2000年,內(nei)蒙古(呼和浩特)大青(qing)山自(zi)然保護區管理局依據《呼和浩特市(shi)人民政府第(di)58次常委會議紀(ji)要》(常務(wu)會議〔2000〕13號),并經呼和浩特市(shi)編(bian)委批(pi)復而成立。
2008年1月經國務院批(pi)準晉升為國家級(ji)自(zi)然保護區。
大(da)青山自然保護(hu)區在東經109°47′—112°17′,北緯40°34′—41°14′之間。
大青山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護區(qu)屬陰山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈的(de)(de)(de)主體。西至包頭昆都倫河,東至呼和浩特大黑河上游谷(gu)地。東西長240多公里,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬20~60公里,海拔1800~2000米,主峰大青山(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔2338米。巖(yan)石(shi)主要由太古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)、元古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)片麻巖(yan)、大理巖(yan)、石(shi)英巖(yan)和古(gu)(gu)生代(dai)(dai)(dai)、中生代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)砂頁巖(yan)、礫巖(yan)所組(zu)成(cheng)。大青山(shan)(shan)(shan)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)坡(po)明顯(xian)不對稱(cheng),北(bei)(bei)坡(po)平緩,剝(bo)蝕殘(can)余的(de)(de)(de)低山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵(ling)和盆地交錯(cuo)分布,逐漸與內蒙古(gu)(gu)高原連(lian)在一(yi)起(qi);南(nan)坡(po)陡峭,為(wei)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)構造斷塊地形,斷層崖被侵蝕切割,形成(cheng)一(yi)系列(lie)斷裂(lie)三角面,形勢險峻。山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓分布有(you)侵蝕殘(can)余的(de)(de)(de)低山(shan)(shan)(shan)和眾多的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)溝(gou),雨后洪(hong)流破山(shan)(shan)(shan)而出(chu),造成(cheng)復式帶狀洪(hong)積扇裙。山(shan)(shan)(shan)溝(gou)為(wei)流水(shui)侵蝕成(cheng)為(wei)寬谷(gu)后,往(wang)往(wang)形成(cheng)前山(shan)(shan)(shan)與后山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)交通孔道。
大青山國家級(ji)自然保護區(qu)氣(qi)(qi)候為暖溫帶季(ji)風(feng)大陸型(xing)氣(qi)(qi)候,四季(ji)分明,雨量充沛,氣(qi)(qi)侯溫和,全年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫14.1℃,極端最高氣(qi)(qi)溫36.5℃,最低氣(qi)(qi)溫-11.1℃,年(nian)降水量849毫米,全年(nian)無霜期200天以上。
大青山(shan)(shan)(shan)國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區土(tu)壤(rang)為山(shan)(shan)(shan)地栗鈣土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)(shan)地典型棕褐土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)(shan)地淋溶褐土(tu)─山(shan)(shan)(shan)地草甸(dian)草原土(tu)。北麓山(shan)(shan)(shan)間盆地和灘川地的(de)水(shui)土(tu)條(tiao)件較好,耕地擴展很快(kuai),上限(xian)已達海拔1850米(mi)。
大(da)青(qing)山(shan)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護(hu)區總面(mian)積(ji)388577公(gong)頃,其中核心(xin)區面(mian)積(ji)114038公(gong)頃,緩沖區面(mian)積(ji)85121公(gong)頃,實(shi)驗區面(mian)積(ji)189418公(gong)頃。東以烏(wu)蘭(lan)(lan)察布市卓資縣(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)高臺(tai)(tai)林(lin)場的東界(jie)為(wei)界(jie);南(nan)從(cong)大(da)西溝(gou)(gou)沿(yan)林(lin)班(ban)線(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西至哈(ha)(ha)拉(la)沁(qin)溝(gou)(gou),沿(yan)溝(gou)(gou)東坡(po)山(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)至卯獨慶,再(zai)沿(yan)山(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)至哈(ha)(ha)拉(la)沁(qin)溝(gou)(gou)口,沿(yan)大(da)青(qing)山(shan)南(nan)麓山(shan)腳(jiao)線(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西至溝(gou)(gou)門,沿(yan)林(lin)班(ban)線(xian)再(zai)至西九峰、天林(lin)背,沿(yan)鄧沙(sha)溝(gou)(gou)、納令溝(gou)(gou)至公(gong)山(shan)灣,再(zai)沿(yan)五(wu)當召林(lin)場南(nan)界(jie)線(xian)至昆都侖(lun)河谷(gu);西以昆都侖(lun)河谷(gu)為(wei)界(jie);北(bei)以烏(wu)蘭(lan)(lan)察布市上(shang)(shang)高臺(tai)(tai)林(lin)場的北(bei)界(jie)為(wei)界(jie),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西以呼和(he)浩特市武(wu)川縣(xian)(xian)五(wu)道溝(gou)(gou)林(lin)場、武(wu)川縣(xian)(xian)井爾(er)溝(gou)(gou)林(lin)場、武(wu)川縣(xian)(xian)五(wu)家(jia)村(cun)林(lin)場的北(bei)界(jie)為(wei)界(jie)直至李二溝(gou)(gou),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西至馬(ma)鞍(an)山(shan)、后黑沙(sha)、三岔口、大(da)敖(ao)包山(shan)、后店、五(wu)分(fen)子、小七號,沿(yan)白彥溝(gou)(gou)林(lin)場北(bei)界(jie)線(xian)再(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西至昆都侖(lun)河谷(gu)止。
大(da)青山(shan)國家級(ji)自然保護區主(zhu)要保護對象為(wei):①以青海云杉、白杄、青杄、側柏(bo)等分布邊緣物(wu)種群(qun)落為(wei)代(dai)表的山(shan)地森林、灌叢—草原生(sheng)態系(xi)統。②物(wu)種多樣性及瀕危珍稀物(wu)種。③保護山(shan)體,涵養水源。
大青山國家(jia)級自然保護區(qu)屬于“自然生態系(xi)統(tong)類(lei)”,森林類(lei)型(xing)(森林、灌叢—草原)超大型(xing)自然保護區(qu)。
截至(zhi)2013年(nian),據統計保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)852種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)127科(ke)(ke)(ke)422屬(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)(qi)中種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)736種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)88科(ke)(ke)(ke)348屬(shu)(shu)(shu),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、種(zhong)(zhong)數的69.3%、82.5%、86.4%;蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)9科(ke)(ke)(ke)12屬(shu)(shu)(shu),占(zhan)7.1%、2.8%、2.2%;苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)97種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)30科(ke)(ke)(ke)62屬(shu)(shu)(shu),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)23.6%、14.7%、11.4%。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)有(you)野生真菌157種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于2亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門3綱13目(mu)42科(ke)(ke)(ke)88屬(shu)(shu)(shu)157種(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中子(zi)囊菌亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門有(you)4目(mu)7科(ke)(ke)(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)8種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)大(da)型真菌科(ke)(ke)(ke)、屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、種(zhong)(zhong)的16.7%,9.1%,5.1%;擔子(zi)菌亞(ya)(ya)(ya)門有(you)9目(mu)35科(ke)(ke)(ke)80屬(shu)(shu)(shu)149種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)83.3%,90.9%,94.9%。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在內蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃中屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于歐亞(ya)(ya)(ya)草(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)—亞(ya)(ya)(ya)洲(zhou)(zhou)中部亞(ya)(ya)(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),由于同時(shi)受歐亞(ya)(ya)(ya)草(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和東亞(ya)(ya)(ya)闊(kuo)葉林植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的影(ying)響和滲透,許多植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)在本區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內相互(hu)交迭,從而大(da)大(da)豐富了這個(ge)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系地理成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)以東亞(ya)(ya)(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、華北(bei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)及達烏里—蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為主,并混有(you)泛北(bei)極成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)北(bei)極成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、東古(gu)(gu)(gu)北(bei)極成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、亞(ya)(ya)(ya)洲(zhou)(zhou)中部區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)等(deng),并在不同海(hai)拔高(gao)度(du)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了兼有(you)華北(bei)特(te)色(se)及蒙古(gu)(gu)(gu)草(cao)原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的山地植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)垂直分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布。
截至(zhi)2013年,初步查明(ming)保護區脊椎動物(wu)有(you)(you)218種,隸(li)(li)屬(shu)于24目(mu)55科123屬(shu),其中獸類(lei)有(you)(you)33種,隸(li)(li)屬(shu)于6目(mu)12科25屬(shu);鳥(niao)類(lei)有(you)(you)173種,隸(li)(li)屬(shu)于15目(mu)37科89屬(shu);兩棲爬行類(lei)有(you)(you)12種,隸(li)(li)屬(shu)于3目(mu)6科8屬(shu)。
該保護區共有景源129處(chu),其中特(te)級景源16處(chu),一(yi)級景源58處(chu),二級景源28處(chu),三(san)(san)級景源27處(chu)。具體說該區有“三(san)(san)絕”、“三(san)(san)妙”。
三絕:
象(xiang)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)神石(shi)(shi)(shi)——象(xiang)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo),形(xing)態逼真,天下一絕。神仙上頭(tou)坐、群獸滿(man)山跑,形(xing)態各異(yi)、一石(shi)(shi)(shi)三景(jing)。著名的(de)有鷹石(shi)(shi)(shi)、蛇(she)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、龜(gui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、蛙石(shi)(shi)(shi)、天犬石(shi)(shi)(shi)、雙熊石(shi)(shi)(shi)、姥姥姥爺石(shi)(shi)(shi)……,個個形(xing)神兼備。
峰(feng)(feng)林——峰(feng)(feng)峰(feng)(feng)崢嶸,各(ge)顯風姿,美如(ru)國畫(hua)。青山峰(feng)(feng)林以(yi)奇(qi)(qi)險(xian)著稱于(yu)世,花崗巖(yan)巖(yan)體所(suo)構成的山峰(feng)(feng)極其陡峭、巍峨(e)!東西(xi)兩側(ce)似刀削斧(fu)劈,絕壁(bi)之(zhi)下如(ru)臨萬丈深淵。青山峰(feng)(feng)林處(chu)處(chu)崢嶸,連(lian)綿不(bu)絕,在蒼穹(qiong)之(zhi)下顯得(de)突兀、險(xian)峻、靈秀、深沉(chen)。山有(you)(you)山形(xing),巖(yan)有(you)(you)巖(yan)相;千峰(feng)(feng)顯態,峰(feng)(feng)峰(feng)(feng)爭奇(qi)(qi)。
冰(bing)臼——冰(bing)臼成群,種類繁多,姿態(tai)萬(wan)千,形神俱備。
三妙:
高山(shan)草甸疏(shu)林,喬灌交織、郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥蔥、春(chun)(chun)花秋色、景(jing)美(mei)迷人。青山(shan)景(jing)區共有高等植(zhi)物(wu)926種,分屬于(yu)103科,406屬,青山(shan)植(zhi)物(wu)季(ji)相變化(hua)鮮(xian)明,春(chun)(chun)天野果(guo)樹吐白(bai)凝紅,漫坡杜鵑花姹紫嫣紅;夏天百(bai)花競放(fang)、青山(shan)蒼翠;秋天楓葉(xie)如火(huo)、白(bai)樺鋪(pu)金、山(shan)果(guo)掛紅;冬季(ji)雪壓枝頭,銀裝(zhuang)素裹。
草(cao)(cao)甸,高山草(cao)(cao)甸、群峰環繞、綠(lv)草(cao)(cao)如茵、繁花似錦(jin)青山草(cao)(cao)木植被豐富,空間開合變(bian)化、遠景、中景、近景搭配合理(li)。青山也是野生動物的棲(qi)居場(chang)所。鳥類(lei)已知有17目36科(ke)155種。大鴇、鷹、隼等在空中盡情翱翔。獸(shou)類(lei)有7目(類(lei))17科(ke)68種,馬鹿、狍子、野豬(zhu)、狐(hu)貍、沙狐(hu)、黃鼠狼、艾虎、蒙古兔(tu)等隨處可(ke)見。
大(da)青山(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級自然保(bao)(bao)護區境內(nei)的(de)陰山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈,它東與冀北(bei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地銜接(jie),西與賀蘭山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)大(da)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馬鬃山(shan)(shan)(shan)相通,構成了(le)一條環內(nei)亞干旱(han)、半(ban)干旱(han)區南緣的(de)生態(tai)交錯帶。這(zhe)條生態(tai)交錯帶在中國(guo)北(bei)方草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)區占據了(le)一個獨特的(de)生態(tai)區域,成為干旱(han)、半(ban)干旱(han)區森林島嶼和(he)諸(zhu)多大(da)型動物活動帶,在維護和(he)保(bao)(bao)持內(nei)亞荒漠草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)生態(tai)穩(wen)定性,涵養水源、保(bao)(bao)持水土(tu),屏護山(shan)(shan)(shan)前河套平原(yuan)(yuan)乃至華北(bei)平原(yuan)(yuan)具有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)意(yi)義。