酉(you)陽自(zi)治縣是中(zhong)國(guo)土(tu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)擺手舞之鄉,2014-2016年度(du)“中(zhong)國(guo)民間(jian)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)術之鄉(擺手舞)”,是武陵山區(qu)(渝(yu)東南)土(tu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)族苗(miao)(miao)族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)核(he)心區(qu)。全(quan)(quan)縣有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)非(fei)遺(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)3項(xiang)(xiang),市(shi)級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)14項(xiang)(xiang),縣級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)198項(xiang)(xiang),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)級(ji)、市(shi)級(ji)“非(fei)遺(yi)”傳(chuan)承(cheng)人共37人。爭創(chuang)市(shi)級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)傳(chuan)承(cheng)教(jiao)育(yu)學(xue)校兩(liang)個(酉(you)陽四中(zhong)、可大新溪小學(xue)),市(shi)級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)基(ji)地(di)(di)兩(liang)個(里(li)都文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)播有(you)(you)限(xian)責任公司、酉(you)陽子月(yue)苗(miao)(miao)族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)播有(you)(you)限(xian)責任公司)。以(yi)上數(shu)據在(zai)渝(yu)東南各區(qu)縣中(zhong)名(ming)列首位(wei)。有(you)(you)市(shi)級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)基(ji)地(di)(di)2個,市(shi)級(ji)非(fei)遺(yi)教(jiao)育(yu)傳(chuan)承(cheng)基(ji)地(di)(di)2個。全(quan)(quan)縣有(you)(you)各級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)122處(chu)。其(qi)中(zhong)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)級(ji)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei) 2處(chu),市(shi)級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)12 處(chu)23個點。有(you)(you)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名(ming)鎮1個,重(zhong)慶市(shi)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名(ming)鎮2個,中(zhong)國(guo)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名(ming)村1個。
民間歌(ge)謠是人(ren)類(lei)(lei)最古老的(de)藝術(shu)創(chuang)作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),她是伴隨著勞動的(de)呼(hu)聲,在人(ren)類(lei)(lei)的(de)遠古產生(sheng)的(de)。她的(de)產生(sheng)具有(you)深刻的(de)歷(li)史文化(hua)內涵,可以說歌(ge)謠和勞動是一(yi)對雙生(sheng)子(zi)。《詩大(da)序》云:“詩者(zhe),志(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,在心(xin)為志(zhi),發言為詩,情動于中而形于言,言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu),故(gu)(gu)嗟(jie)嘆(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。嗟(jie)嘆(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu),故(gu)(gu)詠歌(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),詠歌(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu),不知手之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)足(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蹈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也”。這段話形象地道出了人(ren)類(lei)(lei)最初歌(ge)舞的(de)由來。
酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)風(feng)(feng)古樸,文化底蘊深厚,民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)是各(ge)族(zu)群眾(zhong)喜聞(wen)樂見的(de)藝術形(xing)式(shi),她在節日喜慶、婚喪祭祀等(deng)活動(dong)中(zhong)都(dou)明顯(xian)地(di)(di)表(biao)現出來。故酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)州(zhou)志有(you)“土人面對篝火歌(ge)(ge)(ge)舞膜(mo)拜以(yi)祀神”的(de)記載。酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)處古代(dai)五溪之(zhi)(zhi)首的(de)酉(you)(you)溪地(di)(di)帶,屬(shu)九溪十八(ba)峒的(de)原(yuan)始(shi)部落(luo),因此(ci),最初的(de)酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)具有(you)很(hen)強的(de)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)性(xing)和原(yuan)生(sheng)性(xing)。歷史上,至少(shao)有(you)兩次重(zhong)大(da)事件的(de)發生(sheng)曾改(gai)變了酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)原(yuan)始(shi)風(feng)(feng)格:其一,南宋時(shi)期(qi),為(wei)鎮壓金頭和尚起義,冉守忠自夔州(zhou)率兵(bing)來酉(you)(you)平(ping)叛,后鎮守酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)并由(you)冉氏世(shi)襲(xi)知州(zhou),此(ci)為(wei)酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)土司(si)制之(zhi)(zhi)始(shi),由(you)于夔州(zhou)屬(shu)巴郡,因此(ci)給酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)輸入(ru)了“巴音”的(de)影響,使酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)原(yuan)始(shi)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)風(feng)(feng)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)一變;其二,清雍正十三年(1735年),酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厲行改(gai)土歸流(liu),廢除了“漢不(bu)入(ru)境、蠻不(bu)出峒”的(de)禁令,大(da)量(liang)漢人及(ji)漢族(zu)流(liu)官(guan)遷酉(you)(you)甚多(duo),同時(shi)引(yin)入(ru)了大(da)量(liang)的(de)漢文化,使漢族(zu)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)謠與(yu)酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)原(yuan)始(shi)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)融合一體,基本上形(xing)成(cheng)了現今酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)基本架構。加之(zhi)(zhi)酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)域遼闊,地(di)(di)勢復雜,與(yu)湖南、湖北、貴州(zhou)等(deng)省相互(hu)接壤(rang),酉(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)在傳承上也形(xing)成(cheng)了“你中(zhong)有(you)我,我中(zhong)有(you)你”的(de)復雜局(ju)面。
酉陽民(min)歌植根于酉陽這片深深的(de)沃(wo)土,民(min)歌是(shi)發自人(ren)民(min)群(qun)(qun)眾內心的(de)聲音,感情(qing)(qing)深刻而真摯(zhi),藝(yi)術(shu)表現鮮(xian)明生(sheng)動(dong),經過千百人(ren)的(de)流傳、淘汰和加工,具(ju)有很強的(de)藝(yi)術(shu)感染力。從歌詞上看,酉陽民(min)歌中(zhong)的(de)藝(yi)術(shu)情(qing)(qing)感不僅(jin)真摯(zhi),而且深刻。由于人(ren)民(min)群(qun)(qun)眾最熟悉生(sheng)活,對(dui)生(sheng)活有深刻的(de)體驗和認識,能在(zai)(zai)民(min)歌中(zhong)表現出生(sheng)活的(de)本(ben)質(zhi),一針見(jian)血,其(qi)藝(yi)術(shu)概括力之強,令人(ren)驚異,如(ru)”看見(jian)太(tai)(tai)陽要落坡,我和情(qing)(qing)妹唱山歌,搓根樹藤(teng)甩上去,吊(diao)住太(tai)(tai)陽不準落“中(zhong)的(de)”樹藤(teng)“和”吊(diao)“字的(de)運用寓意(yi)深長(chang),一語雙關,包(bao)含了許多(duo)(duo)男歡女愛(ai)的(de)內在(zai)(zai)情(qing)(qing)感;從曲(qu)調(diao)(diao)上看,酉陽民(min)歌種(zhong)類繁(fan)多(duo)(duo),曲(qu)調(diao)(diao)豐富、優(you)美、流暢。大多(duo)(duo)是(shi)自由體山歌和小調(diao)(diao),以(yi)宮(gong)調(diao)(diao)式、征(zheng)調(diao)(diao)式、羽(yu)調(diao)(diao)式為主,其(qi)旋(xuan)律(lv)結構(gou)大多(duo)(duo)屬民(min)族民(min)間(jian)五(wu)聲調(diao)(diao)式范(fan)疇(chou),以(yi)單段體為主,在(zai)(zai)某(mou)些”勞動(dong)號子(zi)“中(zhong)也會出現一些不規則的(de)”和聲“結構(gou),聽后感覺十分親切。
不管(guan)是(shi)從藝(yi)術內容(rong)還是(shi)從藝(yi)術形式看,酉陽(yang)民歌都是(shi)頗具特色的(de)民族民間藝(yi)術形式,她情深意(yi)切(qie),深入(ru)淺出(chu),短小精悍(han),生動活潑(po),形象鮮(xian)明,音韻自(zi)然(ran)瑯(lang)瑯(lang)上口,風(feng)格樸素剛健清新(xin),具有豐富的(de)藝(yi)術感(gan)染力(li)和想象力(li),在人們創造歷史和改變自(zi)然(ran)的(de)實踐活動中(zhong),酉陽(yang)民歌必將發揮她不容(rong)忽視的(de)重要作用。
酉(you)陽(yang)民歌(ge)是一個民族(zu)(zu)歷史的(de)活(huo)化(hua)石(shi),作為土家族(zu)(zu)苗族(zu)(zu)集聚地的(de)酉(you)陽(yang),民族(zu)(zu)文化(hua)底(di)蘊厚(hou)重,民族(zu)(zu)風情濃郁(yu)獨特(te),在(zai)歷史文化(hua)備受關(guan)注(zhu),傳承意義重大。