2000年,內蒙(meng)古(呼和(he)(he)浩特(te))大青(qing)山自然保(bao)護區(qu)管(guan)理局依據《呼和(he)(he)浩特(te)市(shi)人(ren)民(min)政府第58次常委(wei)會議(yi)紀要》(常務會議(yi)〔2000〕13號),并經呼和(he)(he)浩特(te)市(shi)編委(wei)批復而成立。
2008年1月經(jing)國(guo)務(wu)院批準晉升為國(guo)家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區。
大青山自(zi)然保護區(qu)在東經(jing)109°47′—112°17′,北緯(wei)40°34′—41°14′之間。
大(da)青山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護區屬陰山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體。西(xi)至包頭昆(kun)都倫河,東至呼和(he)浩(hao)特大(da)黑河上游谷地。東西(xi)長240多(duo)公里(li),南北寬20~60公里(li),海拔1800~2000米,主(zhu)峰大(da)青山(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔2338米。巖石主(zhu)要(yao)由太古(gu)代(dai)、元(yuan)古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)片麻(ma)巖、大(da)理巖、石英巖和(he)古(gu)生代(dai)、中生代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)砂頁巖、礫巖所組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。大(da)青山(shan)(shan)(shan)南北坡(po)(po)明顯不對(dui)稱(cheng),北坡(po)(po)平緩,剝蝕(shi)殘余的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)和(he)盆(pen)地交錯分布(bu)(bu),逐(zhu)漸與(yu)內蒙古(gu)高原連在一起;南坡(po)(po)陡峭,為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)構造(zao)斷(duan)塊(kuai)地形(xing),斷(duan)層崖被侵(qin)蝕(shi)切割,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一系列斷(duan)裂三角面,形(xing)勢險峻。山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓(lu)分布(bu)(bu)有侵(qin)蝕(shi)殘余的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)溝(gou),雨后洪(hong)流破山(shan)(shan)(shan)而出,造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)復(fu)式帶狀洪(hong)積扇(shan)裙(qun)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)溝(gou)為(wei)流水侵(qin)蝕(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)寬谷后,往(wang)往(wang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)前山(shan)(shan)(shan)與(yu)后山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)交通孔道。
大青山(shan)國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區氣候(hou)為(wei)暖溫(wen)帶季(ji)風大陸型氣候(hou),四季(ji)分明,雨量(liang)(liang)充沛,氣侯溫(wen)和,全(quan)年(nian)平均氣溫(wen)14.1℃,極端最(zui)高氣溫(wen)36.5℃,最(zui)低(di)氣溫(wen)-11.1℃,年(nian)降水量(liang)(liang)849毫(hao)米,全(quan)年(nian)無霜期200天以上。
大青山(shan)(shan)國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)土(tu)壤為山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)栗鈣土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)典型棕褐土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)淋溶褐土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)草(cao)甸草(cao)原土(tu)。北麓山(shan)(shan)間盆(pen)地(di)(di)和灘(tan)川地(di)(di)的水土(tu)條(tiao)件(jian)較好,耕(geng)地(di)(di)擴展很快,上限已達海拔1850米。
大(da)青(qing)(qing)山(shan)國(guo)家級(ji)自然保護區(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)388577公(gong)頃,其中核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)114038公(gong)頃,緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)85121公(gong)頃,實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)189418公(gong)頃。東(dong)以(yi)(yi)烏蘭察(cha)布市(shi)卓資縣(xian)上(shang)高(gao)臺林(lin)場(chang)的(de)東(dong)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie);南(nan)從大(da)西(xi)溝(gou)沿(yan)林(lin)班線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)哈拉沁溝(gou),沿(yan)溝(gou)東(dong)坡山(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)北至(zhi)(zhi)卯獨慶,再(zai)沿(yan)山(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)哈拉沁溝(gou)口,沿(yan)大(da)青(qing)(qing)山(shan)南(nan)麓山(shan)腳(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou)門,沿(yan)林(lin)班線(xian)(xian)(xian)再(zai)至(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)九峰、天林(lin)背,沿(yan)鄧沙(sha)溝(gou)、納令(ling)溝(gou)至(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)山(shan)灣,再(zai)沿(yan)五(wu)當召林(lin)場(chang)南(nan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)至(zhi)(zhi)昆(kun)都侖(lun)河(he)谷;西(xi)以(yi)(yi)昆(kun)都侖(lun)河(he)谷為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie);北以(yi)(yi)烏蘭察(cha)布市(shi)上(shang)高(gao)臺林(lin)場(chang)的(de)北界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),向(xiang)西(xi)以(yi)(yi)呼和浩特市(shi)武川縣(xian)五(wu)道溝(gou)林(lin)場(chang)、武川縣(xian)井爾溝(gou)林(lin)場(chang)、武川縣(xian)五(wu)家村林(lin)場(chang)的(de)北界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)直至(zhi)(zhi)李二溝(gou),向(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)馬鞍(an)山(shan)、后黑沙(sha)、三(san)岔(cha)口、大(da)敖包山(shan)、后店、五(wu)分(fen)子(zi)、小七號,沿(yan)白彥溝(gou)林(lin)場(chang)北界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)再(zai)向(xiang)西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)昆(kun)都侖(lun)河(he)谷止。
大青(qing)(qing)山國家級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區主要保護(hu)對象為:①以青(qing)(qing)海云杉、白杄(qian)、青(qing)(qing)杄(qian)、側柏等分布(bu)邊緣物(wu)種(zhong)群落為代表的山地森林、灌叢(cong)—草原生態(tai)系統。②物(wu)種(zhong)多樣性(xing)及瀕危珍稀物(wu)種(zhong)。③保護(hu)山體,涵養水源。
大青山國家級自然(ran)保護區屬于“自然(ran)生態系統類(lei)(lei)”,森林類(lei)(lei)型(森林、灌叢—草原)超大型自然(ran)保護區。
截至2013年,據統(tong)計保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)852種(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)127科(ke)422屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),其中(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)736種(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)88科(ke)348屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),分(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)、屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、種(zhong)數的69.3%、82.5%、86.4%;蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)19種(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)9科(ke)12屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)7.1%、2.8%、2.2%;苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)97種(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)30科(ke)62屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),分(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)(zhan)23.6%、14.7%、11.4%。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)有(you)野生(sheng)真(zhen)菌(jun)157種(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于2亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門3綱13目(mu)42科(ke)88屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)157種(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)子囊菌(jun)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門有(you)4目(mu)7科(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)8種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)大(da)型真(zhen)菌(jun)科(ke)、屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、種(zhong)的16.7%,9.1%,5.1%;擔子菌(jun)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門有(you)9目(mu)35科(ke)80屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)149種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)(zhan)83.3%,90.9%,94.9%。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在內蒙古植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃中(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于歐亞(ya)(ya)(ya)草(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)—亞(ya)(ya)(ya)洲(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)部亞(ya)(ya)(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu),由(you)于同時受(shou)歐亞(ya)(ya)(ya)草(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)闊葉林植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的影響和(he)滲透(tou),許多植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)在本區(qu)(qu)(qu)內相互交(jiao)迭,從而大(da)大(da)豐富了這個地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)地(di)理(li)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)以(yi)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、華(hua)北(bei)(bei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)及達烏里—蒙古成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為主,并混有(you)泛北(bei)(bei)極成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、古北(bei)(bei)極成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、東(dong)古北(bei)(bei)極成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、亞(ya)(ya)(ya)洲(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)部區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)等,并在不同海拔高度形成(cheng)了兼有(you)華(hua)北(bei)(bei)特(te)色及蒙古草(cao)原成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的山(shan)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)垂直分(fen)(fen)(fen)布。
截至2013年(nian),初步查明(ming)保護區脊椎動物有218種(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于24目(mu)55科123屬(shu)(shu)(shu),其中獸類有33種(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于6目(mu)12科25屬(shu)(shu)(shu);鳥類有173種(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于15目(mu)37科89屬(shu)(shu)(shu);兩棲(qi)爬(pa)行(xing)類有12種(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于3目(mu)6科8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。
該(gai)保護區(qu)(qu)共有景(jing)(jing)源129處(chu)(chu),其中特級景(jing)(jing)源16處(chu)(chu),一級景(jing)(jing)源58處(chu)(chu),二級景(jing)(jing)源28處(chu)(chu),三級景(jing)(jing)源27處(chu)(chu)。具體說該(gai)區(qu)(qu)有“三絕”、“三妙”。
三絕:
象形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)神石(shi)(shi)——象形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)多,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態逼真,天(tian)下一(yi)絕(jue)。神仙上頭坐、群獸(shou)滿(man)山跑,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態各異、一(yi)石(shi)(shi)三景。著(zhu)名的有鷹(ying)石(shi)(shi)、蛇石(shi)(shi)、龜石(shi)(shi)、蛙石(shi)(shi)、天(tian)犬石(shi)(shi)、雙熊石(shi)(shi)、姥姥姥爺石(shi)(shi)……,個(ge)個(ge)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)神兼(jian)備。
峰(feng)林(lin)(lin)——峰(feng)峰(feng)崢嶸,各(ge)顯風(feng)姿,美如(ru)國畫。青山峰(feng)林(lin)(lin)以奇險(xian)著(zhu)稱于(yu)世,花(hua)崗巖(yan)巖(yan)體所(suo)構成的(de)山峰(feng)極(ji)其陡峭(qiao)、巍峨(e)!東西兩側(ce)似刀削斧劈,絕壁(bi)之下(xia)如(ru)臨萬丈深淵。青山峰(feng)林(lin)(lin)處處崢嶸,連綿不絕,在蒼穹之下(xia)顯得突兀、險(xian)峻、靈秀、深沉(chen)。山有山形,巖(yan)有巖(yan)相(xiang);千峰(feng)顯態,峰(feng)峰(feng)爭(zheng)奇。
冰臼——冰臼成群,種類繁多,姿(zi)態萬千,形神俱備。
三妙:
高(gao)山草甸疏林(lin),喬灌交(jiao)織(zhi)、郁郁蔥蔥、春花秋色、景美迷人。青山景區(qu)共有高(gao)等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)926種,分屬(shu)于103科,406屬(shu),青山植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)季(ji)相變化鮮明(ming),春天(tian)野果樹吐白(bai)凝紅,漫坡杜鵑花姹紫(zi)嫣紅;夏天(tian)百(bai)花競放、青山蒼翠;秋天(tian)楓葉如火(huo)、白(bai)樺鋪金、山果掛紅;冬季(ji)雪壓(ya)枝頭,銀裝素裹(guo)。
草(cao)甸,高(gao)山(shan)草(cao)甸、群峰(feng)環繞(rao)、綠草(cao)如茵、繁花似錦青(qing)山(shan)草(cao)木(mu)植(zhi)被豐(feng)富(fu),空間開合變化(hua)、遠景、中景、近景搭配合理(li)。青(qing)山(shan)也是野生(sheng)動(dong)物的(de)棲居(ju)場所。鳥類(lei)已知有17目36科155種。大(da)鴇、鷹、隼等在(zai)空中盡情翱(ao)翔(xiang)。獸類(lei)有7目(類(lei))17科68種,馬鹿、狍子、野豬(zhu)、狐貍、沙狐、黃鼠狼(lang)、艾虎(hu)、蒙(meng)古兔(tu)等隨處(chu)可見(jian)。
大青(qing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區境內的陰山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈,它東與冀北(bei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地銜(xian)接,西與賀蘭山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)大山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馬鬃山(shan)(shan)(shan)相(xiang)通,構成(cheng)了一條(tiao)環內亞干旱(han)、半干旱(han)區南緣(yuan)的生(sheng)態交錯(cuo)帶(dai)。這(zhe)條(tiao)生(sheng)態交錯(cuo)帶(dai)在中國北(bei)方草原區占據了一個獨(du)特的生(sheng)態區域,成(cheng)為干旱(han)、半干旱(han)區森林島嶼和諸多(duo)大型動物活動帶(dai),在維護(hu)和保(bao)持(chi)內亞荒漠草原生(sheng)態穩定性,涵(han)養水源(yuan)、保(bao)持(chi)水土(tu),屏護(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)前河(he)套平(ping)原乃至華北(bei)平(ping)原具(ju)有重要的意(yi)義。