石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen),先秦(qin)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)文(wen)字,因其(qi)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)外形似鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)而得名。發現(xian)于(yu)唐(tang)初,共(gong)計十枚,高約三尺,徑約二(er)尺,分別刻(ke)有大篆四(si)言詩一(yi)(yi)首,共(gong)十首,計七百一(yi)(yi)十八字。內(nei)容最早被認(ren)為是記(ji)敘秦(qin)王(wang)出獵的場(chang)面(mian),故又稱(cheng)“獵碣”。宋(song)代(dai)鄭樵《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)音序》之后“石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)秦(qin)物論(lun)”開始盛行,清末震鈞斷(duan)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為秦(qin)文(wen)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)物,民國馬衡斷(duan)為秦(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)物,郭沫若斷(duan)為秦(qin)襄公(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)物,今人劉星、劉牧則(ze)考證(zheng)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為秦(qin)始皇(huang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)作品。石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)文(wen)字多殘,北宋(song)歐陽(yang)修錄時(shi)(shi)(shi)存四(si)百六十五字,明代(dai)范氏天一(yi)(yi)閣藏(zang)本(ben)僅四(si)百六十二(er)字,今之“馬薦”鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)已一(yi)(yi)字無存。原石(shi)(shi)現(xian)藏(zang)于(yu)故宮博物院石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)館。
石鼓(gu)文 即刻有籀文的(de)(de)鼓(gu)形(xing)石,石鼓(gu)文為(wei)(wei)四言(yan)詩,為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)石刻文字。因記述秦皇游獵(lie)(lie)之事,也稱“獵(lie)(lie)碣”。
字體(ti)在古(gu)(gu)文(wen)與(yu)秦(qin)篆(zhuan)之間,一(yi)般稱為“大(da)篆(zhuan)”,石鼓(gu)刻于秦(qin)前(qian)還是(shi)秦(qin)后(hou),考古(gu)(gu)界(jie)無定(ding)論。郭沫若鑒(jian)定(ding)認為應是(shi)秦(qin)襄公(gong)(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)777-766)時(shi)(shi)期的作品。劉(liu)星、劉(liu)牧《石鼓(gu)詩文(wen)復原譯釋》 研(yan)究認為石鼓(gu)文(wen)產生于始皇二十八年(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)219年)與(yu)“魯諸儒生議刻石頌秦(qin)德”至始皇三十四年(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)213年)焚書(shu)令(ling)下(xia)三十日之內(nei)一(yi)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間的可能性較(jiao)大(da) 。石鼓(gu)文(wen)是(shi)學習(xi)篆(zhuan)法(fa)的珍貴資料,近(jin)代書(shu)家吳昌碩臨(lin)寫石鼓(gu)造(zao)詣極(ji)深,有普及印(yin)本出版,可作臨(lin)習(xi)時(shi)(shi)的借鑒(jian)。----《古(gu)(gu)代碑帖鑒(jian)賞》費聲騫
2013年(nian)1月(yue)1日《國家(jia)人(ren)文歷史》雜志推出(chu)“秦石鼓文”是中國九大鎮國之寶。
“主周(zhou)說(shuo)”起始于(yu)唐初(chu),含(han)西周(zhou)文王說(shuo)、成王說(shuo)、宣王說(shuo)等多種不同的看法。
1.西周文王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo) 北宋歐(ou)陽修《集(ji)古錄(lu)跋(ba)尾》:“韋(wei)應物以為周文王(wang)(wang)之鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),宣王(wang)(wang)刻詩(shi)”,葛立方《韻語(yu)陽秋》引韋(wei)應物《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌》:“周文大獵(lie)兮(xi)岐(qi)之陽”等,認為石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為西周文王(wang)(wang)時(shi)之遺物。但韋(wei)詩(shi)原句為“周宣大獵(lie)兮(xi)岐(qi)之陽”,故“文王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)”的(de)出現應與(yu)上(shang)述(shu)二人誤將韋(wei)詩(shi)中“周宣”引為“周文”有(you)關。盡管“文王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)”立論(lun)依據(ju)并(bing)不充(chong)分,但仍(reng)有(you)一定市(shi)場,明代朱(zhu)國祚《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌》中仍(reng)有(you)“疑義莫定文成宣”這(zhe)樣的(de)看法。
2.西周成王說 持此論者有董逌《廣(guang)川書跋(ba)》、程(cheng)大昌(chang)《雍錄》、沈梧《石(shi)鼓文(wen)定本》等(deng)。主要因《左傳(chuan)·昭公四(si)年》記(ji)載(zai):“椒舉言于(yu)楚(chu)子曰‘成有岐陽之搜’”,杜預注曰:“成王歸自奄,大狩于(yu)岐山之陽”,且(qie)石(shi)鼓出土(tu)于(yu)陳倉并又(you)有與(yu)畋獵(lie)有關的詩(shi)句(ju),于(yu)是(shi)便以為石(shi)鼓記(ji)載(zai)的畋獵(lie)之事(shi)與(yu)成王大狩之事(shi)相合,從(cong)而得此看法。
3.西周宣(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo) 此說(shuo)產生于(yu)(yu)唐初,最早(zao)是(shi)貞觀(guan)時書法家吏部尚書蘇(su)勖于(yu)(yu)《記敍》卷首(shou)提出:“世咸(xian)言筆跡(ji)存者,李斯最古,不(bu)(bu)知史籀(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)跡(ji),近(jin)在關中”。李嗣真于(yu)(yu)《書后(hou)品》中贊同。后(hou)經張懷瓘(guan)在《書斷(duan)》中推(tui)理,從(cong)而得出“石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文”為(wei)“蓋諷(feng)宣(xuan)王(wang)畋獵之(zhi)所作也”之(zhi)論斷(duan)。由于(yu)(yu)籀(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文已于(yu)(yu)始皇(huang)(huang)時焚(fen)毀(hui)殆盡,秦漢之(zhi)后(hou)很少存留此類文字,加之(zhi)很多石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文字未(wei)收入后(hou)世之(zhi)字書,辨認(ren)無據(ju),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)“史籀(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)說(shuo)”便成了定論。韋應物因以“諷(feng)”而刻詩(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)好解釋,故在《石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌》中將張懷瓘(guan)之(zhi)“蓋諷(feng)宣(xuan)王(wang)畋獵”,改為(wei)了“大獵刻石表功”。“宣(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”另一立論依據(ju)是(shi)因石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)文類《詩(shi)(shi)》之(zhi)《車(che)攻(gong)》、《吉(ji)日》等詩(shi)(shi)篇,而《車(che)攻(gong)》、《吉(ji)日》乃(nai)是(shi)贊美宣(xuan)王(wang)的畋獵詩(shi)(shi),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)認(ren)為(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)文也應出于(yu)(yu)此時。這(zhe)種看(kan)法與“史籀(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)說(shuo)”相呼應,造成了巨大聲勢。“宣(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”影響很廣,唐宋(song)學者也多認(ren)從(cong)之(zhi),其后(hou)又得清康熙與乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的認(ren)同。直至清末民國初,隨著“主秦說(shuo)”逐漸占據(ju)上(shang)風,“宣(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”方漸漸淡出,但仍未(wei)見尾,至今還(huan)有部分支持者。
“主秦(qin)說(shuo)”大概有(you)十幾種不(bu)同(tong)的意見和看(kan)法,主要有(you)秦(qin)襄公(gong)、秦(qin)文(wen)公(gong)、秦(qin)德公(gong)、秦(qin)穆公(gong)、秦(qin)獻公(gong)、秦(qin)惠文(wen)王等說(shuo)。
1.秦襄(xiang)公(gong)說(shuo)(shuo) 楊慎、全祖望等主(zhu)之。1955年(nian),郭(guo)沫若(ruo)在《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文研(yan)究》中(zhong)(zhong)對“襄(xiang)公(gong)說(shuo)(shuo)”進(jin)行(xing)了進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)論證,并(bing)提(ti)出(chu)了石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“建畤(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)”的(de)看法。其據《元和郡縣志》記載(zai),認為石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)出(chu)土三畤(zhi)原,故必與(yu)三畤(zhi)之一(yi)的(de)建立有關;又據《汧(qian)(qian)殹》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“汧(qian)(qian)殹沔(mian)沔(mian)”與(yu)《霝(ling)雨》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“汧(qian)(qian)殹洎洎”等與(yu)汧(qian)(qian)水有關的(de)詩句,以(yi)及《而師(shi)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“天子(zi)□來,嗣王始(shi)□”詩句中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)“天子(zi)”與(yu)“嗣王”稱謂等,認為“石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文”內容(rong)與(yu)襄(xiang)公(gong)八年(nian)護送平王東遷和建畤(zhi)的(de)史(shi)實相合,石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)應是(shi)(shi)襄(xiang)公(gong)時代之遺物(wu)。之后,張光(guang)遠在《先秦石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)存詩考簡說(shuo)(shuo)》等文中(zhong)(zhong),進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)認為石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產生于襄(xiang)公(gong)十年(nian),詩歌作者是(shi)(shi)太史(shi)由(you)。
2.秦(qin)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)說(shuo) 清(qing)末震鈞《石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)集注》和《天咫(zhi)偶聞》中認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)鼓詩文(wen)內容與《史記·秦(qin)本(ben)紀》所記載(zai)的(de)“文(wen)公(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian),以兵七百(bai)(bai)人東(dong)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)。四年(nian)(nian),至汧(qian)謂之(zhi)(zhi)會”等史實相符,而提出此(ci)說(shuo)。其認(ren)為(wei):“考《史記·秦(qin)記》,文(wen)公(gong)(gong)三(san)年(nian)(nian)以兵七百(bai)(bai)人東(dong)獵(lie)(lie)(lie),四年(nian)(nian)至汧(qian)渭之(zhi)(zhi)會,此(ci)即(ji)所云‘汧(qian)殹沔沔’是也(ye)(ye)。又曰昔周邑我先秦(qin)贏(ying)于此(ci),后卒獲為(wei)諸(zhu)侯(hou),乃卜居之(zhi)(zhi),占曰吉,即(ji)營邑之(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)即(ji)所云‘吾道既(ji)平,嘉樹則里’,皆言營邑之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)。‘日唯丙申’者所卜得之(zhi)(zhi)日也(ye)(ye)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)鼓(吾車)皆言獵(lie)(lie)(lie)事(shi),則七百(bai)(bai)人東(dong)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)事(shi)有據矣。而且一(yi)(yi)鼓之(zhi)(zhi)中天子與公(gong)(gong)雜見,豈有宣王(wang)(wang)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)碣既(ji)稱天子復稱公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)理?則天子周王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye),公(gong)(gong)秦(qin)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)”。羅振玉(yu)、馬敘倫(lun)、許莊叔、宋(song)鴻文(wen)、楊壽(shou)祺、尹博靈、李鐵華等皆支持此(ci)說(shuo),只是各(ge)自立論的(de)依據并不(bu)完全相同,石(shi)(shi)鼓產(chan)生的(de)具(ju)體時間也(ye)(ye)不(bu)太(tai)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),刻制的(de)原因(yin)也(ye)(ye)各(ge)自有別。
3.秦(qin)德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說 王國(guo)維《觀堂集林·別集》等(deng)文(wen)中(zhong)認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)字(zi)與(yu)秦(qin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)簋、虢季子白盤銘文(wen),體勢與(yu)血脈相承,蓋(gai)一時(shi)(shi)所(suo)鑄。其從文(wen)字(zi)字(zi)體等(deng)角度對石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)字(zi)進行了分析,認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)應(ying)作于德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)遷(qian)雍之后。段揚在(zai)《論石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)乃秦(qin)德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)遺物及(ji)其他——讀郭沫若同志<石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)研(yan)究>后》一文(wen)中(zhong)認(ren)為(wei)《作原(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)內容與(yu)德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)遷(qian)都于雍,整飭三畤原(yuan)有關,《而師》鼓(gu)(gu)“天子”與(yu)“嗣王”應(ying)是(shi)指周惠王。戴(dai)君仁(ren)在(zai)《重論石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)的時(shi)(shi)代》等(deng)文(wen)中(zhong)支持“德(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說”,認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)雍城(cheng)初建時(shi)(shi)所(suo)刻。
4.秦(qin)(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo) 主(zhu)張(zhang)者有李(li)仲(zhong)操《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)最(zui)初所在地及其刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)代》、胡建人《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)考(kao)略——兼(jian)論郭沫(mo)若的襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)說(shuo)(shuo)》等。李(li)仲(zhong)操認(ren)為(wei)“密(mi)畤(zhi)作于秦(qin)(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前672年(nian)),則(ze)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)的刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)代應(ying)在這(zhe)年(nian)”,《而(er)師》鼓(gu)(gu)“天子(zi)”當指(zhi)周惠王,“嗣王”當指(zhi)王子(zi)頹。其說(shuo)(shuo)因(yin)認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)出土地點(dian)與宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)作密(mi)畤(zhi)地點(dian)一(yi)(yi)致,以及“石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)”所載的周天子(zi)平(ping)息內(nei)亂的時(shi)間與秦(qin)(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)一(yi)(yi)致而(er)立論。張(zhang)啟成(cheng)在《論石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)作年(nian)及其與詩經之比(bi)較》文(wen)中對李(li)仲(zhong)操“宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo)”進行(xing)了補充(chong)。胡建人也同(tong)樣認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)陳(chen)倉作密(mi)畤(zhi)時(shi)所刻。
5.秦(qin)穆(mu)公說 此(ci)說為(wei)原故宮博(bo)物(wu)院院長(chang)馬衡在《石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)秦(qin)刻石考》等文(wen)(wen)中主張(zhang),他認為(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)乃穆(mu)公稱霸西(xi)戎,周天子使召公致賀時(shi)所刻。其文(wen)(wen)列舉了秦(qin)十二器文(wen)(wen)字與石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)字相對照(zhao),再(zai)以“殹”字用法為(wei)例證,在鄭樵基(ji)礎上(shang)進一步論(lun)證了“石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)”乃為(wei)秦(qin)文(wen)(wen)。日本赤(chi)冢(zhong)忠(zhong)《石鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)の新研(yan)究(jiu)》從此(ci)說。
6.秦景(jing)公(gong)說 主張者有(you)王(wang)(wang)輝《<石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)·吳人>集釋——兼再(zai)論石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)的時(shi)(shi)代(dai)》、徐寶貴《石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)年代(dai)考辨》等。王(wang)(wang)輝以鳳翔秦公(gong)大(da)(da)墓考古發現為依據,認為石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)與秦公(gong)大(da)(da)墓石(shi)(shi)磬(qing)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)風格(ge)極(ji)相(xiang)似,應為同一時(shi)(shi)期(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)作,而認為石(shi)(shi)鼓產生于“景(jing)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)的可能(neng)性極(ji)大(da)(da),厲共公(gong)時(shi)(shi)的可能(neng)性極(ji)小”。徐寶貴則從“石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)”字(zi)形以及(ji)與《詩(shi)經(jing)》關(guan)系、所(suo)(suo)(suo)反(fan)映的史(shi)實等出(chu)發,認為“石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)的詩(shi)”為襄(xiang)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)作,內容描寫的是(shi)“秦襄(xiang)公(gong)的一次規模盛(sheng)大(da)(da)的田獵活動”,而文(wen)(wen)字(zi)則是(shi)秦景(jing)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)寫所(suo)(suo)(suo)刻,石(shi)(shi)鼓的“絕對時(shi)(shi)代(dai)當在春秋中(zhong)晚期(qi)之際(ji)——秦景(jing)公(gong)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)”。
7.秦(qin)哀公(gong)說 香港易(yi)越石(shi)在《石(shi)鼓文(wen)書法與研究》等文(wen)中(zhong)以為“得新(xin)(xin)證于石(shi)鼓本身《吳(wu)人(ren)》石(shi)”,認為石(shi)鼓詩(shi)歌內容記載和反映了秦(qin)人(ren)救楚(chu)、秦(qin)吳(wu)大戰的史(shi)實(shi),《虞人(ren)》鼓“吳(wu)人(ren)”即是春秋時“吳(wu)國人(ren)”,而得出了石(shi)鼓為哀公(gong)三十二年(nian)“秦(qin)師勝吳(wu)人(ren)凱旋(xuan)后(hou)之刻石(shi)”這一(yi)看法。徐(xu)暢在《石(shi)鼓文(wen)刻年(nian)新(xin)(xin)考(kao)》文(wen)中(zhong)支持(chi)此(ci)“凱旋(xuan)說”。
8.秦(qin)(qin)靈公(gong)說 最先主張(zhang)此說的(de)為(wei)原故宮(gong)博物院(yuan)副院(yuan)長唐蘭。其在《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)刻于靈公(gong)三年(nian)考(kao)》等文(wen)(wen)中,依據《史記·秦(qin)(qin)本紀》記載的(de)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)十三年(nian)“初有(you)史以紀事”,再因《呂氏春秋(qiu)·音初》認為(wei)的(de)秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)時才有(you)詩(shi)歌,于是(shi)認為(wei)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)不可能早于秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)時代(dai)(dai)。其又通過“朕(zhen)”與“吾(wu)”等人稱代(dai)(dai)詞使用(yong)(yong)的(de)關系(xi),認為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)景公(gong)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)銅(tong)器還(huan)都用(yong)(yong)“朕(zhen)”,秦(qin)(qin)惠文(wen)(wen)王時的(de)《詛楚文(wen)(wen)》卻用(yong)(yong)“吾(wu)”,而石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)用(yong)(yong)“吾(wu)”、“余”、“我”而不用(yong)(yong)“朕(zhen)”,進一步推斷(duan)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)產生年(nian)代(dai)(dai)應(ying)在景公(gong)之后,跟詛楚文(wen)(wen)時代(dai)(dai)接(jie)近。同時又據文(wen)(wen)獻記載的(de)靈公(gong)作吳陽上下畤以祭黃帝(di)、炎帝(di),于是(shi)斷(duan)定(ding)“石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)”作于秦(qin)(qin)靈公(gong)時代(dai)(dai)。蘇(su)瑩輝、那志良等從之。后唐蘭改(gai)變了看法,更改(gai)為(wei)“獻公(gong)說”。
9.秦獻公(gong)說 唐蘭1958年(nian)發表《石(shi)鼓年(nian)代考》時(shi)提出此(ci)說。他從銘(ming)刻、文(wen)學(xue)史、新語匯(hui)、字形、書法、發現地(di)、石(shi)次(ci)內(nei)容、地(di)望等八(ba)個(ge)方面,詳細地(di)論證了(le)石(shi)鼓文(wen)只能產生于(yu)戰國時(shi)期,并(bing)結合(he)文(wen)獻記載,進(jin)一(yi)步認為石(shi)鼓產生于(yu)獻公(gong)十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)。
10.秦(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文(wen)王至始皇帝(di)之前(qian)(qian)說(shuo) 鄭樵(qiao)《石鼓(gu)音(yin)序(xu)》、羅(luo)君(jun)惕(ti)《秦(qin)(qin)(qin)刻十碣(jie)考釋》、程質清《石鼓(gu)文(wen)試(shi)讀》等支持此說(shuo)。鄭樵(qiao)以“殹、?”二字(zi)見于秦(qin)(qin)(qin)斤、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)權,并通(tong)過(guo)文(wen)字(zi)比(bi)較和對“天子(zi)”、“嗣王”的分析,認(ren)為石鼓(gu)為秦(qin)(qin)(qin)物,認(ren)為石鼓(gu)產(chan)生在秦(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文(wen)王之后始皇帝(di)之前(qian)(qian)。羅(luo)君(jun)惕(ti)等亦通(tong)過(guo)文(wen)字(zi)等比(bi)較分析,對始皇“書同(tong)文(wen)”前(qian)(qian)后文(wen)字(zi)進行(xing)了比(bi)較與量的統(tong)計(ji),其認(ren)為時代越接近,文(wen)字(zi)相同(tong)者越多,故判(pan)斷石鼓(gu)產(chan)生年(nian)代在秦(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文(wen)王至始皇帝(di)之間。
11.其它還有李學(xue)勤(qin)《東周與秦代文明(ming)》認(ren)為石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)產(chan)生于(yu)春秋(qiu)中晚期(qi);裘錫(xi)圭《文字學(xue)概要》,黃奇(qi)逸《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文年(nian)代及相關諸問(wen)題(ti)》,陳昭容《秦公(gong)簋的(de)時(shi)代問(wen)題(ti):兼論石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文的(de)相對年(nian)代》等(deng)(deng)(deng)認(ren)為石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)產(chan)生于(yu)春秋(qiu)戰國之間,等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。
1.“漢(han)說”始(shi)于(yu)清代武(wu)億《金(jin)石(shi)跋(ba)》。其(qi)因《鑾車》鼓“趍(chi)趍(chi)?馬(ma)”句《古文苑》釋(shi)為“紇(he)紇(he)六馬(ma)”,而漢(han)代天(tian)子有駕六馬(ma)之制(zhi),于(yu)是推(tui)斷(duan)石(shi)鼓產生于(yu)漢(han)代。
2.“晉說(shuo)”源(yuan)于清末(mo)王(wang)闿運,其(qi)在《湘綺樓文集(ji)》中認為石鼓是晉代所刻;“北(bei)魏說(shuo)”源(yuan)于清人俞正燮,其(qi)在《答成君(jun)瓘書》認為石鼓產生(sheng)于北(bei)魏,姚大榮《石鼓文足證記》從之;“宇文周(zhou)(zhou)說(shuo)”源(yuan)于《金史·馬定(ding)(ding)國傳》,其(qi)文稱(cheng)金人馬定(ding)(ding)國認定(ding)(ding)石鼓為南北(bei)朝(chao)宇文周(zhou)(zhou)所刻,明(ming)代顧(gu)炎武于《金石文字記》也(ye)支(zhi)持(chi)這種說(shuo)法。
石鼓文(wen)的(de)(de)字體,上承(cheng)西周金文(wen),下(xia)(xia)啟(qi)秦代(dai)(dai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)篆,從(cong)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)上看,石鼓文(wen)上承(cheng)《秦公簋(gui)》(春秋中期的(de)(de)青銅器,銘文(wen)蓋十(shi)行,器五行,計121字。其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)為(wei)石鼓、秦篆的(de)(de)先(xian)聲,字行方(fang)正(zheng)、大方(fang)。橫豎折(zhe)筆之(zhi)處,圓中寓方(fang),轉折(zhe)處豎畫內收而下(xia)(xia)行時逐步向下(xia)(xia)舒(shu)展。其(qi)(qi)勢風(feng)(feng)骨嶙峋又楚(chu)楚(chu)風(feng)(feng)致(zhi),確有(you)(you)秦朝那股強悍的(de)(de)霸主氣勢。然(ran)而更趨于方(fang)正(zheng)豐厚(hou),用筆起止均為(wei)藏鋒,圓融渾勁(jing),結體促長伸短,勻稱適(shi)中。古(gu)茂雄秀,冠絕(jue)古(gu)今。石鼓文(wen)是集(ji)大篆之(zhi)成,開(kai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)篆之(zhi)先(xian)河(he),在(zai)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)史上起著承(cheng)前啟(qi)后(hou)的(de)(de)作用。是由大篆向小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)篆衍變(bian)而又尚未定型的(de)(de)過渡(du)性(xing)字體。石鼓文(wen)被歷代(dai)(dai)書(shu)(shu)家視為(wei)習(xi)篆書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)重要范本,故有(you)(you)“書(shu)(shu)家第一法(fa)(fa)則”之(zhi)稱譽。石鼓文(wen)對書(shu)(shu)壇的(de)(de)影響(xiang)以(yi)清(qing)代(dai)(dai)最(zui)盛,如著名篆書(shu)(shu)家楊沂孫、吳昌碩就是主要得力于石鼓文(wen)而形成自家風(feng)(feng)格的(de)(de)。流傳石鼓文(wen)最(zui)著名的(de)(de)拓(tuo)本,有(you)(you)明代(dai)(dai)安國藏的(de)(de)《先(xian)鋒》、《中權》、《后(hou)勁(jing)》等北(bei)宋拓(tuo)本。
《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》于(yu)唐代初出(chu)土于(yu)天興三(san)疇原(今陜西省寶雞市(shi)鳳翔三(san)疇原),以(yi)(yi)后被遷(qian)入鳳翔孔(kong)廟。五代戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)亂,石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)散(san)于(yu)民間,至宋代幾經周折,終又收齊,放(fang)置于(yu)鳳翔學府(fu)。宋徽宗(zong)素有金(jin)石(shi)(shi)之癖,尤其(qi)喜歡(huan)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》,于(yu)大(da)觀二年(公元1108年),將其(qi)遷(qian)到忭京(jing)(jing)國(guo)學,用(yong)金(jin)符(fu)字(zi)嵌起來。后因(yin)宋金(jin)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng),復遷(qian)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》于(yu)臨安(今杭(hang)州),金(jin)兵進入汴京(jing)(jing)后,見到石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)為是(shi)“奇(qi)物(wu)”,將其(qi)運回燕京(jing)(jing)(今北京(jing)(jing))。此后,石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)又經歷了(le)(le)數(shu)百年的(de)風雨滄桑(sang)。抗日戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)爆發,為防止(zhi)國(guo)寶被日寇掠(lve)走,由當(dang)時(shi)故宮(gong)博物(wu)院院長(chang)馬衡主持(chi),將石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遷(qian)到江南(nan),抗戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝利(li)后又運回北京(jing)(jing),1956年在北京(jing)(jing)故宮(gong)展出(chu)。清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆(long)五十五年(1790年),清(qing)(qing)高宗(zong)為更好地保護原鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),曾令人仿(fang)刻(ke)了(le)(le)十鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),放(fang)置于(yu)辟雍(大(da)學)。現仿(fang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在北京(jing)(jing)國(guo)子(zi)監。其(qi)形狀與刻(ke)字(zi)部位和原石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有不(bu)少差別。
石(shi)鼓(gu)共十(shi)(shi)只,高二尺,直徑一(yi)(yi)尺多(duo),形(xing)象(xiang)鼓(gu)而(er)上細(xi)下(xia)粗(cu)頂微(wei)圓(實(shi)為(wei)碣狀),因銘(ming)文中多(duo)言漁獵之事(shi),故又(you)(you)稱(cheng)它為(wei)《獵碣》。以籀文分刻十(shi)(shi)首為(wei)一(yi)(yi)組的(de)(de)四言詩(shi)。其字(zi)(zi)(zi)已(yi)多(duo)有(you)磨滅,其第九鼓(gu)已(yi)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)存字(zi)(zi)(zi)。其書傳為(wei)史籀手筆,體態(tai)堂皇大(da)度(du)、圓活奔(ben)放,氣質(zhi)雄(xiong)渾,剛(gang)柔(rou)相(xiang)濟,古(gu)茂(mao)遒樸而(er)有(you)逸氣。橫平(ping)豎直,嚴謹(jin)而(er)工整,善用中鋒,筆劃粗(cu)細(xi)基本一(yi)(yi)致,有(you)的(de)(de)結體對稱(cheng)平(ping)正(zheng),有(you)的(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)(zi)則(ze)參(can)差錯落,近于小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan)而(er)又(you)(you)沒有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan)的(de)(de)拘謹(jin)。在章法布局上,雖字(zi)(zi)(zi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)獨立,但(dan)又(you)(you)注意(yi)到(dao)了上下(xia)左右之間的(de)(de)偃仰向背(bei)關系、其筆力(li)之強勁在石(shi)刻中極為(wei)突出,在古(gu)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)書法中,是(shi)堪(kan)稱(cheng)別具奇彩和獨具風神(shen)的(de)(de)。康有(you)為(wei)稱(cheng)其“如金鈿委地,芝草團云,不煩整我,自有(you)奇采。”其書體為(wei)大(da)篆(zhuan)向小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan)過渡時期(qi)的(de)(de)文字(zi)(zi)(zi),學(xue)《石(shi)鼓(gu)文》可上追大(da)篆(zhuan),下(xia)學(xue)小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan),百無(wu)一(yi)(yi)失。后(hou)世學(xue)篆(zhuan)者皆(jie)奉為(wei)正(zheng)宗,無(wu)不臨(lin)習。楊沂(yi)孫、吳大(da)澄、吳昌碩、王福(fu)庵等皆(jie)得力(li)于此。
石鼓文(wen)其書(shu)法字體(ti)多取(qu)長方形(xing)(xing),體(ti)勢整肅(su),端莊凝重,筆力穩健(jian),石與形(xing)(xing),詩與字渾(hun)然一體(ti),充滿古(gu)樸(pu)雄(xiong)渾(hun)之美。
石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比金文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)規(gui)范、嚴正,但仍在一(yi)(yi)定程度上保留了(le)金文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的特征,它是從金文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)向小篆發展的一(yi)(yi)種過(guo)渡(du)性書體。傳說(shuo)在石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)前,周宣王太(tai)史籀(zhou)(zhou)曾(ceng)經對(dui)金文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)進行改(gai)造和整理,著有(you)大(da)(da)(da)篆十五篇,故大(da)(da)(da)篆又稱(cheng)“籀(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”。石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)是大(da)(da)(da)篆留傳后(hou)世,保存比較(jiao)完整且(qie)字數(shu)較(jiao)多的書跡之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen),亦稱(cheng)獵(lie)碣或(huo)雍邑刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)(shi),是我(wo)國(guo)現存(cun)最早的石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)文(wen)(wen)字。無具體(ti)年(nian)月(yue),唐人韋應物(wu)和韓愈的《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歌》都認(ren)為是周宣王(wang)時(shi)(shi)期的刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)(shi)。宋(song)人歐陽修的《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)跋尾》雖設了三(san)個疑點(dian),但(dan)還是認(ren)為屬周宣王(wang)時(shi)(shi)史籀(zhou)(zhou)所作(zuo)。宋(song)人鄭樵《通志略(lve)》則認(ren)為《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》系先(xian)秦(qin)(qin)之物(wu),作(zuo)于惠文(wen)(wen)王(wang)之后,始皇之前(qian)。近(jin)人羅振玉《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)考釋》和馬(ma)敘(xu)倫(lun)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)疏(shu)記》都認(ren)為是秦(qin)(qin)文(wen)(wen)公時(shi)(shi)物(wu),與韋、韓說(shuo)法(fa)出入不大,只相差十(shi)七年(nian)。據(ju)郭(guo)沫若考證,《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》作(zuo)于秦(qin)(qin)襄公八年(nian),距宣王(wang)更近(jin)。所不同者(zhe)(zhe),出于宣王(wang)時(shi)(shi)史籀(zhou)(zhou)手筆(bi)或(huo)秦(qin)(qin)臣手筆(bi)罷了。當代學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)書法(fa)家、古文(wen)(wen)字學(xue)家王(wang)美盛(sheng)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)解讀(du)》認(ren)為石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)作(zuo)于公元(yuan)前(qian)525年(nian),為東周王(wang)作(zuo)。主(zhu)要根據(ju)是鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)有(you)“吾獲允異”句,與《左(zuo)傳》記載吻合。著名歷史學(xue)家、古文(wen)(wen)字學(xue)家李學(xue)勤肯(ken)定此說(shuo)。
石(shi)鼓(gu)與石(shi)鼓(gu)文之歷史與研究(jiu)概(gai)況(kuang)(附(fu)石(shi)鼓(gu)歌)(之一)
唐(tang)代(dai)石鼓(gu)研究(附石鼓(gu)歌)
石鼓(gu),唐(tang)貞(zhen)觀時(shi)(shi)期發現于寶雞陳(chen)倉。然(ran)上無年代(dai)款識,也無作者姓名。加(jia)之詩文(wen)缺文(wen)少(shao)字,以及(ji)文(wen)字古(gu)奧(ao)難識,詩意含蓄隱晦等(deng)諸多原因(yin)。人(ren)們(men)均不(bu)知所寫為何(he),產生于何(he)時(shi)(shi),所作何(he)用。于是(shi),學者紛紛發表了各自的見解。
貞觀時之(zhi)吏部侍郎蘇勖(xu)稱(cheng)(cheng)贊道:“世言筆跡(ji)(ji)存者,李斯最古,不(bu)知史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)之(zhi)跡(ji)(ji),近在關中(zhong)”。高(gao)宗時的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)法家(jia)李嗣真在其《書(shu)(shu)(shu)后品》中(zhong)也(ye)說(shuo):“史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)堙滅,陳倉藉甚(shen)”。開元年間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)法家(jia)張(zhang)懷瓘在《書(shu)(shu)(shu)斷》中(zhong)道:“按(an)籀(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)者,周太史(shi)(shi)史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)之(zhi)所(suo)作(zuo)也(ye)”,“其跡(ji)(ji)有石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)存焉,蓋(gai)諷(—作(zuo)敘)宣(xuan)王(wang)畋獵之(zhi)所(suo)作(zuo)。今(jin)在陳倉”。他贊美石鼓書(shu)(shu)(shu)法曰:“體象卓然,殊今(jin)異古;落落珠玉,飄(piao)飄(piao)纓(ying)組;蒼頡之(zhi)嗣,小篆之(zhi)祖;以名稱(cheng)(cheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu),遺跡(ji)(ji)石鼓”。歷史(shi)(shi)上,蘇勖(xu)第一(yi)個認為(wei)石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)是史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)留下的(de)(de)(de)筆跡(ji)(ji)。這一(yi)看(kan)法得(de)到(dao)李嗣真的(de)(de)(de)附(fu)和,張(zhang)懷瓘的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)證。于是“石鼓”、“石鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)”從此便得(de)了(le)名,文(wen)(wen)(wen)字被判定為(wei)史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)所(suo)寫,石鼓便被認為(wei)是諷諫周宣(xuan)王(wang)畋獵而(er)刻(ke)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)東西了(le)。
唐肅(su)宗至德時之(zhi)書法家(jia)竇臮(ji)《述書賦》上下二篇(pian),其兄竇蒙為(wei)之(zhi)作(zuo)注。云:“史籀,周宣王時史官(guan)。著(zhu)大篆,教學童。岐州雍城南,有周宣王獵碣(jie)十枚,并作(zuo)鼓(gu)(gu)形,上有篆文(wen),今(jin)見(jian)打(da)本”,“即其文(wen)也。石尋毀失,時見(jian)此本,傳(chuan)諸好(hao)事者”。竇臮(ji)所記(ji)之(zhi)“雍城南”,是(shi)言石鼓(gu)(gu)發現的(de)地方。“獵碣(jie)”的(de)稱呼(hu),即源于(yu)此。而文(wen)中所言“打(da)本”即是(shi)石鼓(gu)(gu)拓(tuo)本,說(shuo)明了(le)至德時已(yi)有石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)拓(tuo)本流傳(chuan)于(yu)世。
詩人(ren)(ren)杜甫《李(li)潮(chao)八分小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan)歌(ge)》:“蒼頡(jie)鳥跡既茫昧,字體變化如浮云。陳倉石(shi)鼓久已(yi)訛,大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)二(er)篆(zhuan)生八分。秦有(you)李(li)斯漢(han)蔡邕,中(zhong)間作者寂不(bu)聞。嶧山之碑野(ye)火焚,棗木(mu)傳(chuan)刻肥失真。苦縣光和尚骨立(li),書(shu)(shu)(shu)貴瘦硬(ying)方通神。惜哉(zai)李(li)蔡不(bu)復得,吾甥(sheng)李(li)潮(chao)下(xia)筆親。尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)韓擇木(mu),騎(qi)曹蔡有(you)鄰。開元已(yi)來數(shu)八分,潮(chao)也奄有(you)二(er)子成三人(ren)(ren)。況(kuang)潮(chao)小(xiao)(xiao)篆(zhuan)逼秦相,快劍長(chang)戟森相向(xiang)。八分一(yi)字直百金,蛟龍盤拿肉屈強。吳郡張顛夸草(cao)書(shu)(shu)(shu),草(cao)書(shu)(shu)(shu)非古空(kong)雄壯。豈如吾甥(sheng)不(bu)流宕,丞相中(zhong)郎丈人(ren)(ren)行。巴東逢李(li)潮(chao),逾月求我(wo)歌(ge)。我(wo)今衰(shuai)老才力薄,潮(chao)乎潮(chao)乎奈(nai)汝(ru)何。”詩中(zhong)有(you)“陳倉石(shi)鼓久已(yi)訛,大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)二(er)篆(zhuan)生八分”句,這(zhe)大(da)(da)概是石(shi)鼓發(fa)現后,文(wen)人(ren)(ren)對石(shi)鼓發(fa)現地最早的看法(fa)。
此(ci)后(hou),德宗時之(zhi)詩人(ren)韋應物專為石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文寫了(le)(le)一首《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)》:“周宣(xuan)大(da)(da)(da)獵兮(xi)岐(qi)之(zhi)陽,刻(ke)石(shi)表(biao)(biao)功兮(xi)煒(wei)煌煌。石(shi)如鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)形數(shu)止(zhi)十,風雨(yu)缺訛苔蘚(xian)澀(se)。今人(ren)濡紙脫(tuo)其文,既擊既掃(sao)白(bai)黑(hei)分。忽開滿卷不(bu)可識(shi),驚潛(qian)動蟄走(zou)紜(yun)紜(yun)。喘息(xi)逶(wei)迤(yi)相糺錯,乃是宣(xuan)王之(zhi)臣史籀作(zuo)。一書(shu)遺(yi)此(ci)天(tian)地(di)間,精意長(chang)存(cun)世(shi)(shi)冥寞(mo)。秦家祖龍還刻(ke)石(shi),碣石(shi)之(zhi)罘李斯(si)跡。世(shi)(shi)人(ren)好古猶法傳(chuan),持來(lai)比此(ci)殊懸隔。”詩的(de)開頭“周宣(xuan)大(da)(da)(da)獵兮(xi)岐(qi)之(zhi)陽,刻(ke)石(shi)表(biao)(biao)功兮(xi)煒(wei)煌煌”,便(bian)提出對石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)產生年代(dai)與(yu)制作(zuo)原因的(de)看法。將張懷瓘之(zhi)“蓋諷宣(xuan)王畋獵”說,改(gai)為了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)獵“刻(ke)石(shi)表(biao)(biao)功”說。開創(chuang)了(le)(le)“周宣(xuan)大(da)(da)(da)獵刻(ke)石(shi)表(biao)(biao)功說”之(zhi)觀點(dian),也開創(chuang)了(le)(le)后(hou)世(shi)(shi)以《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)》的(de)形式詠(yong)頌石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)先(xian)河。自唐以后(hou)各代(dai)多受其影響,不(bu)少著名(ming)詩人(ren)和學者均有(you)贊頌石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)“詩”或“歌(ge)”留(liu)傳(chuan)于世(shi)(shi)。
受韋應(ying)物之(zhi)啟發與影響,唐代(dai)著名的(de)古(gu)文(wen)學家韓(han)愈(yu)也寫了一首《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)》:“張(zhang)生(sheng)手(shou)持石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen),勸我(wo)試作石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)。少陵無(wu)(wu)人(ren)謫仙死,才薄將奈石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)何(he)。周(zhou)(zhou)綱(gang)陵遲(chi)四海沸(fei),宣(xuan)王憤起(qi)揮天戈。大開明(ming)堂受朝賀,諸侯劍佩(pei)鳴相磨。搜于岐陽騁雄(xiong)俊,萬(wan)里(li)禽獸皆遮羅(luo)。鐫功勒(le)成告萬(wan)世,鑿石(shi)(shi)作鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)隳嵯峨。從(cong)臣才藝咸(xian)第一,揀選撰刻(ke)留山阿。雨(yu)淋日灸野火燎(liao),鬼物守護煩撝呵。公從(cong)何(he)處得紙(zhi)(zhi)本,毫發盡備(bei)無(wu)(wu)差訛。辭嚴義密讀難曉(xiao),字體(ti)不類隸(li)與科。年深(shen)豈(qi)(qi)(qi)免有(you)缺(que)畫,快劍斫(zhuo)斷生(sheng)蛟(jiao)鼉。鸞翔(xiang)鳳翥眾仙下(xia),珊(shan)瑚碧樹交枝柯(ke)。金繩(sheng)鐵索鎖紐(niu)壯,古(gu)鼎躍水龍騰(teng)梭。陋儒(ru)(ru)編詩(shi)不收入(ru),二雅褊迫無(wu)(wu)委蛇。孔子(zi)西行(xing)不到秦,掎摭星(xing)宿遺羲娥。嗟予好古(gu)生(sheng)苦晚,對此(ci)(ci)涕淚(lei)雙滂(pang)沱。憶昔初(chu)蒙博士(shi)征(zheng),其年始改稱元和。故人(ren)從(cong)軍在(zai)右輔,為我(wo)度(du)量掘(jue)臼(jiu)科。濯冠沐(mu)浴告祭酒,如此(ci)(ci)至寶存豈(qi)(qi)(qi)多。氈包席裹可(ke)立致(zhi),十鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)只(zhi)載數駱駝。薦(jian)諸太(tai)廟比(bi)郜鼎,光價豈(qi)(qi)(qi)止(zhi)百倍過。圣恩若許留太(tai)學,諸生(sheng)講解(jie)得切磋(cuo)。觀經(jing)鴻(hong)都尚填(tian)咽,坐(zuo)見舉國來奔波。剜苔剔蘚露節角(jiao),安置妥貼平(ping)不頗。大廈深(shen)檐與蓋覆(fu),經(jing)歷(li)久遠期無(wu)(wu)佗(tuo)。中朝大官(guan)老于事,詎肯感激徒媕婀。牧童敲火牛礪角(jiao),誰(shui)復著手(shou)為摩挲(suo)。日銷月鑠(shuo)就埋(mai)沒,六年西顧空(kong)吟哦。羲之(zhi)俗書(shu)趁姿媚,數紙(zhi)(zhi)尚可(ke)博白鵝。繼周(zhou)(zhou)八代(dai)爭戰罷,無(wu)(wu)人(ren)收拾理則(ze)那(nei)。方今太(tai)平(ping)日無(wu)(wu)事,柄任儒(ru)(ru)術崇丘軻。安能以(yi)此(ci)(ci)上論列,愿借辨口如懸河。石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)歌(ge)止(zhi)于此(ci)(ci),鳴呼吾意其蹉跎(tuo)。”
詩(shi)中有幾(ji)點值得注意的地方:
①詩人完(wan)全(quan)接受了韋詩之觀點;
②作者曾研讀過石鼓文,但遇到篆文與剝蝕(shi)不清等之困難,未再對石鼓詩進行深入(ru)研究;
③安史(shi)之亂后,石(shi)鼓能再現(xian)于世,是(shi)得(de)其友人(ren)幫(bang)助尋(xun)找、挖(wa)掘后才運回鳳翔的;
④詩人曾向(xiang)朝廷舉薦過石鼓(gu),但未(wei)受恩準;
⑤詩(shi)中所言“臼科”,說明發現時《作原(yuan)》鼓就已被鑿為臼;
⑥第一(yi)次向世人強調了石鼓(gu)作(zuo)為歷史文(wen)物(wu)的重要(yao)價值與(yu)意義。韓愈此(ci)詩(shi)后人選入了《唐(tang)詩(shi)三百首》,具(ju)有重要(yao)的史料與(yu)文(wen)學價值。
總的來看(kan),唐代二(er)百七十九年(nian)間對(dui)石鼓(gu)文化的貢獻是:
一(yi)、完整地發現了十只石鼓,較為妥善(shan)地對石鼓作了保護與安置。
二、石(shi)(shi)鼓文字受到了(le)唐代書法(fa)家的廣泛重視,高度贊揚與(yu)肯(ken)定(ding),石(shi)(shi)鼓得以以拓本(ben)形(xing)式流(liu)傳至今。
三、石鼓(gu)的歷(li)史價值、文(wen)化(hua)價值與藝術價值,基本得到了肯定。
四(si)、杜(du)甫、韋應(ying)物、韓愈的石鼓詩歌,對后世產生了(le)巨大(da)影響(xiang)。
宋代石鼓研究(附石鼓歌)
憲宗以(yi)后,唐(tang)(tang)各代(dai)之(zhi)朝(chao)政(zheng)都日趨衰(shuai)弱,遷(qian)鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)事也就擱置一(yi)邊(bian),無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)再提。唐(tang)(tang)末(mo),五(wu)代(dai)十國的(de)(de)戰(zhan)亂中(zhong),石鼓(gu)(gu)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)照(zhao)管,何時(shi)被(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)搬走,無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)曉。戰(zhan)亂持(chi)(chi)續了(le)一(yi)百(bai)多(duo)年,到(dao)(dao)宋(song)朝(chao)建(jian)立(li)后才(cai)得以(yi)平息。愛好(hao)歷史文(wen)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)司(si)馬池(司(si)馬光之(zhi)父),擔任鳳翔知(zhi)府時(shi)尋回(hui)九鼓(gu)(gu),“復輦(nian)至(zhi)于(yu)府學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)門廡下,而(er)亡其(qi)一(yi)”(見王厚之(zhi)《復齋碑(bei)緣》)。皇(huang)祐四年,向傳師(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)屠戶家,才(cai)將被(bei)當作(zuo)米臼(jiu)又被(bei)當成了(le)磨刀(dao)石的(de)(de)《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)。自此石鼓(gu)(gu)遺失后約一(yi)百(bai)五(wu)十年左右,方才(cai)全部尋回(hui)。一(yi)百(bai)五(wu)十年,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)幾代(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)生存時(shi)間,當不會有人(ren)(ren)(ren)見過石鼓(gu)(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)樣。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)否“完(wan)整”,便(bian)成為(wei)(wei)劃分“唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)”與“宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)唯一(yi)標準。完(wan)整即是(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo),不完(wan)整的(de)(de)即所(suo)謂(wei)為(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)后的(de)(de)石鼓(gu)(gu)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)被(bei)認為(wei)(wei)最早不過宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)。也就是(shi)(shi)說(shuo),“唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)”與“宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)區別在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)否在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)代(dai)十國至(zhi)宋(song)初(chu)這(zhe)一(yi)段(duan)時(shi)間內被(bei)鑿制為(wei)(wei)米臼(jiu)。然章樵(qiao)所(suo)言(yan):“孫巨源得于(yu)僧寺佛書(shu)龕中(zhong),以(yi)為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)錄”之(zhi)石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen),其(qi)《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》文(wen)字也不全,亦在(zai)(zai)(zai)為(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)之(zhi)后。故有人(ren)(ren)(ren)疑其(qi)為(wei)(wei)偽。但在(zai)(zai)(zai)韓愈詩中(zhong)有“掘(jue)臼(jiu)科(ke)”之(zhi)句,是(shi)(shi)否又證明《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》為(wei)(wei)臼(jiu),早于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)呢(ni)?清代(dai)乾隆皇(huang)帝對此也提出了(le)懷疑。然而(er),均(jun)因無(wu)(wu)更多(duo)證據以(yi)證其(qi)說(shuo),只(zhi)好(hao)暫(zan)闕存疑。盡管我(wo)們比較支持(chi)(chi)《作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》為(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)早于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)的(de)(de)觀點(dian),但由(you)于(yu)這(zhe)觀點(dian)尚無(wu)(wu)公認,故在(zai)(zai)(zai)本(ben)(ben)文(wen)中(zhong)仍暫(zan)用“先鋒”、“后勁”、“中(zhong)權”三本(ben)(ben)為(wei)(wei)“宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)一(yi)般(ban)看法。
北宋仁宗時詩(shi)人(ren)梅堯(yao)臣《雷(lei)逸老(lao)訪石鼓(gu)(gu)文見遺,因呈祭酒吳公作(zuo)(zuo)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)詩(shi):“石鼓(gu)(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)自周宣王,宣王發憤搜岐陽(yang)。我(wo)(wo)車我(wo)(wo)馬攻既良,射夫其同(tong)弓(gong)矢張。舫舟又(you)漁麹(qu)鱮魴,何(he)以(yi)(yi)貫(guan)之維柳楊。從(cong)官執(zhi)筆言成章,書(shu)在(zai)鼓(gu)(gu)腰鐫刻藏。歷秦漢魏下及唐,無(wu)人(ren)著眼來形(xing)相。村(cun)童(tong)戲(xi)坐老(lao)死喪,世(shi)復一(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)如鳥翔。惟(wei)閱元(yuan)和韓(han)侍郎,始得紙本歌且詳。欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)氈衣歸上庠,天(tian)(tian)官媕阿駝肯(ken)將。傳至我(wo)(wo)朝一(yi)(yi)(yi)鼓(gu)(gu)亡,九鼓(gu)(gu)缺(que)剝文失行。近人(ren)偶見安(an)碓牀,亡鼓(gu)(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)臼刳(ku)中(zhong)央(yang)。心喜遺篆(zhuan)猶在(zai)傍,以(yi)(yi)臼易臼庸何(he)傷。以(yi)(yi)石補(bu)空(kong)恐舂粱,神物會合居一(yi)(yi)(yi)方。雷(lei)氏有子胡(hu)而長,日(ri)模月仿(fang)志暮強。聚完辯(bian)舛經星霜(shuang),四百(bai)六十飛鳳凰。書(shu)成大軸綠錦裝,偏斜曲直筋骨藏。攜之謁(ye)我(wo)(wo)巧趨(qu)蹌,我(wo)(wo)無(wu)別識心旁徨。雖與乃(nai)父非故鄉,少與乃(nai)父同(tong)杯觴。老(lao)向太(tai)學鬢已(yi)蒼,樂子好(hao)古(gu)親縑(jian)緗。誰能千(qian)(qian)載(zai)師史倉,勤此(ci)冷淡何(he)肝腸。而今祭酒禆圣皇(huang),五經新石立兩廊。我(wo)(wo)欲(yu)效韓(han)非癡狂(kuang),載(zai)致出關(guan)無(wu)所障。至寶宜(yi)列孔子堂,固勝朽(xiu)版堆屋墻(qiang)。然(ran)須雷(lei)生往(wang)度量,登車裹護(hu)令相當。誠非急務煩紀綱,太(tai)平得有朝廷光。山(shan)水大字輦(nian)已(yi)嘗,于此(ci)豈不同(tong)粃(bi)糠。海隅異獸乘舟航(hang),連(lian)日(ri)道路費芻(chu)糧(liang)。又(you)與茲器殊柔剛(gang),感慨作(zuo)(zuo)詩(shi)聊激昂。愿因諫疏(shu)投(tou)皂囊,夜(ye)觀奎壁(bi)正(zheng)吐芒。天(tian)(tian)有河鼓(gu)(gu)亦焜煌(huang),持此(ci)負(fu)鼎千(qian)(qian)成湯。”
從內容來看:
①受韋(wei)詩影響,繼承了“宣(xuan)王(wang)發憤搜岐陽(yang)”之觀點;
②敘(xu)述(shu)了韓(han)侍郎薦鼓之(zhi)事;
③風趣地嘲(chao)諷了以鼓作臼(jiu),以臼(jiu)易臼(jiu)之經歷(li);
④歷史上首次言及石鼓文拓本上之字數,“四百六十飛鳳凰(huang)”;
⑤抒發作者想(xiang)“效(xiao)韓”時(shi)之激(ji)動心(xin)情。此詩具有一定(ding)的文學與(yu)史料價值。
與梅堯臣生活于(yu)(yu)同一(yi)時(shi)代的北宋文(wen)(wen)學家(jia)、書法家(jia)歐陽(yang)修,在(zai)(zai)他所(suo)(suo)寫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《集(ji)古(gu)錄跋(ba)尾(wei)》中(zhong)對石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)提(ti)出了(le)一(yi)些新的見(jian)解,在(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)中(zhong)具有(you)(you)重要的參考價值。“右石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)。岐陽(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)初不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)稱于(yu)(yu)前(qian)世(shi),至唐人始盛(sheng)稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)韋(wei)應(ying)物以(yi)(yi)為(wei)周文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu),宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)刻詩(shi)(shi)。韓(han)退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直以(yi)(yi)為(wei)宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)。在(zai)(zai)今(jin)鳳翔孔(kong)子廟(miao)中(zhong),鼓(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)十(shi),先時(shi)散棄于(yu)(yu)野(ye),鄭余慶置于(yu)(yu)廟(miao)而(er)亡其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)。皇(huang)佑四年,向傳(chuan)師求于(yu)(yu)民間,得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乃(nai)足。其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)可(ke)見(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)四百六十(shi)五,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)識(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)過半。余所(suo)(suo)集(ji)錄,文(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)古(gu)者(zhe)(zhe),莫先于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。然(ran)其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)疑者(zhe)(zhe)三四:今(jin)世(shi)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)漢桓(huan)、靈時(shi)碑往往尚在(zai)(zai),其(qi)(qi)(qi)距(ju)今(jin)未(wei)及千歲,大書深刻,而(er)磨滅者(zhe)(zhe)十(shi)猶(you)八(ba)九(jiu)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)按太史公(gong)《年表》,自宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)(wang)共和(he)元(yuan)年至今(jin)嘉礻右八(ba)年,實千有(you)(you)九(jiu)百一(yi)十(shi)四年,鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)細而(er)刻淺,理豈得(de)存?此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)疑者(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)字(zi)古(gu)而(er)有(you)(you)法,其(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)與《雅》、《頌》同文(wen)(wen),而(er)《詩(shi)(shi)》、《書》所(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,三代文(wen)(wen)章真跡在(zai)(zai)者(zhe)(zhe),惟此(ci)(ci)(ci)而(er)已。然(ran)自漢已來(lai),博古(gu)好(hao)奇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)皆(jie)略而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)道。此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)疑者(zhe)(zhe)二也(ye)。隋氏藏書最多(duo),其(qi)(qi)(qi)《志》所(suo)(suo)錄,秦始皇(huang)刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)、婆羅門外國書皆(jie)有(you)(you),而(er)猶(you)無石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)。遺近錄遠(yuan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)疑者(zhe)(zhe)三也(ye)。前(qian)世(shi)傳(chuan)記(ji)所(suo)(suo)載(zai)古(gu)遠(yuan)奇怪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,類(lei)多(duo)虛誕而(er)難(nan)信,況(kuang)傳(chuan)記(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)載(zai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知韋(wei)、韓(han)二君(jun)何據而(er)知為(wei)文(wen)(wen)、宣(xuan)(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)也(ye)。隋、唐古(gu)今(jin)書籍粗(cu)備,豈當時(shi)猶(you)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)見(jian),而(er)今(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?然(ran)退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)古(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妄者(zhe)(zhe),余姑(gu)取(qu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)信爾(er)。至于(yu)(yu)字(zi)書,亦非史籀不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能作也(ye)。”
歐陽修(xiu)對石鼓產(chan)生于西周時(shi)之(zhi)觀(guan)點,提(ti)出了幾點懷疑(yi)。從(cong)石鼓文(wen)流傳(chuan)以(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)歷史看,此(ci)文(wen)最先發難,對石鼓產(chan)生于西周時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點提(ti)出了疑(yi)問。懷疑(yi)之(zhi)風(feng)至(zhi)此(ci)起,從(cong)此(ci)不斷(duan)有新的(de)(de)(de)見解出現。但由于均未能動搖“主周說”立論的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本。以(yi)后各代(dai),一(yi)直(zhi)至(zhi)清,石鼓宣王說仍是主流。
著名(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)學家、書法家蘇軾(shi),早(zao)年曾(ceng)在鳳翔(xiang)府任簽判,時常至鳳翔(xiang)孔廟觀賞石鼓(gu)。在讀了韓愈(yu)和(he)梅堯臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)后(hou),也寫了一首(shou)《石鼓(gu)歌》:“冬十(shi)二(er)月歲(sui)(sui)辛丑(chou),我初從(cong)(cong)政(zheng)見魯叟。舊聞(wen)石鼓(gu)今見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),文(wen)(wen)學郁律蛟蛇走。細(xi)觀初以指畫肚(du),欲讀嗟(jie)如箝在口(kou)。韓公好(hao)古生已遲,我今況又百年后(hou)。強(qiang)尋偏旁推點畫,時得一二(er)遺八九。吾車既工馬亦同(tong),其魚維鱮貫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柳。古器縱(zong)橫猶識鼎,眾(zhong)星錯落僅名(ming)(ming)斗(dou)。模糊半已似瘢胝,詰屈猶能(neng)辨(bian)跟肘。娟(juan)娟(juan)缺(que)月隱云霧(wu),濯(zhuo)濯(zhuo)嘉禾(he)秀莨莠。漂流百戰偶然存,獨立千載與(yu)誰友。上追軒頡相(xiang)唯諾(nuo),下揖冰斯(si)同(tong)鷇榖。憶昔周宣歌鴻雁,當時史籀變(bian)蝌(ke)蚪。厭亂人方思(si)圣賢(xian),中興(xing)天為生耆(qi)耇。東(dong)征徐虜(lu)闞虓虎,北伐(fa)犬戎隨指嗾。象胥雜沓貢狼鹿(lu),方召聯(lian)翩賜圭(gui)卣。遂因(yin)鼓(gu)鼙(pi)思(si)將帥,豈為考擊煩朦(meng)瞍。何人作(zuo)頌比(bi)嵩高,萬(wan)(wan)古斯(si)文(wen)(wen)齊岣嶁。勛勞至大(da)不(bu)(bu)矜伐(fa),文(wen)(wen)武未遠(yuan)猶忠厚(hou)。欲尋年歲(sui)(sui)無(wu)甲乙,豈有(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)字記誰某。自從(cong)(cong)周衰更(geng)七國,競使秦(qin)人有(you)(you)九有(you)(you)。掃(sao)除詩(shi)(shi)書誦(song)法律,投棄俎豆陳鞭杻。當年何人佐祖龍,上蔡(cai)公子牽黃狗(gou)。登山刻石頌功烈,后(hou)者(zhe)無(wu)繼前(qian)無(wu)偶。皆云皇帝巡四國,烹滅強(qiang)暴救(jiu)黔首(shou)。六(liu)經既已委灰塵,此鼓(gu)亦當遭擊掊。傳(chuan)聞(wen)九鼎淪泗(si)上,欲使萬(wan)(wan)夫(fu)沉水取。暴君縱(zong)欲窮人力,神物義不(bu)(bu)污秦(qin)垢。是時石鼓(gu)何處(chu)避,無(wu)乃天公令鬼守。興(xing)亡(wang)百變(bian)物自閑,富貴一朝(chao)名(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)朽。細(xi)思(si)物理坐(zuo)嘆(tan)息,人生安得如汝壽。”在詩(shi)(shi)中,詩(shi)(shi)人先述閱讀鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體會,次頌揚宣王中興(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯舉(ju),惋惜周宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰弱(ruo),斥責秦(qin)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘暴,感(gan)嘆(tan)世(shi)(shi)間之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興(xing)亡(wang)百變(bian),人生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)苦短。蘇詩(shi)(shi)詠物敘事與(yu)抒情融為一體,大(da)氣磅礴,意境深遠(yuan)。對后(hou)世(shi)(shi)影響也很大(da)。
東坡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三弟蘇轍,也(ye)寫有(you)(you)一(yi)首《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)》:“岐山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陽石(shi)為(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),叩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)鳴懸(xuan)無(wu)虡。以(yi)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)用(yong)(yong)百(bai)無(wu)直,以(yi)為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)祖(zu)。置身無(wu)用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)間,自托周(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)誰敢侮。宣(xuan)王(wang)沒(mei)后墳壟平,秦(qin)(qin)野蒼茫不(bu)(bu)(bu)知處(chu)。周(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)(ren)舊物(wu)(wu)惟(wei)存此,文(wen)(wen)武遺民(min)盡囚虜。鼎鐘無(wu)在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)戈(ge)戟,宮殿(dian)已倒生(sheng)(sheng)禾黍。歷宣(xuan)子(zi)孫竄(cuan)四方,昭穆錯亂不(bu)(bu)(bu)存譜。時(shi)有(you)(you)寓(yu)客悲(bei)先王(wang),綢繆牖戶徹桑土。思宣(xuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)幸鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)存,由鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)求宣(xuan)近為(wei)(wei)愈。彼(bi)皆有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)世所好,天地能生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能主。君看項籍猛如(ru)狼,身死(si)未(wei)冷割為(wei)(wei)脯。馬童楊喜豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)仁,待汝(ru)封(feng)候非怨(yuan)汝(ru)。何況外物(wu)(wu)固(gu)已輕,毛擒(qin)翡翠尾執(zhi)塵。惟(wei)有(you)(you)蒼石(shi)于(yu)此時(shi),獨以(yi)無(wu)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)數。形骸偃(yan)蹇任苔(tai)蘚(xian),文(wen)(wen)字皴剝困風(feng)雨(yu)。遭亂既(ji)以(yi)無(wu)用(yong)(yong)全,有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)還為(wei)(wei)太平取(qu)。古人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)見(jian)遺物(wu)(wu),如(ru)見(jian)方召與(yu)申甫。文(wen)(wen)字蝌蚪可(ke)窮(qiong)詰,簡編不(bu)(bu)(bu)載無(wu)訓詁(gu)。字形漫汗隨石(shi)缺(que),蒼蛇(she)生(sheng)(sheng)角龍折股(gu)。亦如(ru)老人(ren)(ren)遭暴橫,頤(yi)下髭禿口齒齬(yu)。形雖(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)具意可(ke)知,有(you)(you)云楊柳貫(guan)魴鱮。魴鱮豈厭居溪谷,自投網罟入君俎。柳條柔弱長百(bai)戶,挽(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷細(xi)如(ru)縷(lv)。以(yi)柳貫(guan)魚魚不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷,貫(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷魚魚樂死(si)。登之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廟中(zhong)鬼(gui)神格(ge),錫汝(ru)豐年多馀(yu)黍。宣(xuan)王(wang)用(yong)(yong)兵征四國,北摧(cui)犬(quan)戎南服(fu)楚。將帥用(yong)(yong)命士卒歡,死(si)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧(gu)闞虓(xiao)虎(hu)。問(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何術能使然,撫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)子(zi)敬(jing)如(ru)父。弱柳貫(guan)魚魚弗違,仁人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)上民(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)怨(yuan)。請看石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)非徒(tu)然,長笑泰(tai)山刻秦(qin)(qin)語。”詩(shi)中(zhong)作者對關于(yu)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)還是無(wu)用(yong)(yong),對人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)、治世等抒發了自己的見(jian)解,具有(you)(you)一(yi)定哲理寓(yu)意。二位詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)均將石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)泰(tai)山秦(qin)(qin)刻石(shi)作比(bi),頌揚石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高古典雅。
北宋末(mo)之詩人張耒撰寫(xie)了《瓦(wa)(wa)器(qi)易石(shi)鼓文(wen)歌》:“周綱既(ji)季宣王作,提劍揮呵天地廓。朝來吉日(ri)差(cha)我(wo)馬,夜視(shi)云(yun)漢憂民(min)瘼。桓(huan)方召執弓鉞,蕩(dang)蕩(dang)申韓賜圭爵。北驅獫狁(yun)走(zou)豺狼,南伐(fa)徐夷斬鯨鱷。明堂車馬走(zou)爭先(xian),清廟(miao)笙鏞尸載樂。岐陽(yang)大(da)獵(lie)紀功(gong)伐(fa),石(shi)鼓巖巖萬(wan)夫(fu)鑿。千年兵(bing)火變朝市,后世紙筆傳(chuan)冥漠(mo)。跡荒事遠貴者寡,嘆(tan)惜風霜日(ri)摧剝。君誠(cheng)嗜古(gu)更過我(wo),易以(yi)瓦(wa)(wa)器(qi)尤奇卓。滿盤(pan)蒼玉列我(wo)前,制古(gu)形奇異雕琢。羲黃己亡(wang)巧偽起,采椽(chuan)土木消(xiao)純樸。何為獲此(ci)上古(gu)器(qi),經(jing)歷萬(wan)古(gu)遭(zao)搜掠。寥寥墨翟骨已朽,尚有遺風傳(chuan)隱(yin)約。又疑晏子矯齊俗(su),陶(tao)土摶泥從儉薄。或云(yun)古(gu)者宗廟(miao)器(qi),斥棄(qi)金玉先(xian)誠(cheng)確(que)。是時(shi)此(ci)物(wu)參(can)鼎俎(zu),蕢桴土鼓誠(cheng)為樂。嗚呼二物(wu)信奇絕,賴(lai)有吾(wu)徒與提握。不然烏瓦(wa)(wa)與荒碑(bei),坐見塵埃(ai)就零(ling)落。”張耒詩中進一步宣揚了“宣王說(shuo)”。
宋徽(hui)宗(zong)趙佶(ji)之(zhi)時。徽(hui)宗(zong)愛(ai)好書畫,收集奇(qi)石(shi),對石(shi)鼓早(zao)有所聞。大(da)觀二年下詔鳳翔(xiang)府,御敕(chi)將石(shi)鼓遷(qian)運(yun)至(zhi)汴京之(zhi)辟雍(yong)。相傳曾(ceng)下令(ling)用金填(tian)平(ping)石(shi)鼓文字,以絕錘拓,保(bao)護(hu)石(shi)鼓不(bu)再(zai)受損傷。使得(de)石(shi)鼓得(de)到了(le)短(duan)暫安全。但好景不(bu)長。靖康時,金兵入侵,攻進汴京。金兵在擄掠財物(wu)時,見鼓有金,于是也將石(shi)鼓運(yun)走(zou)。由于鼓體(ti)沉重(zhong),搬運(yun)不(bu)便(bian)(bian),剔(ti)金后便(bian)(bian)將石(shi)鼓拋棄于荒野。石(shi)鼓再(zai)一次(ci)失落民間。
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)這一時期的經(jing)歷(li),在南(nan)宋書法家洪適所寫的《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)詩》中,也(ye)有(you)所記述:“天作高山太(tai)王靠,鸑鷟一鳴周剪商(shang)。郟鄏卜年大(da)搜備,諸侯斂衽尊大(da)王。六月中興繩祖武,薄(bo)伐(fa)太(tai)原恢境(jing)土。石(shi)(shi)崖可鑿詩句鐫,千載神光(guang)薄(bo)西滸。橐駝挽 入大(da)梁(liang)都,碧(bi)水湛湛河出圖。中間(jian)兩鼓(gu)備章句,日惟丙申不模糊。左驂(can)秀弓射(she)麋鹿,有(you)魴有(you)魚(yu)帛 君(jun)子(zi)漁。光(guang)和石(shi)(shi)經(jing)屹相(xiang)望,詛楚登嶧非吾徒。辛(xin)壬癸甲雁分翅,橋門觀者堵墻如。星(xing)沉東壁干戈起,首(shou)下(xia)足上天倒置。景鐘糜(mi)碎(sui)九鼎飛,王跡皇風吁掃地。誰與(yu)扛石(shi)(shi)徙幽燕,兵車亂載包無(wu)氈。敲火礪角小小爾,為礎(chu)為砧多歷(li)年。宣和殿中圖復(fu)古,冠以(yi)車攻次十鼓(gu)。韓詩歐跋盡兼收,云章剖(pou)判(pan)定(ding)魚(yu)魯(lu)。先君(jun)辛(xin)苦(ku)朔方(fang)歸,文犀拱璧(bi)棄弗攜。一編什襲自(zi)鐍秘(mi),更有(you)司馬鳳翔(xiang)碑。我生不辰今(jin)已老,岐(qi)陽(yang)三雍身不到。匆匆北使接浙(zhe)行(xing),在耶(ye)亡耶(ye)問無(wu)報。整齊(qi)篆籀(zhou)飾(shi)牙(ya)簽,簡撮篇詠勞窮(qiong)探。致主有(you)心歌小雅,汗顏無(wu)術下(xia)登三。”
宋代由于距唐(tang)代較(jiao)(jiao)近,書法家與學者受唐(tang)石(shi)鼓文思(si)想的影響也較(jiao)(jiao)深(shen),從《石(shi)鼓詩(shi)》中看對(dui)石(shi)鼓文的觀點與唐(tang)代基本相同。兩宋時期對(dui)石(shi)鼓文化(hua)的主要(yao)貢獻是:
1、將(jiang)五代戰亂中丟失(shi)的十(shi)只石鼓全部(bu)尋(xun)找了(le)回來;
2、為后(hou)世留下了(le)一些優秀的石鼓文拓本(ben);
3、梅(mei)堯臣、歐陽修、蘇軾、蘇轍等留下了一批珍貴的石鼓(gu)詩歌與文(wen)章,對(dui)后世具有深遠影響(xiang);
4、李吉甫《元(yuan)和(he)郡縣圖志》,首次將石鼓(gu)載入(ru)志書;
5、無名(ming)氏《古(gu)文苑》最早輯錄石鼓文。相(xiang)傳(chuan)為唐人(ren)舊藏,北宋孫巨(ju)源(yuan)得之于(yu)佛龕,宋韓元(yuan)吉編(bian)次,章樵作(zuo)注,后收錄于(yu)《欽定四庫全書》中,今有清(qing)刻本存世。
6、首次(ci)出(chu)現(xian)有補文(wen)和譯文(wen)的薛尚功《岐陽(yang)石鼓(gu)》,對后世影響很大,明清(qing)學者石鼓(gu)文(wen)譯釋多從(cong)薛氏。
7、南宋(song)施宿于《石鼓音(yin)》中,擬定了石鼓的鼓次(ci)順序,后世學者(zhe)多(duo)從(cong)之。
8、繼歐陽修對(dui)石鼓產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)年(nian)代產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)懷疑之后,兩宋學者董逌(you)、程太(tai)昌、翟耆年(nian)、鄭樵等,對(dui)石鼓產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)于宣(xuan)王時之觀點也提出了懷疑。
石(shi)(shi)鼓與石(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)之歷史與研(yan)究概況(附石(shi)(shi)鼓歌(ge))(之一)
歷代吟誦石鼓的詩歌,出(chu)處(chu)不同、版本(ben)不同,字(zi)里(li)行間之間也會出(chu)現很(hen)大差(cha)異(yi)。本(ben)文(wen)(wen)雖盡量擇優而敘之,但仍(reng)不免(mian)有誤,故建議引用者(zhe)進一步細查為是。——劉(liu)星劉(liu)牧(mu)《石鼓詩文(wen)(wen)復(fu)原譯釋(shi)》
元代石(shi)鼓研究(附石(shi)鼓歌)
南宋(song)與遼、金之間的戰(zhan)爭,時戰(zhan)時和,持續了一百多年。待元(yuan)朝(chao)興起,戰(zhan)爭平息后(hou)。鳳翔虢縣人元(yuan)宣撫使漢人王(wang)檝修(xiu)復都城廟(miao)學,將(jiang)石(shi)鼓列(lie)于廡下(見《二(er)十(shi)四史(shi)·元(yuan)史(shi)》)。元(yuan)成宗大德時,國子監教授虞(yu)集又將(jiang)石(shi)鼓送交朝(chao)廷,安置于國子監大成殿門內,左右壁下各(ge)五枚(mei),用磚圍壇以(yi)承之。元(yuan)時學者潘迪(di)集宋(song)代諸家之注(zhu)釋,刻(ke)成《石(shi)鼓文音訓》,附立(li)于十(shi)鼓之旁。可惜所用拓本僅存(cun)386字(zi)。此二(er)碑今仍完好。故(gu)宮《石(shi)鼓館(guan)》,今仍按舊式(shi),依舊陳列(lie)于十(shi)鼓旁邊。
與虞集年代相(xiang)近(jin)的詩人(ren)張(zhang)養浩《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩》:“粵(yue)自(zi)鴻(hong)蒙剖元秘(mi),天(tian)祚有(you)熊炎帝繼。侯剛覃思(si)神與凝(ning),摹寫(xie)三(san)(san)千入書契(qi)。蒼(cang)姬一(yi)變史籀出,鯨攫鰲呿鳳鸞捩。嬴秦(qin)自(zi)帝不(bu)古(gu)師,遂使奸斯(si)愚叔世。當時(shi)(shi)玉筯(zhu)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)獨,爾后爭奇(qi)古(gu)文棄(qi)。末流(liu)諸子相(xiang)祖述,刓樸遺淳趁姿媚(mei)。我嘗慨此愧疏淺,一(yi)髪空危萬鈞繋(xi)。竭來庠宇(yu)覩石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu),玉立(li)儼然三(san)(san)代器。細(xi)思(si)伊(yi)始將安庸,或謂宣王章獵(lie)事(shi)。且疑(yi)(yi)且信邈難詰(jie),日月群陰欲食既。嘗為(wei)雷電下(xia)(xia)取將,僅馀二百七十(shi)二。貞(zhen)堅不(bu)墜(zhui)劫火灰,蒼(cang)古(gu)猶含太初氣。世間鐘鼎瓦礫如(ru),只辭千金未為(wei)貴。昌黎作歌(ge)恨才薄(bo),坡(po)老來觀(guan)惜時(shi)(shi)異。區區流(liu)轉又幾朝,終(zhong)不(bu)能(neng)忘見天(tian)意。若令好(hao)事(shi)堪(kan)把玩,攘竊空應窮萬計。平生漫有(you)博(bo)物名,迫事(shi)不(bu)能(neng)詳一(yi)字。沉吟獨立(li)西(xi)風前,喬木荒煙日西(xi)墜(zhui)。”在他所寫(xie)之(zhi)《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩》中也描述了到(dao)中都庠宇(yu)觀(guan)賞石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)的感受和(he)懷疑(yi)(yi)。然此時(shi)(shi)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)上之(zhi)存字已(yi)“僅馀二百七十(shi)二”了。
元代為石(shi)鼓(gu)作詩的還(huan)有(you)揭傒斯(si)、宋褧、吳(wu)萊、周伯琦(qi)等。從詩的內容看,也有(you)一(yi)定的史料價值。如(ru):
1、追敘石鼓歷(li)史的遭遇與滄桑(sang);
2、贊揚(yang)元(yuan)統治者對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)之安置;
3、歌頌元仁宗皇慶時舉(ju)行盛(sheng)典,國子生能(neng)觀賞(shang)石鼓之(zhi)幸喜等(deng)。
揭傒斯(si)《石(shi)鼓(gu)詩》:“孔(kong)廟頹墻下,周宣石(shi)鼓(gu)眠(mian)。苔兮敲火跡,雨洗篆蝸涎(xian)。野老(lao)偷(tou)為(wei)臼,居人打賣錢(qian)。有形終易盡,流落漫堪憐。”
宋褧(jiong)《送(song)汪編(bian)修出(chu)知馀姚賦(fu)得石(shi)鼓作》:“繄昔中興(xing)王(wang),振(zhen)武岐(qi)陽搜。臣(chen)工作歌詩(shi),紀績(ji)庸闡幽。琢石(shi)制為鼓,深(shen)刻將垂休(xiu)。澤堅不少磷,文字粲以周。古拙出(chu)史籀(zhou),蟠錯紛蛟(jiao)虬。氈駝護轉徙,逮閱三千秋。天朝(chao)尤寶惜,移至(zhi)宮墻陬。棲息得所托,珍秘價(jia)莫酬。使者瑚璉(lian)器(qi),出(chu)守趨東甌(ou)。敦樸且貴重,華彩(cai)殆罕(han)儔。旌麾暫補外,廊(lang)廟行見收。亦若此鼓然(ran),置(zhi)之昆侖丘。”
吳(wu)萊《答陳彥理遺石經(jing)(jing)寄詩索石鼓(gu)文作》:“橫山先生(sheng)(sheng)多古玩(wan),太(tai)學(xue)(xue)石經(jing)(jing)分我半。魏公世藏資州本,金(jin)石錄中還散亂。當時愛奇巧收拾(shi),筆畫(hua)昭回(hui)映云漢。流傳到我乃不(bu)遠,虬(qiu)甲鳳毛真可(ke)惋。自從得此未有(you)報,岐右石鼓(gu)天下觀(guan)。昔(xi)則(ze)敲火今(jin)斷(duan)臼,駱駝載歸石盡爛。倉沮以(yi)后即史籀,先代遺寶列圭(gui)瓚。中郎變篆生(sheng)(sheng)八分,二者不(bu)敵何足(zu)筭。先生(sheng)(sheng)嗜書出法(fa)貼,青桐堊壁(bi)手脫掔。漆書蝌蚪不(bu)通(tong)俗,蛇蚓蟠結強(qiang)涂竄。先生(sheng)(sheng)博學(xue)(xue)抱圣(sheng)經(jing)(jing),焚膏繼晷日(ri)(ri)耽玩(wan)。韋編鐵擿只紙傳,鄒魯精髓合淹貫(guan)。國(guo)子(zi)門(men)開塵沒城,蓬萊閣廢草堆(dui)岸。春秋徒(tu)聞璧可(ke)假,道德詎信鵝能換。古今(jin)所重在(zai)周(zhou)典,周(zhou)史面(mian)目極??。圣(sheng)心(xin)不(bu)死不(bu)在(zai)石,日(ri)(ri)月行天旦復旦。吾家(jia)故(gu)紙本不(bu)惜,驪頷有(you)珠我欲鍛。向來見辱(ru)亦云然,焦尾(wei)之馀爭免爨。先生(sheng)(sheng)安坐(zuo)幸勿躁,歲晚相逢(feng)笑拍案。屏除許事不(bu)須說(shuo),好(hao)與我儒峙楨干。”
元(yuan)代一百六(liu)十二年間,對石鼓文的貢(gong)獻主要是:
1、尋回了(le)(le)金人丟棄(qi)多年的十只石鼓,避免了(le)(le)石鼓之泯滅;
2、對(dui)石鼓(gu)妥善地(di)進行了安置;
3、視石(shi)鼓為(wei)三代重(zhong)(zhong)器(qi),引起了詩(shi)人與學者的重(zhong)(zhong)視,創(chuang)作了一些(xie)石(shi)鼓詩(shi)歌(ge);
4、產生了一些比較(jiao)重(zhong)要的石鼓研究之著作,如潘迪之《音訓》,吳衍撰《周秦(qin)刻石釋音》等。
明(ming)代(dai)石鼓研究(jiu)(附石鼓歌)
明朝取代元王朝后,仍將石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)陳列于(yu)國子(zi)監(jian)大(da)成門內,供文(wen)人學(xue)者觀賞與(yu)(yu)研究。這一時期,雖然喜歡石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)人、書法家與(yu)(yu)學(xue)者很多,創作(zuo)了(le)許許多多的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge),甚至形成了(le)歷史上(shang)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)創作(zuo)高峰。但(dan)由(you)于(yu)社會相對的(de)(de)較為(wei)安定,石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)未遭受(shou)劫難(nan)與(yu)(yu)變遷(qian)。所以石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)內容偏窄,多為(wei)贊美、想(xiang)像與(yu)(yu)抒情(qing),文(wen)學(xue)色彩較濃。明代作(zuo)有石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)人有唐(tang)之淳、盧原質(zhi)、程敏政(zheng)、李(li)東陽、何景明、王家屏、朱(zhu)國祚、顧文(wen)昭、董其昌(chang)、黃輝、焦竑等(deng)等(deng)。
盧原質《石鼓詩》:“ 羲皇(huang)妙心畫(hua),人文始昭宣。后圣更有(you)作(zuo),載(zai)籍日粲然。成周逮中(zhong)葉(xie),宣王振(zhen)其顛。宏(hong)綱用勿墜,厥德(de)未為(wei)愆。偉哉岐陽獵,伐(fa)石工磨鐫。方(fang)前固云(yun)(yun)邁,揆后信猶賢。嬴秦一何愚,盡滅(mie)古簡編。翻刻李斯文,乃欲垂(chui)萬年。豈(qi)謂不旋踵,掃跡如云(yun)(yun)煙(yan)。孔壁遂啟藏,此石亦偶全。于今二千載(zai),墨本(ben)盛(sheng)流(liu)傳。要(yao)知(zhi)文字行,白日麗中(zhong)天。縱今蕩(dang)無存,人心復開先。賢圣去我遠,魯魚(yu)失其筌。安得周召徒(tu),為(wei)倡麟趾(zhi)篇。”
程(cheng)敏政《石鼓詩》:“岐陽(yang)埋沒草離(li)離(li),汴省燕都石屢移。三代文(wen)章(zhang)存鳥(niao)跡,百年風(feng)雨(yu)蝕晁皮。摩挲尚識宗(zong)周器,題(ti)跋誰鐫蒙(meng)古(gu)辭(ci)。卻愛(ai)勝游黃叔度(du),孔庭懷古(gu)立多時。”
王家屏《石(shi)鼓(gu)歌》:“我聞(wen)周宣狩岐陽(yang),其時(shi)中興王業昌。作詩(shi)刻字傳永久(jiu),辭高二雅(ya)文三倉。遺碣累(lei)累(lei)至(zhi)今在,鬼護神(shen)呵更顯晦。自(zi)岐徙汴(bian)復入燕,幸遭珍重休(xiu)明代。鴻都石(shi)經久(jiu)已訛,此鼓(gu)完(wan)好曾不頗。文廟(miao)之(zhi)中戟門畔(pan),幾回剔蘚為(wei)摩挲。固知至(zhi)寶非容(rong)易,合令安(an)頓森嚴地(di)。今皇文治邁成(cheng)周,講(jiang)求自(zi)是詞(ci)臣事。誰人得比韓孟才,斡(wo)旋風云(yun)天漢來(lai)。惟有岣嶁一片(pian)石(shi),千秋萬古共崔(cui)嵬。”
朱國祚《石鼓(gu)歌》:“橋門(men)左右(you)獵(lie)碣十(shi)(shi),形如鼓(gu)礎相排連。洼中或(huo)與齏臼似,抱(bao)質(zhi)可敵瑤(yao)琨堅。傳(chuan)聞(wen)書自(zi)太(tai)史籀(zhou),比與大篆尤瑰妍。其辭(ci)(ci)典奧儷二雅,仿(fang)佛吉日(ri)車攻(gong)篇。周(zhou)京遺制(zhi)眾(zhong)所信(xin),疑義莫(mo)定文(wen)成宣。紛(fen)論雖滋翟鄭(zheng)議,審視(shi)終異秦(qin)斤權。下逮宇(yu)文(wen)豈能爾,薺堂所見勿(wu)乃偏(pian)。嗚(wu)呼神物不(bu)(bu)易睹(du),三代舊(jiu)跡(ji)(ji)稀流(liu)傳(chuan)。巫咸告辭(ci)(ci)熊(xiong)相詛,裕(yu)陵(ling)寶(bao)惜今(jin)棄捐。比干(gan)銘(ming)折為州壤,穆滿書徒壇山頂。會(hui)稽(ji)窆石字(zi)茫昧,岣嶁秘(mi)跡(ji)(ji)文(wen)糾纏(chan)。掎摭非(fei)乏好奇士(shi),千搜(sou)萬索(suo)無真詮。詎若(ruo)十(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)離(li)復合(he),陳(chen)倉入(ru)汴(bian)還留(liu)燕(yan)。氈包席裹囊駝背,塵蒙露(lu)濯爪(zhua)牛涎。置諸太(tai)學始皇慶,于(yu)今(jin)又歷二百(bai)年。深檐五丈密(mi)蓋護,不(bu)(bu)受長(chang)雨闌風(feng)顛。我來(lai)摩挲(suo)輒(zhe)終日(ri),證以郭薛施潘箋。凝思斫桐(tong)來(lai)自(zi)蜀,叩(kou)之定有聲淵淵。文(wen)殘非(fei)因硬黃拓,劃缺(que)反撼鉤金填。長(chang)廊無人起題壁,回視(shi)落景棠梨(li)懸。”
顧文(wen)昭(zhao)《石鼓詩(shi)》:“古(gu)文(wen)不可(ke)見,籀也遺芬芳。去今二千載(zai),字畫(hua)猶(you)端莊。缺落雖不完,間亦存數行。如逄冠(guan)劍士,濟(ji)濟(ji)游(you)嚴廊。想見當時盛(sheng),會(hui)朝坐明堂。仆隸皆證人,從知(zhi)史臣(chen)良。況在(zai)文(wen)武日,交修寧少忘。西旅貢厥(jue)獒,召公遠(yuan)為防。周宣中興主,羽獵思外攘。惜哉詞語間,末及戒(jie)其荒。趙君博(bo)雅士,好古(gu)能收藏。起我(wo)東(dong)周嘆,題詩(shi)贈慨慷。”
明代(dai)二百七十六年(nian)間對(dui)石鼓文化的貢(gong)獻(xian)主要是:
1、較(jiao)好地安放與保護石鼓,使之未受到(dao)明顯毀壞;
2、創作了(le)一(yi)大批石鼓詩歌,較(jiao)好地宣傳與擴大了(le)石鼓文化(hua)的影(ying)響;
3、在研(yan)究石(shi)鼓方面,取得了一(yi)定的進步。如:楊慎所著(zhu)《石(shi)鼓文音釋》;顧炎武(wu)《金石(shi)文字記(ji)》、李中馥《石(shi)鼓文考》、陶滋《石(shi)鼓文正誤》等;
4、楊慎撰刻所謂“東坡本”石(shi)鼓文(函海本),雖來自薛尚功《岐陽(yang)石(shi)鼓文》補(bu)字(zi)本,但對后世產生了正負兩方(fang)面不同(tong)的影響
以上資料源于劉(liu)(liu)星(xing)、劉(liu)(liu)牧《石鼓詩文復原譯釋》
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先秦(qin)(qin)刻石(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi) 。我國(guo)(guo)遺存(cun)(cun)至(zhi)今(jin)的(de)石(shi)(shi)刻文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。要(yao)屬《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》時間(jian)最(zui)早和最(zui)具(ju)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表性。石(shi)(shi)作鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)形(xing),共十(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),分別刻有(you)四言詩一(yi)首,高(gao)二尺(chi),直徑一(yi)尺(chi)多,內容記(ji)述秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)君游獵,故又稱“獵碣(jie)”。因(yin)被棄于(yu)陳倉原(yuan)野,也(ye)稱“陳倉十(shi)(shi)(shi)碣(jie)”。所刻為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇統一(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)前(qian)的(de)大(da)篆,即籀文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。石(shi)(shi)原(yuan)在天(tian)興(今(jin)陜西(xi)寶雞)三畤原(yuan),唐(tang)初被發現(xian)。自(zi)唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)杜甫、韋應物(wu)(wu)、韓愈(yu)(yu)作歌詩以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),始(shi)(shi)顯于(yu)世。一(yi)說為(wei)宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)司馬(ma)池(chi)(司馬(ma)光之父)搜得其(qi)九,移(yi)置府學(xue),皇祜(1049—1053)間(jian)向傳(chuan)師(shi)始(shi)(shi)得其(qi)全。大(da)觀(1107—1110)中(zhong)遷至(zhi)東京(jing)(今(jin)河南洛陽(yang))辟雍(yong),后(hou)入內府保和殿稽古閣。金人(ren)破汴(bian),輦歸燕京(jing),置國(guo)(guo)子學(xue)大(da)成(cheng)門內。1937年(nian)(nian)抗(kang)戰爆發后(hou),石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)南遷至(zhi)蜀,戰爭結束(shu)后(hou)始(shi)(shi)運回北(bei)平,現(xian)藏故宮博(bo)物(wu)(wu)院。其(qi)刻石(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)張懷(huai)瓘、竇(dou)皋、韓愈(yu)(yu)等以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)周文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)王時物(wu)(wu);韋應物(wu)(wu)等以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)周宣(xuan)王時物(wu)(wu);宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)董逋、程大(da)昌(chang)等以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)周成(cheng)王時物(wu)(wu);金代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)馬(ma)定國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)西(xi)魏大(da)統十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(545)刻;清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)俞正燮(xie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)北(bei)魏太(tai)平真(zhen)君七年(nian)(nian)(446)刻;以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)物(wu)(wu)者,始(shi)(shi)自(zi)宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)鄭樵,清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)震(zhen)鈞(jun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)時物(wu)(wu);今(jin)人(ren)馬(ma)衡以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)時物(wu)(wu),郭沫若以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)襄公(gong)(gong)時物(wu)(wu),唐(tang)蘭(lan)則考為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)獻公(gong)(gong)葉十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)374)刻,詳見《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)考》。刻石(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)多殘損,北(bei)宋歐(ou)陽(yang)修所錄已僅存(cun)(cun)四百(bai)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)五字(zi)(zi)(zi),明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)范(fan)氏(shi)《天(tian)一(yi)閣》藏宋拓本僅四百(bai)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)二字(zi)(zi)(zi),今(jin)其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)已一(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)無(wu)存(cun)(cun)唐(tang)初“虞、褚(chu)、歐(ou)陽(yang)共稱古妙”(引(yin)自(zi)《元和郡(jun)縣圖志》)。張懷(huai)瓘《書斷(duan)》云:“《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)》開闔古文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),暢(chang)其(qi)戚銳,但折直勁迅,有(you)如(ru)鐵針而端委旁逸又婉(wan)潤焉。”近人(ren)康有(you)為(wei)《廣藝舟(zhou)雙楫》謂:“《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)》如(ru)金鈿委地,芝草團(tuan)云不煩整(zheng)裁自(zi)有(you)奇采。”傳(chuan)世墨拓善本有(you)元代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)趙(zhao)孟頫藏本(即范(fan)氏(shi)《天(tian)—閣》藏本)、明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)安國(guo)(guo)藏中(zhong)權本、先鋒本(亦稱“前(qian)茅本”)、后(hou)勁本,皆宋拓本。《天(tian)一(yi)閣》本已毀(hui)于(yu)火,后(hou)三種(zhong)俱(ju)在日(ri)本。有(you)影印(yin)本行(xing)世。原(yuan)石(shi)(shi)現(xian)藏故宮博(bo)物(wu)(wu)院。
文(wen)獻記(ji)載:《史記(ji)·秦始皇本紀》記(ji)載:“二十八年,始皇東巡郡(jun)縣。上鄒嶧山,立(li)石(shi)。與魯諸儒生,議刻石(shi)頌秦德,議封禪望祭(ji)山川之事(shi)。乃遂(sui)上泰山,立(li)石(shi)。封,祠(ci)祀”。
石鼓詩(shi)歌(ge)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)從秦之建(jian)立、立國、發(fa)展(zhan)、創(chuang)立帝業這一發(fa)展(zhan)順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu),對秦人歷(li)史(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)進程有重大貢獻的先祖烈(lie)公及始皇帝的重大歷(li)史(shi)(shi)事跡(ji)進行了歌(ge)頌。既歌(ge)古也(ye)頌今,用詩(shi)歌(ge)描(miao)繪出(chu)(chu)一幅(fu)(fu)幅(fu)(fu)形象生(sheng)動的秦人創(chuang)業發(fa)展(zhan)的歷(li)史(shi)(shi)畫卷。因此,在弄清各(ge)鼓詩(shi)篇的內容(rong)和(he)中心思(si)想(xiang)之后,按事件(jian)早晚發(fa)生(sheng)的時(shi)間順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu)排列出(chu)(chu)石鼓詩(shi)歌(ge)所(suo)記載(zai)和(he)歌(ge)頌的秦人起源、創(chuang)業和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)(guo)程中的各(ge)個歷(li)史(shi)(shi)大事,而鼓次順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu)也(ye)就自然(ran)排列出(chu)(chu)來了。
1、《馬(ma)薦》詩(shi)篇歌頌的是秦祖非子牧馬(ma)建秦、復續嬴氏(shi)祀(si)之事(shi),關鍵時間點(dian)為公元前897年(nian)非子復續嬴氏(shi)祀(si)之時;
2、《汧殹(yi)》詩篇(pian)歌頌的是秦(qin)襄(xiang)公封侯始國之(zhi)事,關鍵時(shi)間點為(wei)公元前770年襄(xiang)公始國之(zhi)時(shi);
3、《霝雨》詩篇(pian)歌頌的是(shi)秦(qin)文公(gong)伐戎遷(qian)汧(qian)建(jian)都之(zhi)事,關(guan)鍵時間點為文公(gong)三年(nian)東獵遷(qian)汧(qian)之(zhi)時,即公(gong)元前763年(nian);
4、《虞人》詩篇(pian)歌頌的是秦穆公(gong)用(yong)賢(xian)乃(nai)至稱霸西(xi)戎之事,關鍵(jian)時(shi)間點為穆公(gong)五(wu)年用(yong)虞人大夫百(bai)里奚之時(shi),即公(gong)元(yuan)前655年;
5、《作原(yuan)》詩篇歌頌的是(shi)秦(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)變法和遷都咸陽(yang)(yang)之事,關(guan)鍵時(shi)間點為孝公(gong)(gong)十二(er)年遷都咸陽(yang)(yang)之時(shi),即公(gong)(gong)元前350年;
6、《鑾車》詩(shi)篇歌頌“天子(zi)致(zhi)伯”秦孝(xiao)公之(zhi)事,關鍵時間點為(wei)孝(xiao)公十九年(nian)天子(zi)致(zhi)伯孝(xiao)公之(zhi)時,即公元前343年(nian);
7、《田車》詩篇歌頌秦惠文王使張儀取陜打開東擴要道之(zhi)事(shi),關鍵時(shi)間(jian)點為(wei)惠文君(jun)十三年使張儀取陜之(zhi)時(shi),即公元前324年;
8、《而(er)師》詩篇通(tong)過歌頌“天子致胙”秦惠(hui)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)以(yi)及嗣王(wang)(wang)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)始國之事,關鍵(jian)時間(jian)點為武(wu)王(wang)(wang)元年始國之時,即(ji)公元前310年;
9、《吾車》詩篇(pian)歌頌秦昭襄(xiang)王定(ding)蜀之事,關鍵時間點(dian)為昭襄(xiang)王六年(nian)司馬錯定(ding)蜀之時,即公元前301年(nian);
10、《吾(wu)水》詩篇歌(ge)頌始(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)統一天下(xia),“收天下(xia)之兵,聚之咸陽,銷以為鍾鐻,金人(ren)十(shi)二(er)”,至天下(xia)太平之事,時間應不(bu)早于(yu)始(shi)皇(huang)二(er)十(shi)六年兼(jian)并六國之時,即(ji)公元前221年。
參(can)考(kao)羅君(jun)惕測石(shi)鼓(gu)數據,按石(shi)鼓(gu)《秦頌》時(shi)間發生順序排列(lie)結果如(ru)下:
1、《馬(ma)薦》,高一尺六(liu)寸(cun),圍六(liu)尺八寸(cun)。頌(song)秦非子事跡鼓。實最(zui)小、最(zui)矮。
2、《汧殹》,高二(er)尺一寸,圍六尺三寸。頌秦襄公事(shi)跡鼓。
3、《霝雨》,高(gao)二尺一寸,圍六尺八寸。頌(song)秦文公(gong)事跡鼓(gu)。
4、《虞(yu)人》,高二(er)尺一寸(cun),圍六尺三(san)寸(cun)。頌秦(qin)穆公(gong)事跡鼓(gu)。
5、《作原》,殘高一尺(chi)五寸,圍六尺(chi)八(ba)寸。頌秦孝公事跡鼓。
6、《鑾(luan)車》,高二(er)尺,圍七尺三寸。頌秦孝公事(shi)跡鼓。
7、《田車》,高一(yi)尺八寸(cun),圍六(liu)尺四(si)寸(cun)。頌秦(qin)惠文王事跡鼓。
8、《而師(shi)》,高二(er)尺二(er)寸,圍(wei)六尺七寸。頌秦惠文王與武王事跡鼓(gu)。
9、《吾(wu)車(che)》,高一尺七寸,圍六尺六寸。頌秦昭襄王事(shi)跡(ji)鼓。
10、《吾水》,高二尺九寸(cun),圍七尺八寸(cun)。頌(song)始皇帝事跡鼓。實最大。最高。
以上資料來源(yuan)于劉星、劉牧《石鼓詩文復原譯釋(shi)》
《鑾車》鼓(gu)“□弓孔碩,彤(tong)矢□=”之(zhi)“彤(tong)”字。孔傳曰:“諸(zhu)侯(hou)有(you)大功,賜弓矢,然后專征
伐(fa)。彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓以(yi)講(jiang)德習射,藏(zang)示(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孫(sun)”。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)記·齊太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家》記載(zai):齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“三十五年夏,會諸(zhu)(zhu)侯于(yu)(yu)葵丘。周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)使(shi)宰孔(kong)賜桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)武胙、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓矢(shi)(shi)、大(da)輅”等(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻資料。具(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)表明“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢(shi)(shi)”為(wei)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)致(zhi)霸(ba)時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信物(wu)及憑證(zheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般諸(zhu)(zhu)侯不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)得到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)品(pin)。故“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢(shi)(shi)”也(ye)就(jiu)自然而(er)(er)(er)然地成為(wei)解答石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵線(xian)索。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)人(ren)(ren)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)周(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)致(zhi)霸(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)君,因此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)將此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聯系上(shang)(shang)也(ye)就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)助于(yu)(yu)獲得了(le)對《鑾車(che)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)及石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)組(zu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心(xin)思想進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。而(er)(er)(er)多數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe)在遇到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢(shi)(shi)”這個問(wen)題時(shi),要(yao)(yao)么是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)“紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)箭”簡單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筆帶過,要(yao)(yao)么是(shi)(shi)(shi)略(lve)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)談,完(wan)全忽略(lve)了(le)“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢(shi)(shi)”真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)涵和(he)(he)意義,因而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)得他們(men)在研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路上(shang)(shang)越(yue)走越(yue)偏。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般來說,各鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)內(nei)(nei)皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵詞句提(ti)(ti)示(shi)其詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)分別與(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)密切相關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),而(er)(er)(er)這些同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)成為(wei)了(le)解讀各鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵線(xian)索。如(ru):《馬薦》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“馬薦”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)牧馬出身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)祖非子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。《汧(qian)殹(yi)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“汧(qian)”,“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)始(shi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。《霝雨(yu)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”、“涉(she)”、“汧(qian)”、“舟”、“于(yu)(yu)水(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)“以(yi)兵(bing)七百人(ren)(ren)東(dong)獵”,千里(li)跋(ba)涉(she)至汧(qian)渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)第二代(dai)(dai)(dai)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯秦(qin)(qin)(qin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。《虞人(ren)(ren)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(《吳人(ren)(ren)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu))“吳人(ren)(ren)(虞人(ren)(ren))”、“勿翦勿伐(fa)”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)用虞人(ren)(ren)大(da)夫百里(li)奚“益(yi)國(guo)(guo)十二,開地千里(li),遂霸(ba)西戎”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。《作(zuo)(zuo)原》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“猷”、“原”、“罟”、“ 二日(ri)”、“五日(ri)”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)咸(xian)陽(yang),筑冀闕(que),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)徙都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。...《吾水(shui)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”、“凈”、“平(ping)”、“寧”、“金”、“何不(bu)余友(you)”等(deng)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)六(liu)國(guo)(guo),“收天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing),聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咸(xian)陽(yang),銷以(yi)為(wei)鍾(zhong)鐻,金人(ren)(ren)十二”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)皇帝歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外、十個石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)各自鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法筆式也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)所區別,應(ying)屬于(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)書(shu)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin),這同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)解讀石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)時(shi)間、刻(ke)制(zhi)緣由(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵線(xian)索之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。但可(ke)惜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)古今幾乎所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe)皆(jie)忽略(lve)了(le)這個重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)索,基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)異口同(tong)(tong)聲地認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)書(shu)法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結果,要(yao)(yao)么是(shi)(shi)(shi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)籀,要(yao)(yao)么是(shi)(shi)(shi)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個朝代(dai)(dai)(dai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)官。即便是(shi)(shi)(shi)對于(yu)(yu)“作(zuo)(zuo)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點,也(ye)大(da)概不(bu)過多持“作(zuo)(zuo)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)、“書(shu)法”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法罷了(le)。他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頑(wan)固(gu)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏頗(po)(po),不(bu)可(ke)避免地導(dao)致(zhi)其研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)步入歧途。然而(er)(er)(er)學(xue)者(zhe)們(men)在研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頑(wan)固(gu)和(he)(he)偏頗(po)(po)不(bu)僅體現于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),在對待石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仿《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、引《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫作(zuo)(zuo)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識結果上(shang)(shang)亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說學(xue)者(zhe)們(men)雖然認(ren)識到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在體裁、章法、句式、風格(ge)、詞句,甚(shen)至韻腳等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面刻(ke)意仿《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、引《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫作(zuo)(zuo)特點。如(ru)歐陽(yang)修曰(yue):“其文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)《雅》、《頌》同(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”,朱國(guo)(guo)祚亦(yi)云:石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“仿佛吉日(ri)車(che)攻篇”,全祖望云:“于(yu)(yu)水(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang),本(ben)(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蒹葭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章。為(wei)三十里(li),見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)噫嘻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什。剪(jian)伐(fa)勿加,則甘棠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思也(ye)”。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)仍然頑(wan)固(gu)而(er)(er)(er)又偏頗(po)(po)地依據(ju)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)牽強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據(ju)將石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)(dai)劃到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)無(wu)(wu)儒(ru)”、“昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)謂(wei)(wei)儒(ru)無(wu)(wu)益(yi)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)。可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)教案,儒(ru)家教科(ke)書(shu)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)物(wu),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)西行不(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin),荀子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晚年入秦(qin)(qin)(qin)后又曰(yue)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)無(wu)(wu)儒(ru)”。因此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)年代(dai)(dai)(dai)怎么會可(ke)能(neng)早(zao)于(yu)(yu)“昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)謂(wei)(wei)儒(ru)無(wu)(wu)益(yi)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)”(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)324年~公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)251年)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)(dai)呢?
劉星、劉牧(mu)認為“對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)年代(dai)和(he)(he)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)序排列的(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)判斷,并不(bu)是對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)、書法做一點“咬文(wen)嚼字(zi)(zi)”或(huo)是對(dui)十只石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)進(jin)行一下“排列組合”等簡單操作的(de)(de)結(jie)果,其實質(zhi)是對(dui)一個“石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)綜合研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)”過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)歸納(na)和(he)(he)總結(jie)。這(zhe)個綜合研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)僅應包含(han)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)背(bei)景、文(wen)化背(bei)景等整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),同時(shi)也(ye)應包含(han)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)字(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)、字(zi)(zi)形,詩歌字(zi)(zi)義(yi)、詞義(yi)等局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。在這(zhe)個過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)是互(hu)相(xiang)聯(lian)系、密不(bu)可分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de),既可以通過(guo)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)來(lai)提高整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)(shi),也(ye)可以根據整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)指導局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。然而,切忌(ji)將整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)之間的(de)(de)聯(lian)系割裂開來(lai),孤立、片(pian)面(mian)地依據對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)、字(zi)(zi)形、詩文(wen)片(pian)段等某(mou)些(xie)局(ju)(ju)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)年代(dai)和(he)(he)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)序排列進(jin)行判斷。否則(ze),則(ze)會(hui)因不(bu)同研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)把握的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)不(bu)一,以及看問題的(de)(de)角度(du)不(bu)一,而導致(zhi)出現(xian)“盲人摸象、各說異端”的(de)(de)復雜局(ju)(ju)面(mian)。”
因此,通過對殘留之各鼓詩文內(nei)容(rong)以(yi)及文字書法等(deng)綜合的(de)分析研究他(ta)們(men)最終獲得了。
1)石鼓的(de)產生(sheng)與(yu)《史記(ji)·秦(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)本紀》記(ji)載的(de)二十(shi)八年始(shi)皇(huang)“與(yu)魯諸(zhu)儒生(sheng),議刻石頌秦(qin)德”之事密(mi)切相(xiang)關;
2)石鼓詩歌是(shi)《秦(qin)頌》,中(zhong)心思想是(shi)“頌秦(qin)德”;
3)石(shi)鼓主(zhu)倡人(ren)是(shi)始(shi)皇帝;
4)石(shi)鼓詩歌作(zuo)者是“魯諸儒生”;
5)石鼓詩(shi)歌(ge)內容是對秦(qin)(qin)人歷史發(fa)展進程(cheng)有(you)重大貢獻和(he)影(ying)響的“多(duo)個”秦(qin)(qin)人先祖(zu)烈(lie)公重大歷史事跡的記載和(he)歌(ge)頌,石鼓詩(shi)歌(ge)是一組記錄秦(qin)(qin)人起源和(he)發(fa)展過程(cheng)的壯麗史詩(shi);
6)石鼓產生(sheng)在(zai)二(er)十八年始(shi)皇與魯諸儒生(sheng)“議(yi)刻石頌秦德(de)”之后一段時間可能性極(ji)大;
7)石(shi)鼓最終被棄置荒野而其詩(shi)不(bu)見流傳后世與(yu)“焚書坑儒”案有緊(jin)密關聯等認識和看法。
由于篇幅所限,不能詳盡之處請(qing)參閱國家社科項目劉(liu)星、劉(liu)牧著(zhu)述《石鼓詩文(wen)復原譯釋》 。
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),唐(tang)代(dai)就(jiu)有(you)(you),根據唐(tang)代(dai)詩人(ren)(ren)韋應物(wu)題(ti)贊石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)的(de)詩句“今(jin)人(ren)(ren)濡紙脫其(qi)文(wen),既擊(ji)既掃黑白(bai)分”和(he)韓愈的(de)“公(gong)從何處得紙本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),毫發盡備無差訛(e)”都(dou)證實了這一(yi)(yi)點,而(er)且拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)質量很高,但(dan)沒有(you)(you)流傳下來(lai)。到了宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai),唐(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)已經(jing)不太(tai)容易找到,而(er)且原石(shi)(shi)閱世(shi)(shi)已久(jiu),殘(can)缺過半(ban),造成了后(hou)(hou)世(shi)(shi)的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)字(zi)(zi)數(shu)不一(yi)(yi)。如歐(ou)陽文(wen)忠公(gong)見(jian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)六十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),趙夔(kui)見(jian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),胡世(shi)(shi)將見(jian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)四(si)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),孫巨源見(jian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),吾丘衍見(jian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),此(ci)后(hou)(hou)的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)多為三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。安(an)(an)國所藏(zang)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)宋(song)(song)(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),在道光年(nian)(nian)間,錫山(shan)安(an)(an)國后(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)分產(chan)時,于(yu)(yu)家中(zhong)折售的(de)藏(zang)書閣(ge)——天香閣(ge)的(de)房(fang)梁上面(mian)發現(xian)了一(yi)(yi)共石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)十(shi)(shi)冊,其(qi)中(zhong)就(jiu)有(you)(you)被(bei)(bei)明(ming)代(dai)藏(zang)書家兼印刻家“桂坡老(lao)人(ren)(ren)”安(an)(an)國稱(cheng)為“神物(wu)獲得,垂諸百(bai)(bai)(bai)世(shi)(shi)”的(de)三(san)大拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),其(qi)中(zhong)《先(xian)(xian)鋒(feng)》本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)最(zui)古老(lao),《后(hou)(hou)勁》是(shi)北宋(song)(song)(song)大觀建(jian)貢本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),時間晚(wan)于(yu)(yu)《先(xian)(xian)鋒(feng)》,而(er)《中(zhong)權》是(shi)北宋(song)(song)(song)政和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)賜本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),時代(dai)最(zui)晚(wan)。抗戰前(qian),此(ci)三(san)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)被(bei)(bei)民國秦文(wen)錦售給日本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)東京財閥三(san)井銀行老(lao)板河井荃廬氏(shi)。此(ci)外,社(she)會上所流傳的(de)早期拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)有(you)(you)北宋(song)(song)(song)的(de)《先(xian)(xian)鋒(feng)》、《中(zhong)權》、《后(hou)(hou)勁》三(san)種,其(qi)中(zhong)天一(yi)(yi)閣(ge)藏(zang)北宋(song)(song)(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)存四(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)字(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)為最(zui)。由(you)清代(dai)乾隆年(nian)(nian)間張燕昌摹刻后(hou)(hou),才被(bei)(bei)人(ren)(ren)熟知。咸豐十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元1860年(nian)(nian))原拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)毀于(yu)(yu)兵災,失傳,現(xian)只(zhi)能(neng)見(jian)到郭沫若30年(nian)(nian)代(dai)在日本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)收(shou)集的(de)此(ci)三(san)種拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)照片。安(an)(an)國所藏(zang)的(de)宋(song)(song)(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)《先(xian)(xian)鋒(feng)》本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),舊(jiu)商務印書館、文(wen)物(wu)出版(ban)社(she)有(you)(you)影印本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),收(shou)在郭沫若所著《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)研究》一(yi)(yi)書中(zhong)。
上海藝苑真賞社、日本(ben)鳹 堂有《中權》本(ben)影印(yin)(yin)本(ben)。中華(hua)書(shu)局、日本(ben)二玄社出(chu)版(ban)的(de)《書(shu)跡名品叢刊(kan)》中,有《后勁》本(ben)影印(yin)(yin)本(ben)。上海書(shu)畫出(chu)版(ban)社《書(shu)法》1984年第三期,也刊(kan)有石鼓文的(de)宋拓(tuo)影印(yin)(yin)本(ben)。
石鼓為中國(guo)第一古物,亦為書家第一法則,具有很高的文(wen)史價值(zhi)和藝(yi)術收藏價值(zhi)。
石鼓(gu)文對后世的(de)書法與繪(hui)畫藝術有(you)著非常重大的(de)影響,不少(shao)杰出的(de)書畫家如:
楊沂孫、吳大澄、吳昌碩、朱宣咸、王(wang)福庵等都長期研究石(shi)鼓文藝術(shu),并將其作為自己書法藝術(shu)的重要養分,進而融入(ru)進自己的繪畫藝術(shu)之中。
《石鼓文(wen)》是(shi)我國現(xian)存最早的石刻文(wen)字。也是(shi)古(gu)今書法家最為敬重的“圓(yuan)筆書”圣典。
古(gu)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)學者(zhe)、書(shu)畫家(jia)熊(xiong)國英于(yu)2009年,以(yi)其(qi)寬闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)眼界、深(shen)(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術修養和精準(zhun)地造型能力、對《石鼓文(wen)(wen)》(古(gu)帖)上(shang)殘泐不全的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)進行了(le)精心(xin)修補。修復殘字(zi)100余個、補齊(qi)了(le)缺失的(de)(de)(de)空字(zi)113個、使(shi)見到的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)拓(tuo)本的(de)(de)(de)完整字(zi)數由272字(zi)升至近500字(zi)。并用首創的(de)(de)(de)“墨彩書(shu)”技(ji)法逐字(zi)填金(jin)、終(zhong)于(yu)再現了(le)石鼓文(wen)(wen)久(jiu)違的(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)氣象、使(shi)讀者(zhe)終(zhong)能一睹《石鼓文(wen)(wen)》宋(song)時的(de)(de)(de)輝(hui)煌。其(qi)深(shen)(shen)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)歷史意義(yi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)出了(le)書(shu)法藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)范疇(chou)!