帝陵分布
陜西省西安市:2座(霸·杜)
陜西省咸陽市:9座(長·義·康(kang)·安·陽·茂·平·渭·延)
形制
為什么漢(han)文(wen)帝(di)霸(ba)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)和漢(han)宣帝(di)杜陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)沒有修在(zai)(zai)咸陽(yang)塬上呢?一(yi)方面是(shi)因為漢(han)代帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)埋葬(zang)有嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)昭穆制度;一(yi)方面文(wen)帝(di)力求(qiu)節(jie)儉(jian),所(suo)以(yi)選擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)因山為陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。宣帝(di)當皇帝(di)之前“周徧三(san)輔”、“尤樂杜、鄠之間(jian),率常在(zai)(zai)下(xia)杜”,他的(de)(de)(de)(de)父母均葬(zang)于長安(an)城東南,所(suo)以(yi)宣帝(di)筑(zhu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)于杜東塬。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制有兩類:一(yi)類是(shi)霸(ba)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)因山為陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式,墓葬(zang)開鑿于山崖中(zhong),不另起墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)。其他10陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)則屬另一(yi)類,都筑(zhu)有高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形(xing)夯(hang)土(tu)(tu)墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu),一(yi)般底部約150~170米見方,高約20~30余(yu)米,以(yi)武帝(di)茂(mao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)最大(da)。漢(han)代帝(di)后(hou)合葬(zang)同塋而不同陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),后(hou)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)大(da)多在(zai)(zai)帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東面,墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)亦較帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為小,惟呂(lv)后(hou)墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)大(da)小幾乎(hu)與高祖長陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)相等。從(cong)陽(yang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開始,在(zai)(zai)帝(di)后(hou)墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)周筑(zhu)平面方形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夯(hang)土(tu)(tu)垣墻(qiang)(qiang),每面垣墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央各辟(pi)一(yi)門,門外立雙(shuang)闕。這(zhe)種圍墳(fen)丘(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)方形(xing)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan),是(shi)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)帝(di)后(hou)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通制。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)之旁建寢殿和廟(miao)。
相關
西漢(han)諸(zhu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)都在帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之東(dong)(dong),長(chang)(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)規模最(zui)大(da)。茂陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)中有(you)著名的(de)衛(wei)青、霍去病墓(mu)。這(zhe)些帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)加上皇親(qin)國戚、權臣列侯的(de)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)自東(dong)(dong)而西綿延(yan)百(bai)里(li),正(zheng)如(ru)古詩所云:“長(chang)(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)高闕此安(an)劉,附(fu)葬(zang)累累盡列侯”。長(chang)(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開始置(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)。漢(han)朝建都長(chang)(chang)安(an)以后,便將齊(qi)、楚諸(zhu)國的(de)大(da)姓和有(you)功之臣都遷到長(chang)(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)來。自此而后,往(wang)往(wang)把高官(guan)豪富之家遷到各(ge)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)中去,將有(you)實力的(de)豪族(zu)控制在長(chang)(chang)安(an),以便鞏固(gu)漢(han)朝的(de)統治。漢(han)元帝永光四年(nian)(公元前40年(nian))下詔罷(ba)置(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi),因為強(qiang)迫(po)移民而使百(bai)姓破產(chan),引起社會上的(de)動蕩不安(an),設(she)置(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)對(dui)鞏固(gu)政權已不起作(zuo)用,所以從渭(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)開始廢置(zhi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)邑(yi)。