罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),意為彩色的(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)園(yuan)始建于唐代(dai)(dai)(dai),成勝(sheng)景于宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai),其(qi)(qi)景色以梅(mei)(mei)花(hua)(hua)和(he)菱(ling)花(hua)(hua)煙柳為勝(sheng)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)愛(ai)(ai)國詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)蜀(shu)州(zhou)任官時,留下不少吟(yin)詠罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)美景的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)篇(pian)。公園(yuan)占地近(jin)50畝,其(qi)(qi)中池(chi)面(mian)22畝。池(chi)周樓橋亭閣(ge)古(gu)(gu)樸典雅,山石墻(qiang)曲徑通幽,名貴花(hua)(hua)木(mu)千姿百態(tai),盆景藝術享譽(yu)川(chuan)西(xi);池(chi)中游(you)(you)(you)船往來,風荷左右,倒影如(ru)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),五(wu)彩繽紛。罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)與(yu)另(ling)兩座省級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠(ci)、崇(chong)州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)廟毗鄰,三位(wei)一體,相(xiang)(xiang)得益彰。崇(chong)慶(qing)縣,古(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)蜀(shu)州(zhou),距成都(dou)(dou)40公里,因宋(song)(song)仁(ren)宗(zong)、宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)的(de)(de)女兒先后被(bei)封為崇(chong)慶(qing)公主,因而(er)改名崇(chong)慶(qing)府,沿(yan)用(yong)至(zhi)今。崇(chong)慶(qing)罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)景觀為西(xi)蜀(shu)名勝(sheng),分為罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)、陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠(ci)和(he)州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)廟,占地50畝,因南(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)愛(ai)(ai)國詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)為官而(er)聞名。陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠(ci)為一江南(nan)(nan)(nan)園(yuan)林風格四合院式建筑,祠(ci)內(nei)(nei)有(you)梅(mei)(mei)園(yuan)、梅(mei)(mei)閣(ge)、花(hua)(hua)徑、放(fang)(fang)翁堂、風月軒等(deng)(deng)建筑。放(fang)(fang)翁堂內(nei)(nei)有(you)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)像,氣宇軒昂。祠(ci)內(nei)(nei)陳列有(you)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、畫(hua)(hua)(hua)及(ji)《懷(huai)成都(dou)(dou)十韻》、《游(you)(you)(you)近(jin)村》等(deng)(deng)草(cao)書手跡(ji)石刻。罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)水面(mian)呈橢圓形,面(mian)積約10畝,被(bei)譽(yu)為蜀(shu)州(zhou)勝(sheng)景,以廣植梅(mei)(mei)花(hua)(hua)著稱(cheng)。唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)裴迪與(yu)流寓成都(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)杜甫(fu)曾來此(ci)(ci)(ci)賞梅(mei)(mei),相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)和(he)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),杜甫(fu)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)留下了被(bei)譽(yu)為“古(gu)(gu)今詠梅(mei)(mei)第一”的(de)(de)《和(he)裴迪登(deng)蜀(shu)州(zhou)東亭逢(feng)早梅(mei)(mei)相(xiang)(xiang)憶(yi)見寄》一詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。現崇(chong)慶(qing)每逢(feng)春梅(mei)(mei)早發,均在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)舉辦(ban)賞梅(mei)(mei)花(hua)(hua)會。州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)廟是建于明代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)孔廟,保(bao)存較為完好,殿宇巍(wei)峨(e),雄冠西(xi)川(chuan),有(you)宮墻(qiang)、啟圣宮、欞(ling)星門、圣城、鼓(gu)樂亭、大成殿等(deng)(deng)建筑。
唐時(shi),罨畫池及其東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)一帶初是蜀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(今崇州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)署的(de)(de)郡圃(pu);,同時(shi)兼有驛站功能,被稱(cheng)為(wei)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)”,當時(shi)此(ci)處并沒(mei)有湖(hu)池存在。唐時(shi)蜀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)風氣“尚侈好(hao)(hao)文,俗好(hao)(hao)歌舞”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)也逐(zhu)漸(jian)演變為(wei)蜀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)地(di)方(fang)官(guan)待(dai)客、游賞(shang)的(de)(de)衙(ya)署園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)。唐上元元年(760年)冬,時(shi)任蜀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)刺史的(de)(de)詩人裴(pei)迪邀杜(du)甫一同在東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)送(song)客,杜(du)甫寫下(xia)的(de)(de)《和(he)(he)裴(pei)迪登臨蜀州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)送(song)客逢早(zao)梅(mei)相憶見(jian)寄》一詩是證明東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)具有園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)性質的(de)(de)早(zao)記載。詩中有“東(dong)(dong)(dong)閣(ge)官(guan)梅(mei)動(dong)詩興”一句,不僅說明了(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)作為(wei)官(guan)家衙(ya)署園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)事(shi)實,也使得園(yuan)(yuan)中的(de)(de)梅(mei)閣(ge)和(he)(he)梅(mei)園(yuan)(yuan)因杜(du)詩而存留至今。
北(bei)宋慶(qing)歷年間(jian)(1041年-1048年),趙抃(bian)(字閱道)入(ru)(ru)蜀(shu)任江原知縣,并開(kai)始了較大規模(mo)的造(zao)園活動。趙抃(bian)在興修水(shui)(shui)利以引水(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai)農田(tian)時(shi),順(shun)便將水(shui)(shui)引入(ru)(ru)郡圃并開(kai)鑿湖(hu)池(chi)(chi)蓄水(shui)(shui),作起居(ju)觀游(you)之用。園內此時(shi)已(yi)有“囿亭”、“東軒”等建(jian)筑,還將開(kai)鑿湖(hu)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)所得(de)的土石在池(chi)(chi)中堆成(cheng)人工(gong)島。北(bei)宋嘉祐二年(公元1057年),趙抃(bian)作《蜀(shu)楊瑜邀游(you)罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)》,詩中有“占(zhan)勝芳菲(fei)地(di),標名(ming)(ming)罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)”兩句,不僅提(ti)到(dao)“罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)”之名(ming)(ming),而(er)且也指出,罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)得(de)名(ming)(ming)于園中的繽紛(fen)花木。
北宋政和年間(jian)(1111年-1118年),蘇轍族孫蘇元老(lao)(lao)在崇州任(ren)知縣。他在任(ren)職期間(jian)對罨畫池繼(ji)續進行(xing)營建(jian)。在蘇元老(lao)(lao)的(de)(de)經營之(zhi)下,罨畫池內造景(jing)已(yi)頗(po)為豐(feng)富,擁有了溪、泉(quan)、湖、瀑等元素(su),同時(shi)園林建(jian)筑也初具規模,亭、臺、樓(lou)、閣(ge)等一(yi)(yi)應俱全,成為一(yi)(yi)處(chu)帶(dai)有濃郁人(ren)文氣息的(de)(de)衙署園林。
南宋乾道九年(nian)(1173年(nian))春,陸游出(chu)任(ren)蜀州通判,居住在罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)南岸(an)的(de)(de)恰齋。在蜀州期間,陸游寫(xie)下(xia)了(le)120余(yu)首描寫(xie)當地風物的(de)(de)詩作,其中(zhong)(zhong)30余(yu)首都與罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相關,對(dui)(dui)罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)描寫(xie)非常(chang)詳致。陸游在詩中(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)了(le)罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)小樓、朱閣、恰齋、萱(xuan)房、放杯亭、重閣、畫(hua)(hua)(hua)船、小橋(qiao)等(deng)園(yuan)林建筑(zhu),以及“三千(qian)官柳(liu)”、“百畝湖竹”等(deng)植物景觀,同時還記錄(lu)了(le)在罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)發生的(de)(de)捉蝶(die)、垂釣、觀燕,戲魚(yu),瓶插、彈鴉護(hu)雀(que)、飲酒賦詩等(deng)游園(yuan)活動(dong)。陸游在離蜀后仍然對(dui)(dui)罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)十分(fen)留戀(lian),寫(xie)下(xia)了(le)“小閣東頭(tou)罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),秋(qiu)來(lai)長是憶(yi)幽(you)期”等(deng)憶(yi)懷罨(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)詩句。
始建于明洪武年間(jian)的(de)崇慶(qing)州文(wen)廟一(yi)景明洪武元年(1368年),蜀(shu)地(di)人(ren)士為(wei)了紀(ji)念曾(ceng)在此地(di)為(wei)官的(de)陸(lu)游(you)(you)和趙(zhao)(zhao)抃,在罨畫池(chi)畔修(xiu)建了趙(zhao)(zhao)陸(lu)二賢祠(ci),祠(ci)門懸“琴(qin)鶴梅(mei)花”四宇匾額,其中“梅(mei)花”代表陸(lu)游(you)(you)的(de)風骨(gu)氣節,“琴(qin)鶴”代表趙(zhao)(zhao)抃的(de)清正廉潔(相(xiang)傳(chuan)趙(zhao)(zhao)抃入蜀(shu)為(wei)官時(shi),隨身僅帶一(yi)琴(qin)一(yi)鶴)。從此之(zhi)后(hou)罨畫池(chi)園林便(bian)以陸(lu)游(you)(you)、趙(zhao)(zhao)抃兩人(ren)為(wei)立意,建筑(zhu)與景點(dian)多用陸(lu)趙(zhao)(zhao)兩人(ren)的(de)典故或詩文(wen)命名(ming),逐步演變成(cheng)為(wei)公共性紀(ji)念園林。同(tong)時(shi),洪武年間(jian)在罨畫池(chi)南又修(xiu)建了崇慶(qing)州文(wen)廟建筑(zhu)群。 清光緒年間(jian)繪制的(de)罨畫池(chi)地(di)圖
在明末清初的戰亂中,罨畫(hua)池(chi)(chi)損毀(hui)嚴重(zhong),只有罨畫(hua)池(chi)(chi)、環湖道路(lu)和少量建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑存留。清康熙年(nian)間(jian)(jian)開(kai)始重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)崇(chong)(chong)慶州(zhou)文廟建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群,并在罨畫(hua)池(chi)(chi)南(nan)岸土(tu)臺之上重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)尊經(jing)閣。自(zi)乾(qian)隆五(wu)十五(wu)年(nian)(1790年(nian))起(qi),罨畫(hua)池(chi)(chi)園林開(kai)始進(jin)行大規模(mo)的修(xiu)葺與拓(tuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian),后(hou)繼營建(jian)(jian)(jian)工作一直持續到(dao)光緒年(nian)間(jian)(jian),罨畫(hua)亭(ting)、琴(qin)鶴堂(tang)等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑都(dou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)此時(shi)。同時(shi),此期間(jian)(jian)崇(chong)(chong)慶州(zhou)知州(zhou)有不(bu)少江南(nan)人(ren)士,在修(xiu)葺過程中亦(yi)借鑒(jian)了一些江南(nan)園林的造園手(shou)法(fa)。
民國五年(nian)(1916年(nian)),罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)被(bei)辟(pi)為(wei)公園。1955年(nian),罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)被(bei)更名為(wei)人民公園,同時新(xin)建(jian)大(da)門并(bing)廢除了(le)原(yuan)有(you)(you)的東(dong)(dong)門。新(xin)門位于西(xi)北(bei)角,面向較為(wei)繁華的大(da)東(dong)(dong)街(jie)(jie)。1960年(nian)代(dai),罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角新(xin)增(zeng)建(jian)了(le)一組(zu)兼有(you)(you)船埠功能(neng)的亭(ting)、廊(lang)、榭。1974年(nian),罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角增(zeng)建(jian)聽(ting)詩觀畫(hua)(hua)(hua)亭(ting)與(yu)池(chi)北(bei)半亭(ting),并(bing)在尊經閣西(xi)南增(zeng)建(jian)了(le)以王勃(bo)《送(song)杜(du)少府(fu)之(zhi)任蜀(shu)州》一詩為(wei)立意的比鄰廊(lang)。1981年(nian),人民公園復(fu)更名為(wei)罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)。1982年(nian),對二賢祠進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修復(fu),并(bing)將其(qi)改為(wei)了(le)陸游祠。2008年(nian)起(qi),崇州市開(kai)始對罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)及其(qi)周(zhou)邊進(jin)(jin)行(xing)整體打造,計劃對罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)水(shui)環境進(jin)(jin)行(xing)整治,同時保護周(zhou)邊特(te)色民居,并(bing)對周(zhou)邊臨街(jie)(jie)建(jian)筑進(jin)(jin)行(xing)風貌整治。
罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)全園(yuan)由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、陸(lu)游(you)祠和(he)(he)州文(wen)(wen)廟三部分組成,以罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)面為(wei)中心進行布局,總(zong)占(zhan)地34541平(ping)方米,其(qi)中水(shui)(shui)面14600平(ping)方米,占(zhan)42%;建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)5946平(ping)方米,僅占(zhan)17%。全園(yuan)水(shui)(shui)面寬廣、假山眾多(duo)、花木繁茂,而建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)則(ze)多(duo)集中于罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)東(dong)南兩(liang)側(ce),且較(jiao)為(wei)疏(shu)朗,具有四(si)川園(yuan)林崇尚自(zi)然,造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)注重營(ying)造(zao)(zao)山水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)普遍特點(dian)。罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中陸(lu)游(you)祠和(he)(he)州文(wen)(wen)廟是兩(liang)組相對獨立的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群,陸(lu)游(you)祠軸(zhou)線由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)延伸而成,州文(wen)(wen)廟軸(zhou)線由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)向(xiang)(xiang)南延伸而成,使罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)全園(yuan)總(zong)平(ping)面呈(cheng)“T”型。 罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內池(chi)(chi)(chi)是罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)全園(yuan)的(de)(de)精華之處。
現存罨畫池建筑(zhu)群(qun)大都重建于清中后期(qi),為(wei)典型的清代川西建筑(zhu)風(feng)格,由環罨畫池建筑(zhu)群(qun)、州文廟建筑(zhu)群(qun)和(he)陸(lu)游(you)祠建筑(zhu)群(qun)三(san)部分(fen)組成,其中州文廟和(he)陸(lu)游(you)詞建筑(zhu)群(qun)相對獨立,但又與園林(lin)其它部分(fen)巧妙連(lian)接。