南陽玄妙觀,中國道教四大名觀之一,奉全真道清凈派,是四大叢林之一,始建于元代至元年間(1264年-1294年),擁有玉皇殿、三清殿、斗姆殿、祖師殿、藥王殿等殿宇。南陽(yang)北郊獨山祖(zu)師(shi)宮、方(fang)城縣(xian)博望鎮三元宮和南召縣(xian)板(ban)山坪鄉華陽(yang)宮,均(jun)為玄(xuan)妙觀下(xia)院(yuan)。
玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)觀(guan),原址位于(yu)建設(she)中路人民公園(yuan)對面,其原名叫做“老(lao)君(jun)堂”,始(shi)建于(yu)東漢時期(qi),后至元(yuan)朝時期(qi),道(dao)教大盛,于(yu)是把“老(lao)君(jun)堂”擴建,更名為“玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)觀(guan)”,取名源自老(lao)子(zi)《道(dao)德(de)經》“玄(xuan)(xuan)之又玄(xuan)(xuan),眾妙(miao)之門”這(zhe)句話。玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)觀(guan)是道(dao)教四大名觀(guan)之一,擁(yong)有著雍正賜匾、同(tong)治賜經、慈禧題字的(de)(de)輝(hui)煌歷(li)史。曾(ceng)經的(de)(de)南陽玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)觀(guan),建筑宏偉壯(zhuang)觀(guan),景色清幽靜雅。清時與(yu)北京白(bai)云觀(guan)、西安八(ba)仙庵、山(shan)東長(chang)青觀(guan)合稱(cheng)全國四大觀(guan),為南陽“八(ba)景”之最,素(su)有“玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)雅趣”之美譽。
道(dao)觀始建于元代至元年間(jian)(1264年-1294年),明唐藩(fan)時(shi)重修(xiu)。殿(dian)(dian)宇雄(xiong)偉,庭園佳秀,是(shi)豫西南(nan)道(dao)教中心。清代順治、乾隆、咸豐年間(jian)屢有修(xiu)繕,規模日益擴大(da),增建樓(lou)閣(ge)殿(dian)(dian)堂達(da)310余(yu)(yu)間(jian);占地(di)面積(ji)150余(yu)(yu)畝,田產達(da)7700多畝;擁有道(dao)眾數百人。
鼎(ding)盛時期的道觀(guan)氣(qi)勢恢(hui)弘,布(bu)局完整。座(zuo)北(bei)向南,以(yi)(yi)中軸線(xian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。自無梁殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、“惠浹中州”牌樓、山(shan)門至四神(shen)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、三清殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、祖師殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗(dou)姥閣構成五(wu)(wu)進院落(luo)。左右附(fu)設文昌(chang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、關(guan)圣殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、太公殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、呂祖殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、藏(zang)經(jing)閣、十方堂(tang)等(deng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)17座(zuo)。庭院肅(su)然嚴整,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇巍峨壯觀(guan),形成完整的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群落(luo)。據史料記載(zai):觀(guan)之(zhi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)隅為(wei)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)園(yuan),俗稱(cheng)荷花池,是一(yi)座(zuo)古(gu)代園(yuan)林建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。園(yuan)前之(zhi)五(wu)(wu)桂(gui)(gui)堂(tang),因(yin)五(wu)(wu)株桂(gui)(gui)樹而(er)得名(ming)(ming)。堂(tang)后鑿地為(wei)池,廣褒數畝,復以(yi)(yi)周廓,環以(yi)(yi)曲欄,栽荷養(yang)魚。聚石(shi)為(wei)山(shan),上建(jian)(jian)(jian)小亭(ting)(ting)(ting),名(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)“浣(huan)香(xiang)(xiang)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)”。石(shi)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)邊有精舍三楹,原(yuan)名(ming)(ming)“環翠”,后改“清暉”。石(shi)山(shan)東(dong)南,小橋(qiao)橫跨,再南有石(shi)臺(tai)出于水中,稱(cheng)“月臺(tai)”。上建(jian)(jian)(jian)有室,額曰(yue)(yue)“秋香(xiang)(xiang)畫(hua)舫”。畫(hua)舫之(zhi)后,沿(yan)階可登假山(shan),上有茅亭(ting)(ting)(ting),稱(cheng)“得月亭(ting)(ting)(ting)”,可與“浣(huan)香(xiang)(xiang)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)”相望。每年夏秋,荷香(xiang)(xiang)四溢,這里(li)便是達官顯(xian)貴的游(you)覽之(zhi)所。
民國時期,大部分殿堂被毀,神(shen)像被毀,道士被遣散,香(xiang)火一度斷絕。在2000年,南陽市臥龍區(qu)(qu)獨山另擇(ze)新址,在獨山風景區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)建玄妙觀,恢(hui)復了(le)部(bu)分殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)和神像,新的玄妙觀擁有玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、三清殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗姆殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、祖師殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、藥王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)等殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇。