一.產品介紹
諸暨短柄櫻桃屬于落(luo)葉(xie)喬木植(zhi)物。樹冠開張,多呈圓頭形(xing),葉(xie)片(pian)廣卵形(xing)至長卵形(xing),具粗鋸齒(chi),總狀花序。
形態特征
短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)傳統名果之(zhi)一,因其果柄較(jiao)短(duan)(duan),故稱短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)。短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)生產(chan)于諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)市。歷(li)史上(shang),諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)就享有(you)名氣。《國朝三修諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)縣(xian)(xian)志》載(zai):“諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)產(chan)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)最佳。”據統計資料,諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)在建(jian)國初有(you)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)面(mian)積150畝(mu)(mu),其中(zhong)短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)面(mian)積占70%。歷(li)史上(shang)生產(chan)量(liang)最高的(de)1965年,總產(chan)量(liang)達50噸。除諸(zhu)暨(ji)(ji)外,嵊縣(xian)(xian)、上(shang)虞等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)也(ye)有(you)栽培。1987年,全市短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)面(mian)積約670畝(mu)(mu)。產(chan)量(liang)33噸。為浙江省短(duan)(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)主要產(chan)區。
短(duan)柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)是中國(guo)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)中的(de)一個(ge)優(you)良品種。為落葉小喬木。村高5-8米,無明顯(xian)中心主干,樹冠(guan)開張(zhang),呈圓頭形。葉廣卵形至長(chang)卵形,先端漸尖,邊緣有(you)粗鋸齒(chi)。總狀花(hua)序,花(hua)3-6朵;花(hua)開時滿園潔白。成熟時綠葉紅果,樹枝(zhi)美觀,是珍(zhen)貴的(de)觀賞樹木。櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)樹進行扦(qian)插(cha)和嫁接(jie),一般3年(nian)始果,經濟壽命期20-30年(nian)。與長(chang)柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)相比(bi),短(duan)柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)具有(you)果形大,色美味甜(tian)和成熟期早2-3天,可溶性固形物(wu)比(bi)長(chang)柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)多2%左右等優(you)點。
短柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)單果重2克左右(you),可(ke)食(shi)率(lv)為86.25%。果實(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)含蛋白質、糖(tang)、磷、鐵、胡蘿卜素及(ji)維生素c等(deng)。其中(zhong)(zhong)鐵的含量比(bi)蘋(pin)果、柑桔(jie)、鴨梨(li)高山(shan)20倍,在水果中(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)位(wei),營養價值(zhi)很高。除供鮮食(shi)外(wai),還(huan)可(ke)制成(cheng)罐頭(tou)、果醬、果酒、果汁、蜜餞等(deng)。此外(wai),櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)甘(gan)溫(wen)無(wu)毒。具有調中(zhong)(zhong)益脾,滋(zi)潤皮(pi)膚的功(gong)能。外(wai)擦能防治凍瘡。中(zhong)(zhong)醫學上以核入藥(yao),性平味辛,能透發麻疹。
分布范圍
此品種分布較(jiao)少,分布于我國南方部(bu)分地區(qu)。
主要價值
短柄(bing)櫻(ying)桃(tao)株產(chan)一(yi)般在50公斤左(zuo)右(you),高的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)達100多(duo)公斤。諸暨(ji)同山(shan)鄉唐仁村有櫻(ying)桃(tao)面(mian)積50畝,1987年產(chan)鮮果15噸,以每公斤價格4.6元(yuan)計(ji),總產(chan)值為6.9萬元(yuan),不(bu)少農戶(hu)僅櫻(ying)桃(tao)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)超千(qian)元(yuan)。如能將該鄉所產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)櫻(ying)桃(tao)全部(bu)用于加工罐頭,僅利潤(run)便可(ke)得(de)15萬元(yuan)。因此,栽種(zhong)櫻(ying)桃(tao)也是農民致富的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條門路。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(一) 地(di)形地(di)貌:諸暨(ji)位于(yu)浙江省中(zhong)(zhong)北部,錢塘江以(yi)南(nan)(nan),會(hui)(hui)稽山(shan)(shan)(shan)西麓。全境處(chu)于(yu)浙東南(nan)(nan)、浙西北丘陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)區兩(liang)大(da)地(di)貌單(dan)元的(de)(de)交接地(di)帶(dai),由(you)東部會(hui)(hui)稽山(shan)(shan)(shan)低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵(ling)、西部龍門(men)山(shan)(shan)(shan)低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵(ling)、中(zhong)(zhong)部浦陽江河(he)谷盆地(di)和北部河(he)網平(ping)原(yuan)組成。四周群山(shan)(shan)(shan)環抱,地(di)勢由(you)南(nan)(nan)向北漸次(ci)傾(qing)斜。自古有“七山(shan)(shan)(shan)一水二分田”之稱。 (二) 氣候條件 諸暨(ji)地(di)處(chu)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)季風(feng)區,氣候溫(wen)和濕潤,四季分明,年(nian)溫(wen)適中(zhong)(zhong),光(guang)、熱資(zi)源較為豐富,春季增熱回溫(wen)快,無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)長,1981~2010年(nian)30年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)248.1 d, 年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)16.9℃,歷史最低(di)氣溫(wen)-13.4℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)水量是1380.4 ㎜,年(nian)日照平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)時數為1763.4 h,≧10℃的(de)(de)年(nian)積溫(wen)5137°。3~4月份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)13.5℃,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)濕度是79%。諸暨(ji)境內小(xiao)氣候類型多。 (三(san))土(tu)壤(rang)特點:以(yi)酸(suan)性和微(wei)酸(suan)性的(de)(de)紅壤(rang)和黃壤(rang)土(tu)為主,pH值4.3~6.5。 (四)水文特點:進入諸暨(ji)境內的(de)(de)河(he)流主要有3條,分別為浦陽江,大(da)陳江、壺(hu)源江,而(er)且(qie)山(shan)(shan)(shan)塘水庫較多,常年(nian)水源充足(zu),排(pai)灌方便。
三.地域范圍
諸(zhu)暨(ji)短(duan)柄櫻(ying)桃地理標志地域保護范圍為:東(dong)經119°53′01"~120°32′08",北緯(wei)29°21′24"~29°59′05"之間,生產(chan)地域范圍為:浙江省諸(zhu)暨(ji)市(shi)所屬的(de)同山(shan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、趙家鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、楓(feng)橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東(dong)和(he)鄉、安華鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、牌頭鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、王家井鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、江藻鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、直埠鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、店(dian)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、阮(ruan)市(shi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、山(shan)下(xia)湖鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、街(jie)亭鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、浬浦鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、璜山(shan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東(dong)白(bai)湖鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、陳宅鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、嶺北鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、五泄鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、馬(ma)劍鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、草塔鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大(da)唐鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、應店(dian)街(jie)道(dao)、次塢(wu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、暨(ji)陽街(jie)道(dao)、浣東(dong)街(jie)道(dao)、陶朱街(jie)道(dao)27個鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)鄉(街(jie)道(dao))468個行政(zheng)村。現有種植面(mian)積1.05萬畝(mu),保護區面(mian)積26萬畝(mu)。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)感官品(pin)質(zhi)特征:果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實扁圓(yuan)(yuan),色橙紅(hong),有光澤(ze),離核(he)(he)且核(he)(he)小,酸甜(tian)可(ke)口(kou)。無污物,無異味,無爛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 (2)內在(zai)品(pin)質(zhi)指標(見表(biao)(biao)二) 表(biao)(biao)二:諸暨短(duan)(duan)柄(bing)(bing)櫻桃(tao)營養成分指標 指標 單位 數值 可(ke)滴定酸 g/100g 0.4~0.8 可(ke)溶(rong)性固形物 % 10.5~15 維生(sheng)素C ㎎/100g 11~12 鐵(tie) ㎎/㎏ 5~8 (3)栽培品(pin)種(zhong)性狀(zhuang): 諸暨短(duan)(duan)柄(bing)(bing)櫻桃(tao):果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實橙紅(hong)色,扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形,平均果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重約2.8克,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)柄(bing)(bing)短(duan)(duan)粗,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮薄有光澤(ze),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉黃白、肉質(zhi)細(xi)、柔(rou)軟多汁,酸甜(tian)適度(du),品(pin)質(zhi)上(shang)等;可(ke)溶(rong)性固形物10.5%~15%左右,可(ke)食率89%。 質(zhi)量安(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)定:諸暨短(duan)(duan)柄(bing)(bing)櫻桃(tao)質(zhi)量應(ying)符合國(guo)家規(gui)定的農產品(pin)質(zhi)量安(an)全(quan)(quan)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)安(an)全(quan)(quan)要求(qiu)的相(xiang)關標準。
五.特定生產方式
(一(yi))產(chan)地(di)要(yao)求:諸(zhu)(zhu)暨(ji)短柄櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)選擇(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)好海拔高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)600 m以(yi)內(nei)(nei),地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)0.8 m以(yi)下,地(di)形(xing)開闊,光照充足,排(pai)灌通暢(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平地(di)和緩坡地(di);疏松、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃,微(wei)(wei)酸(suan)(suan)性或微(wei)(wei)堿性土(tu)壤(rang)。空氣(qi)、土(tu)壤(rang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)環境(jing)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)無公害水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)要(yao)求。年平均氣(qi)溫10℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),常年3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun)極(ji)端最低氣(qi)溫不低于-2℃,年平均降雨量(liang)(liang)1400 mm左右。 (二)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)范圍(wei):諸(zhu)(zhu)暨(ji)短柄櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)。 (三(san)(san))生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)控(kong)制(zhi):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)其(qi)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術要(yao)求,必(bi)須對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)繁育(yu)、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)及(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)收分級(ji)等(deng)(deng)環節(jie)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)全(quan)(quan)(quan)程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)。 1、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)繁育(yu):嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)繁育(yu) (1)砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選擇(ze):山櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)。 (2)砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)繁育(yu): 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)圃(pu)整理(li)(li):苗(miao)(miao)(miao)圃(pu)地(di)選擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)交(jiao)通方(fang)便,地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)低,排(pai)灌良好;土(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)(shen)厚,土(tu)質(zhi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃疏松,五(wu)年內(nei)(nei)未(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)、桃(tao)(tao)、李、杏等(deng)(deng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)塊。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)(qian)土(tu)壤(rang)消毒深(shen)(shen)翻,翻耕深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)(du)30 ㎝;每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)優質(zhi)腐(fu)熟農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)2500 ㎏和15 ㎏過(guo)磷酸(suan)(suan)鈣,開溝(gou)(gou)筑(zhu)畦,畦面(mian)寬(kuan)1 m~1.5 m,畦溝(gou)(gou)深(shen)(shen)寬(kuan)各30 ㎝。并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)畦面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按30 ㎝~40 ㎝行(xing)(xing)距(ju)開溝(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)深(shen)(shen)1.5 ㎝~2 ㎝。 播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li):播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10中下旬(xun)。將消毒過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均勻撒于溝(gou)(gou)內(nei)(nei),畝(mu)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10 ㎏左右。溝(gou)(gou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)覆蓋1 ㎝厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)細土(tu),再覆蓋薄草(cao)。幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長(chang)出(chu)3~4片葉(xie)時(shi)(shi),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao),保持株距(ju)10 ㎝~15 ㎝。追施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)尿(niao)素(su),用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)5 ㎏/畝(mu),每(mei)(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)中旬(xun)以(yi)后(hou)控(kong)制(zhi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)葉(xie)面(mian)噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)0.3%~0.5%磷酸(suan)(suan)二氫鉀(jia)溶液(ye)。 (3)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)培育(yu):一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)至(zhi)(zhi)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)。砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)25㎝~35 ㎝處短截,選擇(ze)1~2年發(fa)育(yu)良好粗(cu)度(du)(du)(du)0.5 ㎝左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)單芽(ya)(ya)(ya)切腹接(jie)(jie)(jie)。嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)后(hou)15 d內(nei)(nei)檢查成(cheng)活率(lv),未(wei)成(cheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)補(bu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)。當(dang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)萌發(fa)新梢(shao)至(zhi)(zhi)3㎝~4㎝時(shi)(shi),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)除去(qu)砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)芽(ya)(ya)(ya),并(bing)開展(zhan)(zhan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、除草(cao)、病(bing)蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 (4)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)標(biao)準:一(yi)年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)級(ji)和二級(ji)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)苗(miao)(miao)(miao) 表(biao) 1 櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)等(deng)(deng)級(ji) 級(ji)別 粗(cu)度(du)(du)(du)(嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)口(kou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)5 cm處) cm 高(gao)度(du)(du)(du) cm 根(gen)系 根(gen)癌病(bing) 一(yi)級(ji) ≥0.8 ≥80 完好 無 二級(ji) 0.5~0.8 ≥80 完好 無 2、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秋季落葉(xie)后(hou)—春季萌芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)。栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)(xing)株距(ju)4 m×(3~4)m為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜。定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴寬(kuan)深(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.8 m×0.5 m。每(mei)(mei)穴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50 ㎏+鈣鎂磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5 ㎏+三(san)(san)元復(fu)合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5 ㎏混勻填入,上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)覆表(biao)土(tu),踏實(shi)(shi)(shi)。回(hui)填后(hou)筑(zhu)一(yi)高(gao)出(chu)畦面(mian)0.25 m~0.3 m龜背(bei)狀定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墩,墩內(nei)(nei)挖小(xiao)穴,把(ba)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)解(jie)綁(bang)放入穴內(nei)(nei),舒(shu)展(zhan)(zhan)根(gen)系,扶正,把(ba)細土(tu)填入,邊(bian)(bian)填土(tu)邊(bian)(bian)提苗(miao)(miao)(miao),踏實(shi)(shi)(shi),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)(jie)(jie)口(kou)應高(gao)出(chu)土(tu)面(mian)。澆(jiao)足定根(gen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帶內(nei)(nei)蓋地(di)膜(mo)或覆草(cao),草(cao)厚10 ㎝左右。 3、栽(zai)培管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) (1)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li):幼齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)促為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),薄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)勤施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當(dang)年開始追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)~9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)每(mei)(mei)隔15天(tian)根(gen)部澆(jiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)0.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)人糞尿(niao)(或0.3%的(de)(de)(de)(de)尿(niao)素(su))。10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci),株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)10 ㎏~20 ㎏。成(cheng)年樹(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)促進(jin)(jin)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、提高(gao)品質(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。看樹(shu)(shu)(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。一(yi)般(ban)年施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)膨(peng)大期(3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中下旬(xun)~4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun))每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)30 ㎏三(san)(san)元復(fu)合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和10 ㎏硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)葉(xie)面(mian)噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素(su)(0.2%)和磷酸(suan)(suan)二氫鉀(jia)(0.2%)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)后(hou)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)50 ㎏三(san)(san)元復(fu)合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和15 ㎏尿(niao)素(su)。10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中下旬(xun),每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)25 ㎏腐(fu)熟餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和1000 ㎏有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。花(hua)前(qian)(qian)和果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)膨(peng)大期,要(yao)適(shi)量(liang)(liang)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)轉色(se)(se)后(hou)不宜澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);高(gao)溫干(gan)旱季節(jie),土(tu)壤(rang)發(fa)白時(shi)(shi)應澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉,以(yi)浸透(tou)土(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雨季來臨(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)疏通排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)(gou),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)不得有(you)(you)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 (2)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 整形(xing)修剪:自然開心(xin)形(xing),定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)枝(zhi)后(hou),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)40㎝~50㎝間(jian)(jian)選留不同(tong)方(fang)位(wei),角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)合(he)(he)(he)適(shi)有(you)(you)3個(ge)~5個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)健壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)分枝(zhi)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)40°~70°之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian),另外枝(zhi)條去(qu)除。每(mei)(mei)個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)配備開張角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)70°左右2個(ge)~3個(ge)側(ce)枝(zhi),刪除其(qi)它側(ce)枝(zhi)。樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高(gao)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2.5 m以(yi)內(nei)(nei)。幼齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)修剪主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)~7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen),對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)拉枝(zhi)和摘(zhai)心(xin)。結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)夏(xia)剪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)后(hou)立(li)即進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),也(ye)可以(yi)邊(bian)(bian)采(cai)(cai)邊(bian)(bian)剪。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)剪去(qu)當(dang)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)段。落葉(xie)后(hou),剪去(qu)過(guo)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)梢(shao),病(bing)殘枝(zhi),并(bing)過(guo)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)和側(ce)枝(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)回(hui)縮。 (3) 花(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 控(kong)梢(shao)促花(hua):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)~7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)過(guo)旺(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)春、夏(xia)梢(shao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)拉枝(zhi)摘(zhai)心(xin);或在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)新梢(shao)長(chang)10 ㎝~15 ㎝時(shi)(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)調(diao)節(jie)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)PBO200倍液(ye)~300倍液(ye)1~2次(ci)(ci)(ci)控(kong)梢(shao)。 防(fang)裂果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)轉色(se)(se)期間(jian)(jian),控(kong)制(zhi)土(tu)壤(rang)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)50%~60%。雨前(qian)(qian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠覆膜(mo),雨后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)揭膜(mo),同(tong)期全(quan)(quan)(quan)園(yuan)覆蓋地(di)膜(mo)。 (4)病(bing)蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):執行(xing)(xing)“預(yu)防(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),綜合(he)(he)(he)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保方(fang)針(zhen),按照病(bing)蟲(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規律,優先采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)業、物(wu)理(li)(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),輔之(zhi)(zhi)化學防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。 農(nong)業防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)輪作(zuo),選擇(ze)健壯(zhuang)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)。清潔果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan),通過(guo)農(nong)藝措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)栽(zai)培管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),創造(zao)有(you)(you)利(li)于諸(zhu)(zhu)暨(ji)短柄櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培環境(jing),增(zeng)加(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗病(bing)能(neng)力。 物(wu)理(li)(li)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)3~5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(30畝(mu))掛一(yi)盞頻振式殺蟲(chong)燈誘殺梨(li)小(xiao)食心(xin)蟲(chong)、黃色(se)(se)粘蟲(chong)板誘殺蚜(ya)蟲(chong)。 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):保護利(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)敵,或使用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)。 化學防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):冬季落葉(xie)后(hou),用(yong)(yong)波(bo)美(mei)5°石(shi)硫合(he)(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)封園(yuan),早春花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)露白時(shi)(shi)波(bo)美(mei)3°石(shi)硫合(he)(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)噴樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。化學藥(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)應符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)國家規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)使用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準和農(nong)藥(yao)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)使用(yong)(yong)準則的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關要(yao)求。 4、避雨防(fang)鳥設施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)培 投產(chan)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)搭建避雨防(fang)鳥棚(peng)(peng)(peng)。棚(peng)(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準:用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥柱(zhu)或鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立(li)柱(zhu)(水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥柱(zhu)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)4 m,鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)0.8 m),竹片或鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拱桿,跨度(du)(du)(du)8 m,長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)40 m~50 m,肩高(gao)2 m,頂(ding)高(gao)3 m~3.5 m的(de)(de)(de)(de)單體(ti)或連體(ti)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(3~5個(ge))。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)轉色(se)(se)期及(ji)時(shi)(shi)覆膜(mo)及(ji)防(fang)鳥網,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)收后(hou)揭膜(mo)及(ji)防(fang)鳥網。栽(zai)培管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)參照露地(di)栽(zai)培。 5、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)收 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)部著橙紅色(se)(se)時(shi)(shi)開園(yuan)采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)。諸(zhu)(zhu)暨(ji)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)15號(hao)~5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)10號(hao)。