保護區概述
小(xiao)北(bei)湖自然保護區濕地位于黑龍江(jiang)牡(mu)丹江(jiang)市,地理坐(zuo)標為東經128?27′14″~128?49′32″,北(bei)緯(wei)44?07′08″~44?20′26″。
小北(bei)湖保護區土地總(zong)面積66,080公(gong)(gong)頃,總(zong)蓄積580萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)。其中(zhong)有林(lin)地面積為(wei)57,833公(gong)(gong)頃;林(lin)間濕地6483公(gong)(gong)頃分(fen)布于(yu)各溝谷(gu)之間,海拔最(zui)(zui)高1,260米(mi),最(zui)(zui)低370米(mi),平均海拔高度810米(mi)。
1988年林業部種子公(gong)司把林場確定為(wei)最佳種源(yuan)區,并且有火山口國家森林公(gong)園,小北湖、鉆心湖蒼鷺島、鴛鴦池(chi)等(deng)(deng)主(zhu)要景區。主(zhu)要保護(hu)對象:東北虎、豹、紫(zi)貂、原麝、棕(zong)熊、黑(hei)熊、香(xiang)鼬、猞猁(li)、馬鹿、青羊、丹(dan)頂鶴、東方白鸛、中(zhong)華秋(qiu)沙鴨、金雕、雀鷹、紅隼、鴛鴦、花(hua)尾榛雞等(deng)(deng)。
保護區概況
黑龍江小北(bei)湖自(zi)然保(bao)護區濕(shi)地(di)屬(shu)于低山地(di)貌,平均(jun)海(hai)拔420米。氣(qi)(qi)候屬(shu)于中溫帶大(da)陸(lu)性季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候區,夏季(ji)溫熱多(duo)雨,冬長寒冷(leng)。年均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫2.5℃,無霜期130天(tian),年降水量500~600毫(hao)米,多(duo)者可達700 毫(hao)米(1960年),年日照時數為2600~2700小時。暗棕壤是(shi)本區的地(di)帶性土壤,除此之外還有少(shao)量的白(bai)漿土、草甸(dian)土、河淤土、沼澤土和石質(zhi)土。
保護區狀況
水資源
黑龍江(jiang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)北(bei)湖自然(ran)保護區濕地屬松花江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系,主(zhu)要(yao)河(he)(he)(he)流有(you)石頭河(he)(he)(he)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)柳(liu)樹河(he)(he)(he)、大柳(liu)樹河(he)(he)(he)、蛤蟆河(he)(he)(he)等,各河(he)(he)(he)流均流入(ru)鏡泊湖后匯(hui)入(ru)牡丹江(jiang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)北(bei)湖是小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)北(bei)湖自然(ran)保護區濕地最大的明水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源豐富,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源補給(gei)主(zhu)要(yao)是大氣降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)ph值7.0,礦化(hua)(hua)度分級(ji)為淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)級(ji)別為2級(ji)。地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)ph值7.1左(zuo)右,礦化(hua)(hua)度分級(ji)為淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)級(ji)別為2級(ji)。
動物種類
黑龍江(jiang)小(xiao)北(bei)湖自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區濕地共有(you)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)381種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),圓口綱(gang)(gang)1綱(gang)(gang)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、魚綱(gang)(gang)52綱(gang)(gang)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲綱(gang)(gang)12綱(gang)(gang)16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行綱(gang)(gang)12綱(gang)(gang)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥綱(gang)(gang)255綱(gang)(gang)361種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺乳綱(gang)(gang)381綱(gang)(gang)581種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據調查,小(xiao)北(bei)湖保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區國家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別為紫貂、豹、虎;國家(jia)二(er)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別為棕熊、黑熊、香鼬、猞猁、原(yuan)麝,馬(ma)鹿、青羊。近(jin)幾年林場經營(ying)區內(nei)多次發現野(ye)生東北(bei)虎活動(dong)(dong)(dong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內(nei)國家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)有(you)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分別是中華秋(qiu)沙、單頂(ding)鶴、東方(fang)白鴨、金雕,二(er)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)有(you)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),二(er)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)中雀鷹、紅隼(sun)、鴛(yuan)鴦(yang)、花尾(wei)榛雞等(deng)較常見(jian)。
植物種類
黑龍(long)江小(xiao)北湖(hu)(hu)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區濕地,共有高(gao)等植物(wu)677種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中蘚類植物(wu)74種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),蕨(jue)類植物(wu)57種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),裸子植物(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子植物(wu)540種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。小(xiao)北湖(hu)(hu)保(bao)(bao)護區的地帶性植物(wu)為闊葉紅松林。
保護區作用
黑龍江小北(bei)湖自(zi)然保護(hu)區濕地(di)(di)是牡丹(dan)江上游重要的火山(shan)地(di)(di)貌濕地(di)(di)生態系(xi)統,具有涵養(yang)(yang)水(shui)源、保持水(shui)土(tu)生態功能(neng)。是魚類、兩棲類、水(shui)鳥棲息地(di)(di)和遷徙停歇地(di)(di)。利用(yong)方式觀光(guang)旅游、水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖等(deng)。