府(fu)(fu)治(zhi)在今府(fu)(fu)山之上,縣(xian)治(zhi)在今十字街(jie)頭之右,故城中有(you)(you)縣(xian)西(xi)街(jie),南(nan)街(jie)(原名縣(xian)南(nan)街(jie)或南(nan)市大街(jie)),縣(xian)后街(jie)等地名,都是以縣(xian)治(zhi)方(fang)位定名。府(fu)(fu)縣(xian)皆有(you)(you)治(zhi)學(xue),縣(xian)學(xue)在縣(xian)學(xue)街(jie)黌序(xu)巷,古有(you)(you)鹿(lu)鳴(ming)書(shu)院(yuan);府(fu)(fu)學(xue)在府(fu)(fu)山西(xi)麓,故地叫府(fu)(fu)學(xue)里(li),建有(you)(you)清蓮(lian)書(shu)院(yuan)(又名正誼(yi)書(shu)院(yuan))。
城(cheng)(cheng)池始建(jian)于(yu)漢代(dai)(東(dong)漢土墻為(wei)屯兵之用,由當時駐(zhu)軍鄭平等(deng)人首建(jian),而(er)非府城(cheng)(cheng)),現(xian)存的府城(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)唐代(dai)為(wei)基(ji)礎,明(ming)代(dai)重(zhong)修。原有(you)六門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men):東(dong)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“迎和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));南(nan)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“禮(li)賢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),俗(su)(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)通遠(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)遠(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));西稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“航(hang)遠(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),俗(su)(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水亭門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)朝京門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));北稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“永(yong)清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),俗(su)(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)浮(fu)石門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)拱(gong)宸門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));東(dong)南(nan)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“清輝門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),俗(su)(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前湖門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)魁星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));西南(nan)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“和(he)平門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”(今(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),俗(su)(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)埭(dai)堰門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)通廣門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))。六門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)之上均(jun)建(jian)樓(lou),各(ge)為(wei)兩(liang)層(ceng)歇山,各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)形制以(yi)水亭為(wei)例:城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)墻高(gao)(gao)7.3米(mi)(mi),厚12.37米(mi)(mi),兩(liang)側城(cheng)(cheng)墻殘(can)長各(ge)為(wei)30米(mi)(mi)、20米(mi)(mi);拱(gong)券(quan)高(gao)(gao)5.55米(mi)(mi),寬4.88米(mi)(mi),墻基(ji)用8層(ceng)條石錯縫平砌(qi),高(gao)(gao)1.5米(mi)(mi),上用磚(zhuan)平砌(qi)1.4米(mi)(mi)處(chu)起券(quan),券(quan)頂橫砌(qi)。在迎和(he)、清輝、禮(li)賢、永(yong)清四門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)包筑月城(cheng)(cheng)。明(ming)代(dai)又(you)(you)(you)在西北角開“西安門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)”。府城(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)存西安門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、大(da)(da)西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、大(da)(da)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、小南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)及小西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)之半,除大(da)(da)西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)于(yu)上世(shi)紀(ji)末重(zhong)新修繕(shan)外(wai),各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)已(yi)圮。城(cheng)(cheng)墻殘(can)存的約(yue)有(you)2000米(mi)(mi),殘(can)高(gao)(gao)3—5米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河基(ji)本保(bao)存,南(nan)湖、斗潭保(bao)存較好,東(dong)側城(cheng)(cheng)河則有(you)待于(yu)疏浚。1989年(nian)12月公布為(wei)省級重(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。
2006年(nian)6月,衢州(zhou)府(fu)城(cheng)正式被國(guo)務(wu)院核定公布為第(di)六批全國(guo)重點文物(wu)保護單位,衢州(zhou)府(fu)城(cheng)是我國(guo)東南重鎮的實(shi)物(wu)依(yi)據,是研究(jiu)府(fu)城(cheng)一級城(cheng)池格局、規模等方(fang)面的實(shi)物(wu)標本(ben)。此外,衢州(zhou)府(fu)城(cheng)在選址和(he)城(cheng)臺(tai)形制等方(fang)面皆有(you)(you)獨到(dao)之處(chu),具有(you)(you)很高的歷史、藝術(shu)、科學價值(zhi)。
城池是(shi)中國(guo)特有的(de)人文(wen)景觀(guan),是(shi)城市(shi)的(de)縮影。衢州是(shi)一座歷史文(wen)化名城,這(zhe)座城市(shi)有著深厚的(de)文(wen)化底蘊,城墻(qiang)和城河(he)就(jiu)是(shi)歷史的(de)見(jian)證,文(wen)化的(de)背景。
衢(qu)州(zhou)府(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)歷史悠(you)久,明(ming)弘治(zhi)(zhi)《衢(qu)州(zhou)府(fu)志(zhi)》云:“今龜(gui)峰之(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)亦不知其初(chu)(chu)建(jian)(jian)。州(zhou)人相傳(chuan),先址土墻而(er)已。”衢(qu)州(zhou)之(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)于何(he)時,史志(zhi)均無明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)記載,尚難以確(que)定,但比較(jiao)統一的(de)(de)(de)說法是(shi)唐(tang)(tang)以后衢(qu)州(zhou)才正式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)了磚石城(cheng)(cheng)墻。明(ming)嘉靖《衢(qu)州(zhou)府(fu)志(zhi)》云:“唐(tang)(tang)武(wu)德四(si)年(621)置衢(qu)州(zhou)建(jian)(jian)郡治(zhi)(zhi)”。有郭(guo)必有城(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)為(wei)自古以來城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)是(shi)相依的(de)(de)(de)。唐(tang)(tang)崔耿《女樓記》云:“衢(qu)之(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)成于龜(gui)峰崢嶸(rong)(rong)嶺(ling)(ling)上”,說得亦十分(fen)肯定。所以可以斷(duan)定,衢(qu)州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)建(jian)(jian),其時當在唐(tang)(tang)武(wu)德四(si)年建(jian)(jian)郡治(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)后;其址當以龜(gui)峰、崢嶸(rong)(rong)嶺(ling)(ling)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)。自此以后,城(cheng)(cheng)墻歷經修筑(zhu)、擴(kuo)展,形成保(bao)留(liu)至(zhi)今的(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)墻。
衢州地處浙西,交通(tong)便利,自古有(you)四省通(tong)衢之(zhi)美名,此地能控鄱陽(yang)之(zhi)肘(zhou)腋,扼(e)甌閩之(zhi)咽喉,連(lian)宣徽之(zhi)聲勢,集百越(yue)之(zhi)精華。這里(li)是(shi)圍(wei)棋仙境(jing)、軍(jun)事(shi)要塞(sai)、文化之(zhi)邦,是(shi)錢(qian)塘江上(shang)游的(de)璀璨明珠。夏商為“揚(yang)州之(zhi)域(yu)”,春(chun)秋歸越(yue),戰國(guo)歸楚,秦屬(shu)會(hui)稽,漢屬(shu)東陽(yang),三國(guo)從吳,建(jian)制于唐,興于宋(song),昌于明,盛于清。前后近兩千年(nian)的(de)發展史(shi)。
唐(tang)武德(de)四年(621)尉(yu)遲敬(jing)德(de)奉高(gao)宗之命(ming)分婺州(今金(jin)華)置衢州,在(zai)衢江(jiang)畔建設城(cheng)池,初(chu)時城(cheng)中有起伏小丘數座,居高(gao)臨下,適于(yu)防(fang)守,城(cheng)外還(huan)有大片土地,宜作良田,供城(cheng)糧草(cao)。始建城(cheng)時,周邊居民(min)皆遷入城(cheng)圈,并協作建城(cheng)。當時軍(jun)民(min)合力(li)(li)日出而(er)作,日落而(er)息,竭力(li)(li)造城(cheng)。
宋宣(xuan)和三(san)年(1121)郡守高至臨,始在六門(men)之上建設(she)城(cheng)樓,挖城(cheng)內河,并(bing)開鑿城(cheng)壕(hao),引烏(wu)溪江之水環之,自此(ci)衢州(zhou)便有了護城(cheng)河,水環北(bei)、東(dong)、南三(san)面皆(jie)通衢江,因而船只可入航(hang)城(cheng)池,進(jin)水門(men)洞,到達(da)城(cheng)中各(ge)處(chu),這些使衢州(zhou)城(cheng)防進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步完善。據清康熙《西安縣志》載(zai):“城(cheng)高一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)六尺五寸,廣一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)一(yi)(yi)尺,周回四(si)千五十步。”
元(yuan)至正(zheng)十(shi)五年監郡伯顏忽都,沿(yan)城(cheng)舊址(zhi),修復年久殘敗的城(cheng)墻,共修五百余步,并(bing)在北門(men)(men)、東門(men)(men)、大(da)南門(men)(men)和小(xiao)南門(men)(men)外包(bao)以月城(cheng)。以六門(men)(men)之上再建城(cheng)樓,使六門(men)(men)煥(huan)然一新。這次建設(she)使府城(cheng)有(you)了完備的城(cheng)和池。
明天順年間(jian)(1457-1464),曾(ceng)短時間(jian)內封過朝京門(men)(men)(水亭門(men)(men)),并(bing)在(zai)城西(xi)北角文昌(chang)閣開(kai)挖西(xi)安門(men)(men),自此(ci)衢州(zhou)六(liu)門(men)(men)就有了(le)第(di)七個門(men)(men),此(ci)后(hou)明清時期又修葺(qi)城垣(yuan)百余次,由(you)此(ci)奠定了(le)衢州(zhou)的基礎(chu)。
衢州(zhou)府(fu)城一直是保護完好的(de)城防,民國五年(1916)以前還(huan)曾對(dui)城墻進行修葺,而第一次的(de)破壞就(jiu)是在解放前的(de)民國時代,當時的(de)縣長叫(jiao)王超凡拓寬(kuan)上(shang)下(xia)街(jie),新(xin)城門就(jiu)是在他手上(shang)打(da)開的(de)。
衢州府城從那以后就進(jin)入了20世(shi)紀的(de)時(shi)代變(bian)遷,之(zhi)后由于五六十年代大搞農業,大興土木就大規模(mo)的(de)遭到了破壞。
城(cheng)池核心(xin)是城(cheng)隍和(he)城(cheng)郭,一個完整(zheng)的城(cheng)池必然少不了由城(cheng)墻、城(cheng)壕(hao)、月城(cheng)、城(cheng)門、城(cheng)樓等部分。
城(cheng)隍,道教中(zhong)負責城(cheng)池(chi)的地方神,也指(zhi)干涸的城(cheng)壕。
城郭(guo),城指內(nei)城墻,外(wai)城墻為郭(guo)。
城墻,也叫城垣(yuan),是(shi)城防(fang)的主體(ti)。
女墻(qiang)(指(zhi)城(cheng)墻(qiang)上凹凸的(de)短墻(qiang))、城(cheng)堞(包(bao)圍月城(cheng)的(de)城(cheng)墻(qiang),也叫城(cheng)垛(duo))組(zu)成。
城(cheng)壕,也叫護城(cheng)河,環繞城(cheng)外的水體。
月城(cheng),也叫(jiao)甕城(cheng),城(cheng)門(men)(men)外用(yong)以屏蔽城(cheng)門(men)(men)的(de)小(xiao)城(cheng),月城(cheng)的(de)門(men)(men)稱城(cheng)堙。
城樓(lou),建于(yu)城門(men)或(huo)城墻(qiang)之上的樓(lou)。
城闕,城門兩邊(bian)的望樓。
城(cheng)廂,指城(cheng)內和城(cheng)門(men)外附近。
城(cheng)根,靠近城(cheng)墻的地(di)方。
城關(guan),城門外靠近城門的一帶地區。
吊橋,架(jia)在城壕上方(fang)便行路的木制斜拉橋。
現衢(qu)州府城(cheng)還保留了部分(fen)城(cheng)墻和(he)除北門之(zhi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)其他城(cheng)門,以及周邊的(de)(de)護城(cheng)河。東門,又名迎(ying)和(he)門、紫金門,門外(wai)(wai)(wai)有(you)青龍碼(ma)頭,新(xin)任官員都從此入(ru)城(cheng),門外(wai)(wai)(wai)為七里街,大概(gai)因門外(wai)(wai)(wai)有(you)一送別亭名七里亭之(zhi)故。為市區(qu)和(he)機場(chang)的(de)(de)分(fen)界線(xian)。
小(xiao)南(nan)(nan)門(men),俗(su)稱(cheng)通(tong)仙(xian)門(men),又名清輝門(men)、前湖門(men),據傳住在仙(xian)霞嶺、爛柯山(shan)的神仙(xian)在此(ci)出入頻繁(fan)。而且在小(xiao)南(nan)(nan)門(men)附近(jin)有(you)位惡婦(fu)壞事干盡,神仙(xian)怕她,所(suo)以三天(tian)兩頭來治她。原門(men)上有(you)魁星閣為衢州八閣之一,傳說天(tian)氣晴朗的時候在城樓上能看見爛柯山(shan),門(men)外有(you)魁星街。
大南門(men)(men)(men),也(ye)叫禮(li)(li)賢門(men)(men)(men)、光遠門(men)(men)(men),此門(men)(men)(men)名(ming)得禮(li)(li)賢,原因有(you)二,一(yi)說衢州建城(cheng)官(guan)員尉遲敬德,曾(ceng)在(zai)此門(men)(men)(men)外迎(ying)接恩師,意為(wei)禮(li)(li)賢下士(shi);又一(yi)說江山縣曾(ceng)經稱(cheng)作禮(li)(li)賢縣,門(men)(men)(men)通(tong)禮(li)(li)賢故得名(ming)。城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)附近有(you)空曠土地(di)俗(su)稱(cheng)花街(jie)頭,是因十五(wu)鬧(nao)元(yuan)宵的隊伍(wu)都集中于(yu)此,并由此地(di)進城(cheng)。門(men)(men)(men)外有(you)街(jie)名(ming)曰禮(li)(li)賢街(jie)。
小西門(men),又叫通廣門(men),古時城門(men)外埠頭眾多,船家云(yun)集,走水(shui)路可達蘇杭,經大運河更是可通全國。由于(yu)保(bao)護不善,解(jie)放后,門(men)拱坍塌(ta),現有城墻尚保(bao)存。門(men)外南側有衢州(zhou)三塔之一(yi)的銅塔,為鑄兵器,毀(hui)于(yu)太平(ping)天國時期(qi)。
大西門(men),又稱(cheng)水(shui)(shui)亭(ting)(ting)門(men)、朝京門(men),水(shui)(shui)亭(ting)(ting)為門(men)內街(jie)(jie)名,興許是城門(men)外的卷雪亭(ting)(ting),常被水(shui)(shui)漫,故作(zuo)水(shui)(shui)亭(ting)(ting)。在(zai)這一區域是城中水(shui)(shui)患的又一重地(di),古(gu)有“水(shui)(shui)亭(ting)(ting)街(jie)(jie),街(jie)(jie)停水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)亭(ting)(ting)街(jie)(jie)上漲大水(shui)(shui)”的句子。城門(men)上有樓名曰碧春樓,又名西勝樓,是衢州九樓之一。門(men)內天(tian)皇巷有衢州三塔之一的天(tian)皇塔,由于年久失修,已于五十年代中期拆(chai)除。
西安門,為(wei)明朝中后期才開的(de)新門,位于城區(qu)西北角,門面較小(xiao),門內有(you)文昌閣為(wei)衢(qu)州(zhou)八閣之一,門外(wai)是烈婦祠,為(wei)表貞(zhen)潔烈女而建。附近(jin)還有(you)衢(qu)州(zhou)三塔之一的(de)鐵塔。
北(bei)門(men)(men),又名拱辰門(men)(men)、浮(fu)石門(men)(men),門(men)(men)外有拱辰橋(北(bei)門(men)(men)橋),古時外面為浮(fu)石街,此(ci)門(men)(men)已于五十年代時拆除。
其(qi)下方(fang)的(de)小(xiao)河為斗潭的(de)東出水口。城墻內原為衢州名勝菱湖(hu)所在地,湖(hu)域面積(ji)逾千(qian)畝,攬得(de)一(yi)方(fang)盛景。湖(hu)南岸就是孔廟,附(fu)近有止(zhi)馬灣,為水體的(de)一(yi)部分(fen)。清軍政大(da)臣(chen)左宗(zong)棠(tang)任浙江巡(xun)撫期間,平(ping)復(fu)太平(ping)天國后便在城中大(da)興農業,將菱湖(hu)開渠出水,填湖(hu)為田。
新城(cheng)門(men),是(shi)民(min)國(guo)初期(qi)為了方便交通,把上(shang)街(jie)頭上(shang)的城(cheng)墻扒(ba)去(qu),并拆除了附近攔路的土地祠,那打通的城(cheng)墻部(bu)分就叫做新城(cheng)門(men)。從此(ci)上(shang)下(xia)街(jie)被打通,成(cheng)了衢(qu)州主干道,解放(fang)后還是(shi)320國(guo)道的一部(bu)分。
鐵(tie)衢門(men),早些年在(zai)環城東路拐角的地方還能看到,那是(shi)90年代建的景觀門(men),舊城改造(zao),府山擴(kuo)建后就拆除了。
南(nan)湖,這(zhe)是衢(qu)州人熟悉的一條護城(cheng)河(he)了,河(he)上原有大南(nan)門(men)(men)、小南(nan)門(men)(men)兩座吊橋,現已經都改成鋼精水泥橋了。
斗(dou)潭(tan),是(shi)北面的護城河,保存較好(hao),所謂斗(dou)潭(tan)就(jiu)是(shi)說潭(tan)大(da)如斗(dou),是(shi)指斗(dou)潭(tan)小的原因,其實斗(dou)潭(tan)不(bu)小,全長750米,平均寬度也在25米以上。
西溪衢(qu)江,是(shi)衢(qu)州西面(mian)天然的(de)屏障,故名西溪、濲水(shui)、信安江等。也衢(qu)州水(shui)運的(de)主要(yao)商業航道。寬可大二三百(bai)米。
東(dong)濠(hao)(hao),濠(hao)(hao)為(wei)護城河,原先的(de)水運河流青龍(long)碼頭已(yi)經不在了,剩下的(de)是(shi)被分割(ge)成的(de)一塊塊魚塘,還有待疏浚。