墓葬簡介
戈(ge)壁沙礫層上(shang)部為厚2—3米的(de)晚期(qi)洪淤(yu)土層;墓葬系在原戈(ge)壁沙礫層上(shang)下挖(wa)而(er)成。
發現的(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu),數量較(jiao)多(duo),規格高,分(fen)(fen)布密集,表明是一(yi)處(chu)規模較(jiao)大的(de)墓(mu)(mu)地,墓(mu)(mu)群可能有(you)塋(ying)區的(de)區劃。發掘的(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(3座)和磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(7座)。磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形單(dan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)、斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)單(dan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穹窿頂(ding)(ding)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)和斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)雙(shuang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穹窿頂(ding)(ding)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)。穹窿頂(ding)(ding)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)由斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)門(men)、甬(yong)道(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等構成;部分(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)門(men)上部有(you)照墻,壁面上有(you)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕的(de)成排椽頭、斗(dou)升、承(cheng)獸(shou)、天祿(鹿)、四神、菱格、穿(chuan)璧紋等建筑(zhu)雕飾。部分(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)上殘存紅、黃(huang)色彩繪;墓(mu)(mu)葬為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)人多(duo)次(ci)葬,有(you)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌的(de)棺床;殘存一(yi)些髹漆貼金木棺的(de)漆皮(pi)和貼金殘片(pian)痕跡。墓(mu)(mu)內多(duo)撒有(you)五(wu)(wu)銖錢(qian),隨葬陶罐、燈盞、鐵(tie)鏡、鐵(tie)鏃、骨博具、銅帶鉤、金箔飾物、五(wu)(wu)銖錢(qian)、剪輪(lun)五(wu)(wu)銖、龜茲小錢(qian)等。
墓葬形制與(yu)我國(guo)(guo)內地(di),尤其與(yu)酒泉、嘉峪關(guan)的魏晉壁畫(hua)墓、敦(dun)煌(huang)佛爺廟灣墓地(di)及祁(qi)家灣墓地(di)、大(da)通上(shang)孫(sun)家寨墓地(di)等磚(zhuan)室墓葬十分相似;墓葬的年(nian)代可推(tui)定為晉—十六國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(3世紀末—4世紀末),或稍晚一些。 這批典(dian)型漢墓在庫車(che)的發(fa)現(xian),反映出晉—十六國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期中原漢地(di)文化(hua)(hua)對西(xi)域龜茲(zi)地(di)區(qu)的直接影(ying)響;墓葬葬者可能是深受傳統(tong)漢晉文化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響的龜茲(zi)國(guo)(guo)貴族,抑或就是居(ju)住在龜茲(zi)地(di)區(qu)的漢地(di)吏民、屯戍軍吏或河(he)西(xi)豪(hao)族移民。
專家點評
首次(ci)在塔里木沙漠北緣發(fa)現和內地關系密切的晉十六國墓(mu)葬。同類墓(mu)葬過去只在吐魯番一帶發(fa)現過,但庫車這批墓(mu)葬形制(zhi)更為復雜(za)。它們位(wei)于(yu)距河西走廊如此遠的地區(qu),文化面貌(mao)卻如此相近。此次(ci)考古發(fa)現對(dui)闡明(ming)漢晉時期中原王朝(chao)和西域綠(lv)洲(zhou)城(cheng)邦國家間政治、經濟、文化關系及絲綢之路(lu)歷史(shi),具(ju)有重大價值。