三(san)十六計之笑(xiao)(xiao)里(li)藏刀(dao)比喻(yu)外表和氣(qi)而(er)內心陰險。在三(san)十六計中,該計策的(de)最(zui)大特點(dian)(dian)就是運用廣泛,而(er)且可以(yi)無(wu)師(shi)自(zi)通,笑(xiao)(xiao)容本事人類一種美好的(de)表情,俗話話拳(quan)頭不(bu)打笑(xiao)(xiao)臉(lian)人,笑(xiao)(xiao)里(li)藏刀(dao)之所以(yi)能夠成為一個百(bai)試不(bu)爽的(de)計謀就是因為他擊中了(le)人性(xing)中最(zui)常見的(de)弱點(dian)(dian)。
公孫鞅計取崤山
戰國(guo)時(shi)期,秦(qin)國(guo)為(wei)了對外擴張,必須奪(duo)取(qu)地(di)(di)勢險要(yao)的(de)(de)黃河崤山一(yi)帶(dai)(dai),派(pai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)為(wei)大將,率兵攻打魏(wei)國(guo)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)大軍直抵魏(wei)國(guo)吳(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)。這吳(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)原(yuan)是魏(wei)國(guo)名將吳(wu)(wu)起苦心(xin)經營之地(di)(di),地(di)(di)勢險要(yao),工事(shi)(shi)堅固(gu),正面進攻恐難奏效。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)苦苦思索(suo)攻城(cheng)(cheng)之計。他探到魏(wei)國(guo)守將是與自(zi)己曾經有過交(jiao)往的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing),心(xin)中大喜。他馬上修書一(yi)封,主動與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)套近乎,說道,雖(sui)然我(wo)們(men)倆各為(wei)其主,但考慮(lv)到我(wo)們(men)以前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)交(jiao)情,還(huan)(huan)(huan)是兩(liang)國(guo)罷兵,訂立和(he)(he)約(yue)為(wei)好。念舊(jiu)之情,溢干言表。他還(huan)(huan)(huan)建(jian)議約(yue)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)間會(hui)(hui)談(tan)議和(he)(he)大事(shi)(shi)。信(xin)送出后,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)擺出主動撤兵的(de)(de)姿(zi)態,命令(ling)秦(qin)軍前(qian)(qian)鋒立即撤回(hui)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)看罷來(lai)信(xin),又(you)見(jian)秦(qin)軍退兵,非常高興,馬上回(hui)信(xin)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)會(hui)(hui)談(tan)日期。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)已(yi)鉆入(ru)了圈套,暗(an)地(di)(di)在會(hui)(hui)談(tan)之地(di)(di)設(she)下(xia)埋伏(fu)。會(hui)(hui)談(tan)那(nei)天,公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)帶(dai)(dai)了三(san)百(bai)名隨從(cong)(cong)(cong)到達約(yue)定(ding)(ding)地(di)(di)點,見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)隨從(cong)(cong)(cong)更少(shao),而且全(quan)部沒帶(dai)(dai)兵器(qi),更加相信(xin)對方的(de)(de)誠意。會(hui)(hui)談(tan)氣氛十分融洽,兩(liang)人重敘昔日友(you)情,表達雙方交(jiao)好的(de)(de)誠意。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞍還(huan)(huan)(huan)擺宴款待公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)興沖(chong)(chong)沖(chong)(chong)人席,還(huan)(huan)(huan)未坐(zuo)定(ding)(ding),忽聽一(yi)聲號令(ling),伏(fu)兵從(cong)(cong)(cong)四面包圍過來(lai),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)行(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)三(san)百(bai)隨從(cong)(cong)(cong)反(fan)應不及,全(quan)部被擒。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)利(li)用(yong)被俘的(de)(de)隨從(cong)(cong)(cong),騙(pian)開吳(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)門,占領吳(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)。魏(wei)國(guo)只得割讓西河一(yi)帶(dai)(dai),向(xiang)秦(qin)求和(he)(he)。秦(qin)國(guo)用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)鞅(yang)(yang)笑里藏刀計輕取(qu)崤山一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)。
【原典】
信而安之①,陰以(yi)圖之②,備而后動(dong),勿使有(you)變(bian)。剛(gang)中柔外(wai)也③。
【注釋】
①信而安(an)之(zhi):信,使(shi)信。安(an),使(shi)安(an),安(an)然,此指不(bu)生(sheng)疑(yi)心(xin)。
②陰(yin)以(yi)圖之:陰(yin),暗地里。
③剛中柔外:表(biao)面柔順,實質(zhi)強硬尖利。
【按語】
兵書云:“辭卑而益備(bei)者(zhe),進也(ye);……無約而請(qing)和者(zhe),謀也(ye)。”故凡敵人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巧(qiao)言令(ling)色(se),皆殺(sha)機之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外露也(ye)。宋(song)曹瑋知(zhi)渭(wei)州,號令(ling)明肅,西夏(xia)人(ren)憚(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一日瑋方對(dui)客(ke)弈(yi)棋,會有叛夸數(shu)千,亡奔夏(xia)境。堠騎(qi)(騎(qi)馬的偵宿(su)員)報至,諸將相顧失色(se),公言笑如(ru)平(ping)時。徐謂騎(qi)日.“吾命也(ye),汝勿顯(xian)言。”西夏(xia)人(ren)聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以為襲己,盡殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此臨(lin)機應變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)也(ye)。若勾踐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事夫差.則意使其久(jiu)而安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。
《笑里藏(zang)刀》選(xuan)自《三十六計》
《三十(shi)六(liu)計》或稱(cheng)“三十(shi)六(liu)策(ce)”,是指(zhi)中國古代(dai)三十(shi)六(liu)個兵(bing)法策(ce)略,語源(yuan)于南北朝(chao),成書于明清(qing)。它是根(gen)據我國古代(dai)卓越的軍事思想和(he)豐(feng)富的斗爭經(jing)驗總結而成的兵(bing)書,是中華民族(zu)悠久文化遺產之一。
“三十六(liu)(liu)計(ji)”一語(yu),先(xian)于著書之年,語(yu)源可(ke)考(kao)自南朝宋(song)將檀道(dao)濟(ji)(?—公(gong)元436年),據《南齊書·王(wang)敬則(ze)傳》:“檀公(gong)三十六(liu)(liu)策(ce)(ce),走(zou)為上計(ji),汝父子(zi)唯(wei)應走(zou)耳。”意為敗局(ju)已定,無可(ke)挽回,唯(wei)有(you)退卻,方是(shi)上策(ce)(ce)。此(ci)語(yu)后人賡相沿用,宋(song)代惠洪《冷齋(zhai)夜話(hua)》:“三十六(liu)(liu)計(ji),走(zou)為上計(ji)。”。及明末清初,引用此(ci)語(yu)的人更多。于是(shi)有(you)心人采集(ji)群書,編撰(zhuan)成《三十六(liu)(liu)計(ji)》。但此(ci)書為何時何人所撰(zhuan)已難確考(kao)。
原書按計名(ming)排(pai)列,共(gong)分六套,即勝戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計、敵戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計、攻戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計、混戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計、并戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計、敗戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)計。前(qian)三套是(shi)處(chu)于(yu)優勢(shi)所用之計,后三套是(shi)處(chu)于(yu)劣勢(shi)所用之計。每(mei)套各包含六計,總共(gong)三十六計。其(qi)中(zhong)每(mei)計名(ming)稱后的(de)(de)解(jie)說(shuo),均系依(yi)據《易經(jing)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)陰陽變化之理及古代(dai)兵(bing)家(jia)剛柔、奇(qi)正、攻防、彼己、虛(xu)實、主客等對立關系相互轉化的(de)(de)思想推演而成,含有樸素的(de)(de)軍事辯證(zheng)(zheng)法的(de)(de)因素。解(jie)說(shuo)后的(de)(de)按語,多引(yin)證(zheng)(zheng)宋(song)代(dai)以(yi)前(qian)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)例(li)和孫武(wu)、吳(wu)起、尉(wei)繚子等兵(bing)家(jia)的(de)(de)精(jing)辟語句。全書還有總說(shuo)和跋。
三(san)(san)十六計(ji)是(shi)我國古代兵家計(ji)謀(mou)的(de)總結和軍事謀(mou)略學的(de)寶貴(gui)遺產,為便于人們熟記這三(san)(san)十六條妙計(ji),有位學者在三(san)(san)十六計(ji)中每取一字,依序組成(cheng)一首詩:金(jin)玉檀(tan)公策(ce),借以擒劫賊,魚蛇海(hai)間笑,羊虎桃桑隔,樹暗(an)走癡故(gu),釜空苦遠客,屋梁(liang)有美尸,擊魏連伐(fa)虢。