北京鴨是(shi)世(shi)界著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)優(you)良肉用鴨標準品種(zhong)。具有生長發育快、育肥(fei)性能好(hao)的(de)特點,是(shi)聞(wen)名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)外“北京烤(kao)鴨”的(de)制作原料。原產于北京西郊玉泉山一帶,現已遍布世(shi)界各地(di),在國際養鴨業中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有重要地(di)位。
國內北京(jing)鴨肉用性能(neng)尚低于國外先進水平,其(qi)中早期生產速(su)度差(cha)距(ju)較大,其(qi)他(ta)如(ru)成活率、孵化率及胸(xiong)肉率等均(jun)有差(cha)距(ju)。
品種特征
鳥綱雁形目鴨科動物(wu)。由綠頭鴨馴化而來,是家鴨的優(you)良品種之一。
北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)原產(chan)于(yu)北(bei)京(jing)玉泉山一帶(dai),因此而得名。它的(de)馴養(yang)歷史(shi)至少有200~300年。羽毛純(chun)白(bai)色,嘴、腿和蹼呈橘紅色,頭和喙較短(duan),頸長,體質健壯,生長快,剛(gang)出(chu)生時體重(zhong)約56克(ke)。60天就可達2~2.5千克(ke)。雄鴨(ya)可長到3~4千克(ke)。雌(ci)鴨(ya)成熟早,一般長到6~7個月就開始產(chan)卵。年產(chan)卵70~120枚。北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)肉肥味美(mei),馳(chi)名中外的(de)北(bei)京(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya),就是用北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)烤(kao)制而成的(de)。北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)已傳入(ru)外國(guo)(guo),世(shi)界(jie)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)都有分布。
北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)體型碩大(da)豐(feng)滿,挺拔美觀。頭(tou)較(jiao)大(da)。喙中等大(da)小。眼大(da)而明亮。頸(jing)粗、中等長。體軀(qu)長方,前(qian)部昂起,與地面(mian)約是(shi)30°角,背寬平,胸部豐(feng)滿,胸骨長而直.兩翅較(jiao)小而緊附于體軀(qu)。尾短而上翹,公鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)有(you)4根卷起的性羽。產(chan)蛋母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)因輸卵管發(fa)達(da)而腹部豐(feng)滿,顯得后軀(qu)大(da)于前(qian)軀(qu),腿短粗,蹼寬厚。全身羽毛豐(feng)滿,羽色(se)(se)純白并(bing)帶有(you)奶油光澤;喙、脛、蹼橙黃色(se)(se)或橘紅(hong)色(se)(se);虹(hong)彩藍(lan)灰色(se)(se)。初生雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)絨羽金黃色(se)(se),稱為“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)黃”,隨口齡(ling)增(zeng)加顏色(se)(se)逐漸(jian)變淺,至金周齡(ling)前(qian)后變成白色(se)(se);至60日齡(ling)羽毛長齊,喙 、進發(fa)、蹼橘紅(hong)色(se)(se)。
生產性能
產肉性能
一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初(chu)生(sheng)重為(wei)(wei)(wei) 58~62g,3周(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei) 600~700g,7周(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750~2000g,9周(zhou)(zhou)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2500~2750g, 150日齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750~3000g。長期以來,北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要用于生(sheng)產填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),生(sheng)產程序分為(wei)(wei)(wei)幼雛、中雛和(he)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),幼雛和(he)中雛亦稱“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯子(zi)”階段,用7周(zhou)(zhou)左(zuo)右(you)時間(jian),以后再填(tian)(tian)(tian) 10~15d,使填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達到 2.75kg左(zuo)右(you)的(de)出售標準。屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv):北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因兩(liang)種(zhong)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)產方式而(er)屠(tu)(tu)體(ti)品質有所不同(tong),其中填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)屠(tu)(tu)體(ti)脂肪率(lv)(lv)較高,瘦肉率(lv)(lv)低于未經(jing)填(tian)(tian)(tian)詞的(de)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠(tu)(tu)體(ti)。填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)半凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%;全凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸(xiong)肌和(he)腿肌占凈(jing)膛(tang)的(de)比(bi)例(li)分別為(wei)(wei)(wei),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和(he)11.6%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和(he)10.7%,胸(xiong)、腿肌合(he)計,公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)18%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來自選育群自由(you)采食飼養(yang)的(de)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),半凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%;全凈(jing)膛(tang)屠(tu)(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%,胸(xiong)肌率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%;腿肌率(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,胸(xiong)、腿合(he)計,公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%,母(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。
肥肝性能
北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)有(you)較好的肥(fei)(fei)(fei)肝(gan)性能,是(shi)國外(wai)生產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)肝(gan)的主要鴨(ya)(ya)種(zhong),用80~90日(ri)齡北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)或北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)與瘤(liu)頭鴨(ya)(ya)雜交(jiao)的雜種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya),填(tian)(tian)飼 2~3周,每只(zhi)可產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)肝(gan) 300~400 g,而(er)且填(tian)(tian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)的增重(zhong)快(kuai),可達到(dao)肝(gan)、肉雙(shuang)收的目的。我國從1980年(nian)開始用北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)試填(tian)(tian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)胖,1980年(nian)上(shang)海市青浦(pu)縣徐涇肥(fei)(fei)(fei)肝(gan)場用北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)生產(chan)(chan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)肝(gan)10余。3、產(chan)(chan)蛋性能北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)不僅具有(you)優(you)良肉用性能,而(er)且具有(you)很高(gao)的產(chan)(chan)蛋性能。60年(nian)代以前,曾(ceng)直(zhi)認(ren)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)的年(nian)產(chan)(chan)蛋量為(wei) 180個,蛋重(zhong)為(wei)90g以上(shang)。
養(yang)殖(zhi)場人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)(huan)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)我(wo)國北京(jing)鴨生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)傳統種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鴨管理技術。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鴨在第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期末(mo),即產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)9~10個(ge)(ge)月以后,產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)率(lv)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)質量和(he)受精率(lv)均開(kai)始(shi)下降。此(ci)時(shi),通過短(duan)期限制(zhi)飼喂、飲水和(he)照明等(deng)措施(shi),迫使母鴨停產(chan)(chan)換(huan)(huan)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),并于(yu)40~50d內恢復產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan),利用第(di)二(er)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期。經過人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)(huan)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)鴨群復產(chan)(chan)整齊一(yi)致,保持較高的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)率(lv)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)受精率(lv)和(he)孵化率(lv)。一(yi)般(ban)第(di)二(er)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期多為6個(ge)(ge)月左右(you)。在兩個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)期內,每只(zhi)母鴨可(ke)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)280~290個(ge)(ge)。60年(nian)代以來,國外肉鴨生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中亦開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)(huan)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),而我(wo)國的(de)(de)北京(jing)鴨場中有許多卻改為僅利用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鴨的(de)(de)頭一(yi)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)年(nian),80年(nian)代初,有些(xie)鴨場又開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用人(ren)工強(qiang)制(zhi)換(huan)(huan)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。
蛋的品質
據(ju)1983年中(zhong)國農業科學院畜(chu)牧研究所測定,72周(zhou)齡種鴨蛋351個,平均蛋重為(wei)(wei) 103 g,蛋殼(ke)厚為(wei)(wei) 0.358 mm,蛋殼(ke)強度為(wei)(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2,蛋形指數為(wei)(wei) 1.41,哈氏單位(wei)。為(wei)(wei)73.1。
繁殖性能
性成熟期為(wei)150~180日(ri)齡。公母配種比例多為(wei)1:5。種蛋受精率(lv)為(wei)90%以上(shang)。受精蛋孵化率(lv)為(wei)80 %左(zuo)右(you)。成活率(lv):1~28日(ri)齡雛鴨(ya)成活率(lv)為(wei)95%以上(shang)。一般(ban)生產(chan)場每只母鴨(ya)可年生產(chan)(繁殖)80只左(zuo)右(you)肉鴨(ya)或填鴨(ya)。育(yu)種場的每只母鴨(ya)年產(chan)肉鴨(ya)100只以上(shang)。
生活習性
北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)性情溫馴,膽小怕驚,非常合群。北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)作為(wei)水禽,種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)交配一般選擇早晨(chen)或傍(bang)晚在(zai)廣(guang)闊的水面(mian)進行。但在(zai)人工旱(han)養條件(jian)下(xia)種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)也(ye)能交配,正常情況下(xia),成年(nian)種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)產蛋主要集中(zhong)在(zai)午夜以后(hou)(hou)到黎明以前(qian)這段時間,此時夜深人靜,沒有任何吵擾,最(zui)適合鴨(ya)(ya)類繁(fan)殖(zhi)后(hou)(hou)代的特殊(shu)要求,北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)一般不在(zai)白天產蛋。
相關資料
京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”莫屬。“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”專(zhuan)選用以獨特的人工“填鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”法養出的肥美北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)作為(wei)原料(liao)(liao),由(you)明、清(qing)朝至今(jin),已有幾(ji)百年歷史。國家(jia)環保總局(ju)公布的一(yi)項資料(liao)(liao),卻揭(jie)露了一(yi)個驚(jing)人的事實:由(you)于(yu)中(zhong)國本土(tu)物種遺傳(chuan)資料(liao)(liao)的流失,真(zhen)正的“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”已幾(ji)乎絕跡,而以中(zhong)國“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”配種繁育出來的英國“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya),取而代(dai)之成為(wei)“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”的真(zhen)正原料(liao)(liao)。
英“混血(xue)”鴨取代北京(jing)鴨
國(guo)家(jia)環保(bao)(bao)總局日(ri)前公布一份資(zi)料(liao)指出,中國(guo)本土(tu)物(wu)種遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源流(liu)失(shi)狀況堪憂,由于本地物(wu)種資(zi)料(liao)保(bao)(bao)護意識落后,中國(guo)正(zheng)成為發達國(guo)家(jia)攫取遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源的(de)新目標。中國(guo)的(de)野生大豆、奇異果(guo)甚至家(jia)禽都被發達國(guo)家(jia)拿走(zou),“混(hun)血”改(gai)良后再重新用來(lai)搶占(zhan)中國(guo)市(shi)場。
專家薛達元教授表示,中國本土(tu)物(wu)種(zhong)流失(shi)最突(tu)出的(de)例子是“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,該品(pin)種(zhong)在英(ying)國被雜(za)交后繁育(yu)出來新(xin)良種(zhong)“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),后來,英(ying)國繁育(yu)的(de)“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)又重新(xin)被引(yin)種(zhong)到中國,占領中國的(de)市場(chang)。現在,在中國真正的(de)“北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”幾乎(hu)絕跡,而(er)重新(xin)由英(ying)國引(yin)進的(de)“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),成為北(bei)(bei)京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)主要原料。
北(bei)京鴨引(yin)入美國惹轟動(dong)
北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨的物種(zhong)遺傳(chuan)資源最早從(cong)中國(guo)(guo)流傳(chuan)至(zhi)外國(guo)(guo)是在清朝,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)人詹(zhan)姆斯·帕爾默于1873年(nian)從(cong)天津(jin)將(jiang)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨運(yun)至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo),從(cong)此北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨的物種(zhong)遺傳(chuan)資料流出國(guo)(guo)外。同年(nian),英(ying)國(guo)(guo)人克爾又將(jiang)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨的種(zhong)蛋(dan)引入英(ying)國(guo)(guo),1875年(nian),英(ying)國(guo)(guo)人將(jiang)填肥的北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨海(hai)運(yun)至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo),立(li)刻引起美(mei)國(guo)(guo)市場(chang)的轟(hong)動(dong)。當時有文章(zhang)寫道(dao):(北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨)樣(yang)品(pin)既出,社會耳目為之(zhi)一新,紳(shen)士(shi)名媛(yuan),交與不置。購者(zhe)驟多(duo),供(gong)給缺乏。一時價(jia)格騰(teng)貴,每卵一枚,當金元(yuan)一元(yuan)之(zhi)價(jia),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)社會,遂有鴨即金磚之(zhi)榮稱(cheng)。
英國(guo)的(de)(de)櫻桃谷(gu)鴨(ya),美國(guo)長島鴨(ya)等都是在北(bei)京鴨(ya)的(de)(de)基礎上選育而成(cheng)的(de)(de)。現在英國(guo)的(de)(de)櫻桃谷(gu)鴨(ya),已(yi)經取代北(bei)京鴨(ya),成(cheng)為“北(bei)京烤鴨(ya)”的(de)(de)主要(yao)原料。中國(guo)輸出(chu)北(bei)京鴨(ya)的(de)(de)物(wu)種時,沒有獲利,現在引進英國(guo)的(de)(de)櫻桃谷(gu)鴨(ya)種,反而還必(bi)須用(yong)外匯購(gou)買,造成(cheng)巨大的(de)(de)經濟損失。