出(chu),長(chang)大(da)成(cheng)熟。寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)種類通(tong)常要(yao)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經歷幾個幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期,生(sheng)(sheng)活史(shi)復雜。單殖綱的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活史(shi)最簡單,在(zai)(zai)魚(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),無中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。卵在(zai)(zai)水中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孵化(hua),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上有許多(duo)纖毛(mao),後端(duan)有鉤,附在(zai)(zai)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上長(chang)大(da)成(cheng)熟。寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)蛙體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)某(mou)些(xie)種類(如多(duo)盤吸蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)〔Ploystoma integerrimum〕)與宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)性成(cheng)熟同步,顯(xian)然是(shi)受宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)內分(fen)泌所控(kong)制。復殖亞(ya)綱(Digenea)吸蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以螺(luo)類為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。第一期幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(毛(mao)蚴)自(zi)(zi)由游(you)泳,進(jin)入(ru)螺(luo)體(ti)(ti)(ti),經歷一系列的(de)幼(you)體(ti)(ti)(ti)發育,例如胞蚴、雷蚴和尾(wei)蚴。尾(wei)蚴實質上是(shi)有尾(wei)的(de)幼(you)吸蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),穿(chuan)入(ru)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)表或被宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)吞(tun)入(ru)。直絳蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)亞(ya)綱(Eucestoda)可(ke)因出(chu)卵或含囊蚴的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)被吞(tun)食而傳播(bo),偶見幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)移出(chu)通(tong)過皮膚傷口進(jin)入(ru)另一中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內。
交配(pei)對雌雄同體的動(dong)物來說似乎并(bing)不是什么難事,但實際情況往往并(bing)非如此(ci)。
對扁(bian)(bian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)而(er)言,它們為(wei)了(le)獲得做父親(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利而(er)展開爭斗,讓交配(pei)成為(wei)一(yi)項充(chong)滿危險的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動。這種動物長(chang)有(you)匕首(shou)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)陽具,除了(le)用于交配(pei)外,也可用于獵捕食(shi)物。交配(pei)時,兩(liang)只扁(bian)(bian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)展開決斗,都不希望扮演母(mu)親(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角色。被刺中的(de)(de)(de)(de)扁(bian)(bian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)將成為(wei)母(mu)親(qin),擔負起撫養后代的(de)(de)(de)(de)重任,勝利者則繼續享受(shou)單身漢的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活,尋找下一(yi)個(ge)交配(pei)對象。
扁蟲多可怕?扁蟲的種類很多,不同種類的扁蟲造成的危害不同,有的扁蟲嗜食蝸牛,會破壞生態環境,有的扁蟲會寄生在人身上,會傳播細菌,危害人體健康。由于扁蟲(chong)(chong)的種類較多(duo),它的分布范(fan)圍也(ye)比較廣,有的扁蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)淡(dan)水、海水、潮濕(shi)處,有的扁蟲(chong)(chong)會生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)灌木叢、草叢、樹(shu)林中,還(huan)有的會生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)人的家里(li)。扁蟲的(de)(de)(de)大小也各不相同(tong),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)只有(you)幾(ji)毫米(mi)(mi),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)可以長到幾(ji)米(mi)(mi),在13000多種扁蟲中,有(you)10000種左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)扁蟲過(guo)著寄(ji)生(sheng)生(sheng)活,會(hui)寄(ji)生(sheng)在人身上的(de)(de)(de)扁蟲叫做(zuo)陰虱蟲。陰(yin)(yin)虱(shi)蟲(chong)可以快(kuai)速繁(fan)殖,它(ta)們會(hui)(hui)寄生(sheng)在人的(de)毛(mao)囊中,在叮(ding)咬人體時(shi)還會(hui)(hui)釋(shi)放出(chu)一些毒液(ye),被陰(yin)(yin)虱(shi)蟲(chong)叮(ding)咬的(de)地方會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現紅腫、瘙癢的(de)情況,還會(hui)(hui)引(yin)發濕疹(zhen)、皮(pi)炎(yan)、毛(mao)囊炎(yan)等。