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基本介紹

武(wu)夷山(shan)國(guo)家公園體制試(shi)點(dian)區位于福建省(sheng)北(bei)部，周(zhou)邊分別與(yu)福建省(sheng)武(wu)夷山(shan)市(shi)西(xi)北(bei)部、建陽市(shi)和邵(shao)武(wu)市(shi)北(bei)部、光澤縣東(dong)南(nan)部、江西(xi)省(sheng)鉛(qian)山(shan)縣南(nan)部毗鄰。經國(guo)土部門確權登(deng)記(ji)，試(shi)點(dian)區總面積942.02平方公里。

地理環境

地質地貌

武夷山國(guo)家公園主要(yao)分布(bu)了(le)前震旦(dan)系和震旦(dan)系的變質巖(yan)系，中生(sheng)代的火山巖(yan)、花崗巖(yan)和碎(sui)屑巖(yan)。

在中(zhong)生代晚期，武夷山(shan)(shan)發(fa)生了強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)山(shan)(shan)噴發(fa)活動，繼之(zhi)為大規模的(de)(de)花(hua)崗(gang)巖侵(qin)入(ru)，已發(fa)現本區(qu)有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)山(shan)(shan)機(ji)構，為典(dian)型的(de)(de)亞洲東部(bu)環太平洋(yang)帶的(de)(de)構造特征。白堊紀晚期的(de)(de)紅色砂礫巖是形成(cheng)丹霞地貌的(de)(de)主體。

中生代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)殼運動奠定了武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山地(di)(di)貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)骨(gu)架。告性(xing)對(dui)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山地(di)(di)貌發育(yu)也(ye)很明顯，西(xi)部海(hai)拔(ba)1500m以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)山峰，基本(ben)上由堅硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝灰(hui)熔巖(yan)(yan)(yan)和流紋巖(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)構(gou)成，東部紅色砂頁巖(yan)(yan)(yan)地(di)(di)區則往往發育(yu)有較寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)谷地(di)(di)和盆地(di)(di)。所以(yi)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌類型是(shi)地(di)(di)質(zhi)構(gou)造、流水侵蝕(shi)、風化剝蝕(shi)、重力崩塌等(deng)綜合作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。

氣候情況

四季分明(ming)地(di)處中(zhong)亞熱帶，武夷山(shan)四季氣(qi)溫(wen)較均勻、溫(wen)和濕(shi)潤，年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)約12℃～13℃，1月均溫(wen)3℃左右，極端最低(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)可達(da)-15℃，7月均溫(wen)23℃～24℃；年降(jiang)水量(liang)在(zai)(zai)2000毫米(mi)以上，是福(fu)建省降(jiang)水量(liang)多地(di)區。年相對濕(shi)度高達(da)85%，霧日在(zai)(zai)100天(tian)以上。

土地資源

國有土地面積282.36平方公(gong)(gong)里，占總面積比(bi)例(li)(li)的28.74%；集(ji)體(ti)土地面積700.23平方公(gong)(gong)里，占總面積比(bi)例(li)(li)71.26%，森林覆蓋率達到87.86%。

植物資源

武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)國家公(gong)園(yuan)屬亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)常綠(lv)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)區域(yu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)常綠(lv)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)地帶(dai)(dai)，浙閩山(shan)(shan)丘甜櫧、木(mu)(mu)荷林(lin)(lin)區。公(gong)園(yuan)內自然環境多(duo)(duo)樣，發育著(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)類(lei)型，還有(you)(you)210.70平方公(gong)里原生(sheng)性森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)未受(shou)到人為破壞，是亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)東部地區森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)保存完(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)。公(gong)園(yuan)內相對海拔(ba)最高達1700米，隨著(zhu)(zhu)海拔(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遞增，氣溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遞減(jian)和降水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增多(duo)(duo)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)明(ming)顯，依次分布(bu)有(you)(you)針(zhen)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)混交林(lin)(lin)，溫性針(zhen)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)苔蘚矮曲林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)甸(dian)五(wu)個垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)，是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國大(da)陸(lu)東南(nan)(nan)部發育完(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)。2007年已知植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)地區位居前列(lie)，有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)有(you)(you)屬27屬31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許多(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀杏等(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬孑(jie)遺植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)地區位居前列(lie)，有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)有(you)(you)屬27屬31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許多(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀杏等(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬孑(jie)遺植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)；截止至2007有(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)珍稀(xi)瀕危種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列(lie)入(ru)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)紅(hong)皮書》，如(ru)鵝掌楸、銀鐘樹、南(nan)(nan)方鐵杉(shan)、觀光木(mu)(mu)、紫(zi)莖等(deng)。武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)蘭科(ke)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)尤其豐富，已知有(you)(you)32屬78種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，寬(kuan)距(ju)蘭，多(duo)(duo)花(hua)寬(kuan)距(ju)蘭為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國新記錄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，盂蘭為福建省公(gong)布(bu)新記錄。而蕨類(lei)就(jiu)有(you)(you)14個，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)鐵角蕨、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)蹄蓋(gai)蕨、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)耳蕨、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)假瘤足、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)粉(fen)背蕨、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)凸(tu)軸蕨等(deng)以(yi)“武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)”作為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)達6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)。武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)樹名木(mu)(mu)具有(you)(you)古(gu)、大(da)、珍、多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)宮880年樹齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)桂(gui)、坑上980年樹齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)方紅(hong)豆(dou)杉(shan)等(deng)，具有(you)(you)極(ji)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研和保存價值。

動物資源

武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)公(gong)園(yuan)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)理區(qu)(qu)劃上屬于東(dong)洋界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)印亞界(jie)的(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東(dong)部丘陵平原亞區(qu)(qu)。公(gong)園(yuan)內地(di)(di)(di)貌復雜，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境類(lei)型多樣，為野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)棲(qi)息繁衍(yan)提供(gong)了理想場(chang)所，被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)家(jia)譽為“蛇(she)的(de)王國(guo)(guo)”、“昆蟲(chong)世界(jie)”、“鳥(niao)的(de)天堂”、“世界(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)模式標本的(de)產地(di)(di)(di)”、“研究亞洲(zhou)兩棲(qi)爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)鑰匙(chi)”。2007年武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)已知的(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)5110種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：哺乳綱71種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥(niao)綱256種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚(yu)綱40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲(qi)綱35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)綱73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，昆蟲(chong)已定名4635種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)700余個新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)記錄(lu)）。在動(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尤以兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)類(lei)和(he)昆類(lei)分布眾多而著名于世，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)家(jia)把武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)稱為“研究兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)鑰匙(chi)”、“鳥(niao)類(lei)天堂”、“蛇(she)的(de)王國(guo)(guo)”、“昆蟲(chong)世界(jie)”。到2011年已列入國(guo)(guo)際《瀕(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際貿易公(gong)約(yue)》（CITES）的(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黑麂、金鐵豺、黃(huang)腹角(jiao)雉等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入一級保護。屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保護協定保護的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)97種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有(you)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，崇安(an)髭蟾(chan)（角(jiao)怪）、崇安(an)地(di)(di)(di)蜥、崇安(an)斜鱗蛇(she)、掛墩鴉雀更為武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)所特有(you)。

水生生物資源

武夷(yi)山(shan)國家公(gong)園(yuan)擁有豐富的水生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資源，包括浮(fu)游藻類(lei)、浮(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)、底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)、魚(yu)類(lei)和水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)等(deng)。其(qi)中(zhong)，高等(deng)水生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)共計42科(ke)51屬(shu)139種(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)67種(zhong)(zhong)，魚(yu)類(lei)22科(ke)56屬(shu)104種(zhong)(zhong)，以及中(zhong)華鱉(bie)、大鯢等(deng)水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。

歷史沿革

武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)是座歷史文化(hua)(hua)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)。早在(zai)新石(shi)器(qi)時期，古越人(ren)就(jiu)已在(zai)此繁衍生息(xi)。如今懸崖絕壁上遺(yi)留的“架壑船”和“虹橋板”，就(jiu)是古越人(ren)特有的葬俗。西漢時，漢武(wu)帝曾(ceng)遣使者到(dao)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)用干魚祭祀武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)君。唐代，唐玄宗(zong)大封天下名(ming)山(shan)(shan)大川，武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)也受到(dao)封表(biao)，并刻石(shi)記載(zai)。還明令(ling)保護山(shan)(shan)林，不準(zhun)砍伐(fa)。唐末五代初，杜光庭在(zai)《洞天福地記》里，把武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)列為天下三十六洞天之(zhi)一，稱之(zhi)為“第十六升真(zhen)元化(hua)(hua)洞天”。宋(song)紹圣二年(nian)(nian)（1095年(nian)(nian)），禱雨獲應(ying)，又(you)封武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)君為顯(xian)道(dao)真(zhen)人(ren)。

從歷史(shi)和(he)科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)角度看，武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)具有(you)突出、普(pu)遍(bian)價值(zhi)，不(bu)僅(jin)能為(wei)已消逝的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文明(ming)和(he)文化(hua)傳統提(ti)供獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)見證，而且與(yu)理學思想文明(ming)有(you)著直接的(de)(de)(de)、實質性的(de)(de)(de)聯系，符合世界文化(hua)遺(yi)產第(di)3、5標準。大自然賜予了(le)武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)獨特(te)和(he)優越的(de)(de)(de)自然環境，吸引了(le)歷代(dai)高人雅士、文臣武(wu)(wu)(wu)將在(zai)山(shan)中或游覽(lan)、或隱(yin)居、或著述、或授(shou)徒，前(qian)赴后繼，你來我(wo)往。自然山(shan)水(shui)陶冶了(le)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)性情，啟(qi)迪了(le)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)(hui)，人類的(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)傳播，發展(zhan)了(le)武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)，為(wei)自然山(shan)水(shui)增輝(hui)添彩。先民的(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)(hui)，文士的(de)(de)(de)駐足在(zai)九(jiu)曲溪(xi)兩岸留(liu)下眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)存：有(you)高懸崖(ya)壁(bi)數千(qian)年不(bu)朽的(de)(de)(de)架壑船棺18處；有(you)朱熹、游酢(zuo)、熊禾、蔡元定等鴻儒大雅的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)院遺(yi)址35處；有(you)堪稱(cheng)為(wei)中國古(gu)書(shu)法藝術寶庫的(de)(de)(de)歷代(dai)摩崖(ya)石(shi)刻450多(duo)方，其中有(you)古(gu)代(dai)官(guan)府和(he)鄉民保護武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)水(shui)和(he)動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)禁令13方；有(you)僧道的(de)(de)(de)宮觀寺廟及遺(yi)址60余處。

武夷山是三教名山。自秦漢(han)以來，武夷山就(jiu)為羽流禪家(jia)棲息之(zhi)地，留下了(le)不少宮觀、道(dao)(dao)院和庵(an)堂故(gu)址。武夷山還曾(ceng)是儒家(jia)學(xue)者倡道(dao)(dao)講學(xue)之(zhi)地。