宋莊墓地(di)位于(yu)河(he)南省鶴壁市(shi)淇(qi)縣西崗鄉(xiang)宋莊村東、方寨(zhai)村南,淇(qi)河(he)西岸的一級臺地(di)上。西距衛國故城約十公里(li),南距省級文物(wu)保護單位紂(zhou)王墓約一公里(li)。
2008年12月16日,淇(qi)縣文物(wu)旅游局(ju)(ju)文物(wu)管(guan)理所發現(xian)該墓(mu)地3座(zuo)古墓(mu)葬被盜,立即(ji)采取了保護措施,并向河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)文物(wu)管(guan)理局(ju)(ju)進行(xing)報告。河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)文物(wu)局(ju)(ju)非常重視,組織專家對被盜墓(mu)葬和出土的文物(wu)進行(xing)了鑒(jian)定,認為這(zhe)里是東(dong)周時期(qi)的一處貴(gui)族墓(mu)地。
經國家文(wen)物局(ju)批準(zhun),由河南省文(wen)物考(kao)古研究(jiu)所和(he)淇縣(xian)文(wen)物旅游(you)局(ju)文(wen)物管理所組成考(kao)古隊,從2009年2月至11月對淇縣(xian)西崗鄉(xiang)宋(song)莊村東被(bei)盜(dao)古墓進行了搶救性考(kao)古發掘。此次(ci)共發掘墓葬10座, 9座為春秋戰國時期,1座為漢代。發掘領隊為賈(jia)連(lian)敏。
在發掘(jue)M1的(de)同(tong)時(shi),我們組織(zhi)河南(nan)省文物保護勘探中心的(de)專業技術人員(yuan),以(yi)M1為(wei)中心向外圍(wei)進(jin)行放射性文物鉆(zhan)探,鉆(zhan)探面(mian)積10萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),共發現(xian)東(dong)周(zhou)至宋元時(shi)期墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)104座(zuo)。其(qi)中東(dong)周(zhou)時(shi)期墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)60余座(zuo),平面(mian)呈甲(jia)字(zi)形(xing),帶墓道的(de)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)7座(zuo),形(xing)制較大,其(qi)中5座(zuo)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)呈一字(zi)形(xing)排列(lie);3×3米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)土(tu)坑(keng)豎穴墓有(you)16座(zuo),M6已經發掘(jue),出土(tu)有(you)11件青銅(tong)器。余皆(jie)為(wei)2×3米(mi)(mi)以(yi)下的(de)土(tu)坑(keng)豎穴墓,M7已經發掘(jue)僅(jin)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器。由于勘探范圍(wei)有(you)限,該墓地的(de)范圍(wei)及墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)數量尚不十分(fen)清楚(chu)。
發掘的東周(zhou)時期墓(mu)葬特別重要。有(you)甲(jia)字形(xing)和土坑豎穴墓(mu)兩種,均(jun)為東西方向,沒有(you)封(feng)土,開口于(yu)③層下,距地表0.7米,深6-9米。
甲(jia)字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),發掘(jue)6座,其中M4、 M3、M1、M5依次由北(bei)(bei)(bei)向南(nan)(nan)呈一字(zi)排列(lie)(lie),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)間間隔30-50米(mi),M1的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)距(ju)淇河(he)岸邊(bian)(bian)80余米(mi);M8、M9位于(yu)(yu)(yu)該(gai)排墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),相距(ju)100-130米(mi),M8位于(yu)(yu)(yu)M5西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)其北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)M9相距(ju)130米(mi)。甲(jia)字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)由墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)組成。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),長(chang)(chang)30-40米(mi),寬3米(mi)左(zuo)右,直壁(bi)規(gui)整,呈斜坡狀(zhuang)(zhuang),底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)車(che)轍痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen)跡(ji),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)底(di)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)呈方形,4.5-8.3米(mi)見方,M1形制(zhi)最大(da),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)8.3米(mi)見方。填(tian)土為(wei)(wei)五花(hua)土,由四周向中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傾斜堆積,分層(ceng)(ceng),局部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夯(hang)打痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen)跡(ji)明顯。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)近(jin)直或稍向內(nei)(nei)收,呈斗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)熟土二層(ceng)(ceng)臺、邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)、棺(guan)(guan)槨、殉人(ren)(ren)和腰坑。邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),用(yong)(yong)來放置(zhi)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器物箱(xiang)。用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)質材料加工而成,已經(jing)朽為(wei)(wei)灰痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)盜擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)灰痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen)清晰,一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)(chang),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬,殘(can)(can)存(cun)高度不(bu)等,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)板(ban)蓋(gai)合,箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)邊(bian)(bian)及底(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鋪(pu)席痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen)跡(ji)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)則另入一個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)小(xiao)箱(xiang)。如(ru)M5邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)放置(zhi)排列(lie)(lie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)律,東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)犧(xi)牲,保(bao)存(cun)大(da)量動物骨(gu)骼(ge)。中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏(pian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)放置(zhi)樂器,有(you)(you)(you)(you)編鐘、石磬。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏(pian)南(nan)(nan)放置(zhi)陶器,為(wei)(wei)鬲、罐(guan)、豆陶器組合。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角放置(zhi)骨(gu)貝。從(cong)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)往(wang)西(xi)(xi)依次為(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)鼎、壺、豆、盤、匜等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質棺(guan)(guan)槨,位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)緊挨,均(jun)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)單槨,殘(can)(can)存(cun)灰痕(hen)(hen)(hen)(hen),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)紅漆(qi)黑彩,如(ru)M5槨東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)(chang)2.62米(mi)、南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬1.62米(mi)、高1.1米(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)(chang)2.1米(mi)、南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬1.32米(mi)、殘(can)(can)高0.1米(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)上(shang)分布有(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)牌和小(xiao)銅(tong)管,據此推測當時棺(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帷帳。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨(gu)骼(ge)均(jun)保(bao)存(cun)較(jiao)差,如(ru)M5骨(gu)骼(ge)已朽不(bu)見,僅見一顆牙(ya)齒,證明墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭(tou)向西(xi)(xi)。身(shen)上(shang)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)玉(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)璜等佩飾,棺(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主身(shen)上(shang)鋪(pu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)朱砂。棺(guan)(guan)槨之(zhi)間隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)兵(bing)器、車(che)馬飾件、骨(gu)貝。腰坑位于(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)槨之(zhi)下(xia),多(duo)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)形淺坑,殘(can)(can)存(cun)狗骨(gu)。殉人(ren)(ren)多(duo)分布在(zai)棺(guan)(guan)槨的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)面。殉人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模大(da)小(xiao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份高低而不(bu)同,M1最多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)5具(ju)(ju),其中1具(ju)(ju)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)槨下(xia),M4僅殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)1具(ju)(ju)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)(ju)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan),但是尺寸(cun)大(da)小(xiao)不(bu)一,骨(gu)骼(ge)保(bao)存(cun)一般(ban),有(you)(you)(you)(you)側身(shen)曲肢(zhi)和仰(yang)身(shen)直肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。說明殉人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份也不(bu)相同。
土(tu)坑(keng)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu),分(fen)布較散(san),無(wu)規律,發(fa)掘(jue)M6、M7、M10三座。依據墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬尺寸的大(da)小可分(fen)為兩(liang)種。一是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室在3.5-5米見方的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,平面近方形(xing),填土(tu)為五花土(tu),分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)明顯,局(ju)部經過夯打,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,較規整(zheng),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室結構和甲字形(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)基本(ben)一致,有熟土(tu)二層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)、邊箱、棺槨、殉(xun)人、腰坑(keng),M6、M10已經發(fa)掘(jue);二是3米以下墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,僅發(fa)掘(jue)M7,長(chang)方形(xing),東(dong)西(xi)方向,3×2米,土(tu)坑(keng)豎穴,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,有熟土(tu)二層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai),臺(tai)上隨葬陶器及犧牲,葬具為木質單(dan)棺單(dan)槨,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨骼保存(cun)較差,頭向西(xi),平底。
隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin),除M1和M3被盜嚴重,殘(can)存少量隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin)外,其(qi)它墓(mu)(mu)葬隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin)完整豐富。甲字形墓(mu)(mu)和墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)在(zai)4-5米見方的(de)土坑(keng)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu),隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬有(you)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)鼎(ding)、敦、壺、缶、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)、盤(pan)、匜(yi)等(deng);樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)編(bian)鐘、石磬(qing);兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)銅(tong)(tong)劍、戈、矛、鏃等(deng);玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng);鉛(qian)(qian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)缶、編(bian)鐘等(deng);陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)鬲(li)、罐(guan)、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)、壺組合。還有(you)銅(tong)(tong)車馬飾(shi)件(jian)(jian)、貝、珍珠(zhu)、銅(tong)(tong)魚(yu)等(deng)。各墓(mu)(mu)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin)的(de)數(shu)量因墓(mu)(mu)主的(de)身份不(bu)同而多寡不(bu)一,如M5,沒有(you)被盜擾,隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin)組合保存較(jiao)完整,器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)大部(bu)分保存完好,共(gong)(gong)出土文物(wu)175件(jian)(jian)套。其(qi)中(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)鼎(ding)7、壺2、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)4、盤(pan)2、匜(yi)1、勺1、盒(he)1、環2、小管飾(shi)16、車飾(shi)1、蓮花瓣飾(shi)3、編(bian)鐘7件(jian)(jian),共(gong)(gong)47件(jian)(jian)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎(hu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng)共(gong)(gong)81件(jian)(jian)。陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲(li)、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)、罐(guan)共(gong)(gong)34件(jian)(jian)。石磬(qing)10件(jian)(jian)。珍珠(zhu)1粒。鉛(qian)(qian)魚(yu)30件(jian)(jian)。貝幣200多枚。M6隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬品(pin)(pin)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)鼎(ding)2、敦2、盤(pan)1、匜(yi)1、盒(he)1、車飾(shi)4件(jian)(jian),共(gong)(gong)11件(jian)(jian),陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲(li)、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)、罐(guan)共(gong)(gong)22件(jian)(jian)。3米以下土坑(keng)豎(shu)穴墓(mu)(mu)僅隨(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)葬陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)和犧牲,陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合也是鬲(li)、罐(guan)、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)。
墓(mu)葬的(de)年代(dai),從M4出(chu)土青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、敦(dun)、盤(pan)、匜組合(he)(he)及(ji)陶(tao)器(qi)鬲(li)、豆、罐組合(he)(he),到M9出(chu)土的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)鼎、豆、壺、缶、盤(pan)、匜組合(he)(he)及(ji)陶(tao)器(qi)鬲(li)、豆、壺組合(he)(he)以及(ji)器(qi)物本身的(de)特征來看,應為春秋至戰國(guo)時期。
淇縣(xian)歷史悠久,文化(hua)燦(can)爛,是河南省首(shou)批歷史文化(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng),古稱朝歌,曾為(wei)春秋時(shi)期衛國(guo)國(guo)都,該墓地(di)距(ju)衛國(guo)故城(cheng)(cheng)十公里。通過發(fa)掘(jue)為(wei)研究(jiu)東周時(shi)期該地(di)區的(de)歷史、政治、經濟(ji)、文化(hua)、葬(zang)制、葬(zang)俗提供了重要線索和(he)實物(wu)資(zi)料。