陽高栽培杏(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)已(yi)有(you)悠久的(de)歷史,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)王官(guan)屯種植杏(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)已(yi)有(you)三(san)百多(duo)年(nian)的(de)歷史。目前全縣(xian)已(yi)培育出10多(duo)個杏(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)品(pin)(pin)種。而(er)主栽鮮(xian)食(shi)杏(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)種有(you)兩個,其(qi)中水(shui)蜜大金(jin)杏(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)鮮(xian)食(shi)杏(xing)(xing)中最受廣大消(xiao)費者青睞的(de)杏(xing)(xing)果(guo),“京杏(xing)(xing)”是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)作杏(xing)(xing)脯的(de)上乘原(yuan)料。
陽高(gao)縣盛(sheng)產(chan)京杏(xing)、大金杏(xing),歷史悠久(jiu),主要(yao)產(chan)區在陽高(gao)縣王官屯(tun)鄉西部(bu)的都司口、惡石、康窯(yao)(yao)、花(hua)窯(yao)(yao)、蘆窯(yao)(yao)、胡窯(yao)(yao)、唐窯(yao)(yao)等(deng)處,屬采涼山(shan)一(yi)帶。
物候期
3月(yue)下(xia)旬花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)萌動(dong),4月(yue)初始(shi)花(hua)(hua),4月(yue)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)旬盛花(hua)(hua),5月(yue)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)旬果實膨大期,6月(yue)中(zhong)下(xia)旬果實開(kai)始(shi)著色,6月(yue)底開(kai)始(shi)成熟,10月(yue)底落葉。經過實地觀測,北(bei)京物候期明顯早于(yu)大同陽高地區(qu)(qu),例(li)如開(kai)花(hua)(hua)期北(bei)京已開(kai),大同陽高地區(qu)(qu)的含苞待放。
芽接
芽(ya)(ya)接(jie)時間(jian)春(chun)季(ji)枝(zhi)干(gan)樹液(ye)開始(shi)流動,芽(ya)(ya)子(zi)膨(peng)大(da),初(chu)花易(yi)離皮(pi)就可開始(shi),一(yi)直到展葉(xie)時結束為適宜的時間(jian),即4月(yue)下旬至(zhi)5月(yue)上旬。氣(qi)候差異的縣,提(ti)前(qian)或錯后(hou),應(ying)視標準樹,待(dai)芽(ya)(ya)子(zi)膨(peng)大(da)后(hou)逐(zhu)日觀察.只要(yao)砧木(mu)開始(shi)離皮(pi)就行(xing)。2 芽(ya)(ya)接(jie)方(fang)法削接(jie)穗(sui)時,用刀先從芽(ya)(ya)下1.5cm 處(chu)向(xiang)上快(kuai)速削至(zhi)芽(ya)(ya)上1cm 處(chu).將葉(xie)片橫切斷。芽(ya)(ya)片所帶木(mu)質部(bu)的薄(bo)厚(hou),一(yi)般以插下后(hou)芽(ya)(ya)片表(biao)面與砧木(mu)皮(pi)層(ceng)相(xiang)平為度。2.1 秋季(ji)采(cai)條,冷藏(zang)接(jie)穗(sui)秋(初(chu)冬(dong))季(ji)采(cai)接(jie)穗(sui)、冷藏(zang)。第二(er)年春(chun)季(ji),削開木(mu)質部(bu)仍是新鮮狀態(tai)時,嫁接(jie)成活率高。采(cai)下接(jie)穗(sui),要(yao)及時在地窖中用濕沙層(ceng)積起來。
栽植密度和時間
適宜的(de)栽植密度3m×4m、4m×4m,栽植時間以(yi)4月上旬為(wei)宜。
光照
杏樹(shu)喜光,光照對大金杏的(de)生(sheng)長和(he)坐果作用明顯。
溫度
大金杏(xing)果(guo)樹抗寒(han)耐(nai)高(gao)溫(wen),當地(di)溫(wen)達到(dao)4~5℃時(shi),新根開始生長(chang);盛果(guo)期適(shi)宜的氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)7.5~13℃,杏(xing)果(guo)發育的最(zui)適(shi)宜溫(wen)度為(wei)(wei)11℃;果(guo)樹花芽分化適(shi)溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)20℃;果(guo)實成熟期氣(qi)溫(wen)高(gao)、晝夜溫(wen)差(cha)大,則果(guo)實著色好,含糖量(liang)高(gao)、風味濃(nong),反之果(guo)實酸味濃(nong)、糖度低、品質差(cha)。溫(wen)度降至1.9~3.2℃時(shi)進入(ru)落(luo)葉期。其休眠季節可忍受-30℃以(yi)下(xia)的低溫(wen)。
整形修剪
大金杏幼樹生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛,1年生(sheng)(sheng)枝(zhi)條直立的(de)(de)特點,樹型宜采用(yong)自(zi)然開心形和(he)多主(zhu)枝(zhi)疏(shu)散分(fen)層形,株距3m×4m的(de)(de)樹高控制(zhi)在(zai)2、5~3m,株行(xing)距為4m×4m的(de)(de)樹高控制(zhi)在(zai)3~4m。要經(jing)常進行(xing)拉枝(zhi),將主(zhu)枝(zhi)的(de)(de)角度(du)調整到70~80°。栽培4年以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)樹,延長(chang)枝(zhi)要中短截,注意結果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)組的(de)(de)更新,要防止(zhi)結果(guo)(guo)部位上(shang)移。要合理利用(yong)輔養枝(zhi),5月初付結果(guo)(guo)過多的(de)(de)樹進行(xing)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)667㎡產量控制(zhi)在(zai)2000~2300㎏,以(yi)保(bao)證果(guo)(guo)品(pin)品(pin)質。
及時防治病害
主要(yao)有流膠病,蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)主要(yao)有介殼蟲(chong)(chong)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、葉螨和食心蟲(chong)(chong)。每年在3月中(zhong)下(xia)旬對樹干(gan)噴5次美度石硫合劑(ji)。在5月中(zhong)下(xia)旬至6月下(xia)食心蟲(chong)(chong)發(fa)生期,噴菊酯類劑(ji)2次。發(fa)現(xian)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、葉螨危(wei)害(hai),及時噴施殺蚜、殺瞞(man)劑(ji)。
京杏簡介
大(da)金(jin)(jin)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)營養(yang)豐富,果肉廣為(wei)(wei)食(shi)用,內含蛋白質(zhi)、脂肪(fang)、糖分(fen)以及多(duo)種維生(sheng)素(su)、微量(liang)元素(su)。甜杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)直接食(shi)用,亦(yi)可(ke)配制(zhi)菜(cai)肴中(zhong)的(de)涼菜(cai)上宴席(xi)。苦杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)經泡制(zhi)后,可(ke)制(zhi)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)霜、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)茶、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)露、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)糖、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)豆腐、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)罐頭(tou)等。此(ci)外,杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)還有較高(gao)的(de)藥用價值,有止咳(ke)、平喘(chuan)、潤(run)肺(fei)、止血、散寒、驅風等功效(xiao)。果實肥(fei)厚、酸甜可(ke)口的(de)“大(da)金(jin)(jin)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”。“大(da)金(jin)(jin)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”中(zhong),有核(he)(he)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不苦與苦仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)兩(liang)種,其中(zhong),以杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不苦的(de)大(da)金(jin)(jin)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)上品(pin) 。陽高(gao)產的(de)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有四大(da)特點,即果大(da)個勻, 肉厚味(wei)甜,核(he)(he)小(xiao)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)甜,顏色黃里(li)透紅。色、香、味(wei)、形(xing)俱佳(jia)。陽高(gao)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、陽高(gao)金(jin)(jin)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),已成為(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)牌產品(pin)走入市場(chang)。同(tong)時(shi),制(zhi)成杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)脯,包裝(zhuang)加工(gong)后出口銷(xiao)售。陽高(gao)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)脯,打入市場(chang),在(zai)日本及東南(nan)亞(ya)一(yi)些國(guo)家和(he)香港地區產生(sheng)影響,人(ren)們稱(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)名(ming)(ming)貴小(xiao)食(shi)品(pin)”。“小(xiao)金(jin)(jin)柿”。
典故
相傳(chuan)300多年(nian)前(qian),陽高縣王官(guan)屯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)子里有一(yi)(yi)(yi)位家貧(pin)好學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王姓讀(du)書人(ren)(ren)。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他刻苦攻讀(du),感動了窮(qiong)苦老(lao)百(bai)姓,在大(da)伙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資助下(xia)(xia),他終(zhong)于(yu)考(kao)中秀(xiu)才、舉(ju)人(ren)(ren),并(bing)在京(jing)城做(zuo)了官(guan)。這位闊(kuo)別故鄉(xiang)多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)衣錦(jin)還(huan)鄉(xiang)之后(hou),看到(dao)(dao)(dao)家鄉(xiang)還(huan)是那樣(yang)窮(qiong)困,到(dao)(dao)(dao)處(chu)是風沙和黃土,農民(min)單(dan)純依靠種(zhong)(zhong)地為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng),受到(dao)(dao)(dao)缺水(shui)干旱和土地貧(pin)瘠、風沙、霜凍(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重威脅,過(guo)著饑寒(han)交(jiao)迫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活。于(yu)是,他為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了報(bao)答鄉(xiang)親(qin)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)助學之恩(en),以他所(suo)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)作指導,在采(cai)涼(liang)山(shan)進行(xing)了調查(cha)研(yan)究,寫下(xia)(xia)了《勸種(zhong)(zhong)杏(xing)樹(shu)歌》:“眾鄉(xiang)親(qin),聽我說(shuo),故里怎把窮(qiong)皮剝?采(cai)涼(liang)山(shan),水(shui)如(ru)金,種(zhong)(zhong)子一(yi)(yi)(yi)斗收八升;采(cai)涼(liang)山(shan),氣候寒(han),辛勤(qin)躬(gong)耕霜凍(dong)完;采(cai)涼(liang)山(shan),土地薄,種(zhong)(zhong)滿坡(po)坡(po)難(nan)吃(chi)個窩窩,種(zhong)(zhong)滿溝溝難(nan)喝碗糊糊。播入汗水(shui)收淚珠,莫若(ruo)多栽搖錢樹(shu)。君不見,誰家有杏(xing)樹(shu),不愁餓癟肚?誰家多杏(xing)林,盡過(guo)好光景(jing)!”王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)除(chu)了進行(xing)宣傳(chuan)外(wai),還(huan)在沿(yan)山(shan)各村(cun)落(luo)設立粥(zhou)棚,窮(qiong)人(ren)(ren)飽(bao)餐一(yi)(yi)(yi)頓后(hou),不取(qu)分文(wen)報(bao)酬,只要求他們將幾粒杏(xing)核(he)埋到(dao)(dao)(dao)指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)坡(po)。等到(dao)(dao)(dao)王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)告(gao)老(lao)還(huan)鄉(xiang)后(hou),再到(dao)(dao)(dao)采(cai)涼(liang)山(shan)下(xia)(xia)觀望,那里已經(jing)長滿了杏(xing)樹(shu),窮(qiong)苦人(ren)(ren)從杏(xing)樹(shu)上得到(dao)(dao)(dao)了實惠。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了紀念(nian)他,人(ren)(ren)們把王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家鄉(xiang)改(gai)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)屯。據(ju)說(shuo),其(qi)他地方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群眾因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)國時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名醫董奉給(gei)人(ren)(ren)看病后(hou)不收藥費(fei),只讓植幾株杏(xing)樹(shu),所(suo)以把醫生(sheng)尊稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“杏(xing)林”。而王官(guan)人(ren)(ren)屯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)們卻一(yi)(yi)(yi)直把做(zuo)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“杏(xing)林”。一(yi)(yi)(yi)直到(dao)(dao)(dao)現在,他們也(ye)稱(cheng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)村(cun)里下(xia)(xia)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家干部為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“杏(xing)林”。