舊石器時(shi)代中期遺址(zhi),位于(yu)(yu)中國北部山西(xi)省(sheng)的襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)城(cheng)南約5公(gong)里的丁村(cun)南的同蒲鐵路(lu)兩側(ce)。距臨汾(fen)市35公(gong)里,北起史(shi)村(cun),南至柴莊,長約十一公(gong)里,分布于(yu)(yu)汾(fen)河(he)東(dong)岸(an)第三階(jie)地(di)上。
丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)是在(zai)1953年(nian)的(de)挖沙工程(cheng)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)。1954年(nian)秋天(tian),中(zhong)國社會(hui)科學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)和(he)山西(xi)的(de)專業(ye)考(kao)古人(ren)員組(zu)成發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)隊在(zai)丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)長約(yue)(yue)11公(gong)里、寬約(yue)(yue)5公(gong)里的(de)范(fan)圍內,進行(xing)了(le)(le)考(kao)古發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。從黃土下的(de)古代(dai)河(he)流沙礫層中(zhong),發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)3枚(mei)丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)十(shi)二三(san)歲(sui)兒(er)童的(de)牙齒(chi)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi),兩千多(duo)件丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)打(da)造的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器以及同丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)同時(shi)生存(cun)的(de)28種哺乳動(dong)物,5種魚類(lei),和(he)30種軟體動(dong)物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。1961年(nian)3月4日,國務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)布的(de)第一(yi)批(pi)全國重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)同北京(jing)周口店猿人(ren)遺(yi)址(zhi)一(yi)同被公(gong)布為全國重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位。1976年(nian)在(zai)同一(yi)地點(dian)(dian)又發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)一(yi)塊(kuai)小孩的(de)右(you)頂骨化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。因(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)丁(ding)村(cun)(cun), 故名(ming)丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)。丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器原料主為角頁巖,三(san)棱大尖狀器有顯(xian)著特點(dian)(dian),故命名(ming)為丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)文(wen)化(hua)。丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)形(xing)態(tai)介于(yu)現(xian)代(dai)人(ren)和(he)猿人(ren)之間,其門齒(chi)具鏟形(xing)特征,與現(xian)代(dai)蒙古人(ren)相(xiang)近。
丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化石包括3枚(mei)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),一(yi)為上(shang)內側(ce)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),一(yi)為上(shang)外側(ce)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),另一(yi)為下第(di)二(er)(er)臼(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),全(quan)是右側(ce)的(de)(de)。其大小、形狀(zhuang)、顏色和(he)石化程(cheng)度(du)(du)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si),并且出(chu)土部位相(xiang)(xiang)近(jin),應屬(shu)同一(yi)個體。從磨損程(cheng)度(du)(du)估計,為一(yi)個十二(er)(er)、三歲(sui)的(de)(de)少(shao)年。兩(liang)枚(mei)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)舌面(mian)(mian)(mian)呈鏟形,有明顯的(de)(de)舌面(mian)(mian)(mian)突(tu)(tu)隆(long)和(he)指狀(zhuang)突(tu)(tu),與(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有相(xiang)(xiang)近(jin)的(de)(de)性(xing)質。但(dan)無論齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠和(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)根都遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)細(xi)小,舌面(mian)(mian)(mian)隆(long)突(tu)(tu)和(he)指狀(zhuang)突(tu)(tu)亦不(bu)如(ru)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)復雜。這兩(liang)枚(mei)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)(yu)現代蒙(meng)(meng)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)的(de)(de)沒(mei)有明顯差別(bie),其中上(shang)外側(ce)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)(yu)內蒙(meng)(meng)古薩拉烏蘇遺址的(de)(de)河套人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)十分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)。下第(di)二(er)(er)臼(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠和(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)根都遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)細(xi)小,齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)高度(du)(du)(與(yu)(yu)長度(du)(du)和(he)寬度(du)(du)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)(bi))遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為大,咬合面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)紋(wen)理不(bu)如(ru)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)復雜。這些性(xing)質表明丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)臼(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)進步;但(dan)仍比(bi)(bi)現代人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)臼(jiu)(jiu)原始。從3枚(mei)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)形態可以明顯看出(chu),丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是介于北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)現代人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類。它雖(sui)與(yu)(yu)晚期(qi)智人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)階段(duan)的(de)(de)河套人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)接近(jin),但(dan)出(chu)土層位較早,所(suo)以將它歸入早期(qi)智人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)階段(duan)。
在丁村(cun)各地點發現石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)2000多件,石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)表面常(chang)包有(you)一層純凈的(de)(de)碳(tan)酸鈣(gai)外殼,證明(ming)(ming)曾被河水(shui)浸泡過(guo)(guo)。但(dan)很多石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)棱角仍很明(ming)(ming)顯,說明(ming)(ming)它們并未經過(guo)(guo)搬(ban)運或只是經過(guo)(guo)近距離搬(ban)運。石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料約95%為(wei)(wei)(wei)角頁(ye)巖,余為(wei)(wei)(wei)燧石(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)灰巖。以(yi)石(shi)(shi)片和(he)石(shi)(shi)核為(wei)(wei)(wei)多,具有(you)加工痕跡(ji)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)只占(zhan)6.6%。這(zhe)說明(ming)(ming)丁村(cun)附近密集的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點可能是當時的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)場。
丁村(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)以(yi)角(jiao)頁(ye)巖(yan)為(wei)(wei)原料(liao),占(zhan)總數(shu)的(de)95%以(yi)左右(you),少量(liang)為(wei)(wei)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)、玄武(wu)巖(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英巖(yan)、閃長巖(yan)制成(cheng)(cheng)。丁村(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)主,石(shi)(shi)(shi)核石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)較(jiao)少,其數(shu)量(liang)略少于總量(liang)的(de)1/3。大部分石(shi)(shi)(shi)片均有(you)使用(yong)痕(hen)跡,很少進行第(di)二步加工(gong),多(duo)以(yi)碰砧法制成(cheng)(cheng)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)型有(you)砍(kan)砸器(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)球等,其中厚(hou)三(san)棱尖狀器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)其所(suo)特(te)有(you)。
丁(ding)村的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)多半(ban)用(yong)碰(peng)砧(zhen)法和投擊(ji)法(又(you)(you)稱(cheng)摔砸法)產生,具有(you)寬大(da)于(yu)長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)角大(da)(多在111°~130°之間)、打擊(ji)點不集中、半(ban)錐體大(da)且(qie)常常雙生等特點;石(shi)(shi)(shi)核也比較大(da),但(dan)也有(you)一(yi)定(ding)數量的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)是(shi)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錘直接打制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)。在一(yi)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)清楚地看到(dao)修理臺面(mian)的(de)(de)痕跡,這是(shi)一(yi)種比較進步的(de)(de)技術。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)分石(shi)(shi)(shi)核石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)兩類(lei)(lei),以(yi)(yi)后(hou)者為(wei)主。石(shi)(shi)(shi)核石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)有(you)砍(kan)斫器(qi)、手斧和石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)3類(lei)(lei)。砍(kan)斫器(qi)是(shi)用(yong)交(jiao)互打擊(ji)法加工(gong)的(de)(de),與(yu)北(bei)京人的(de)(de)砍(kan)斫器(qi)不同(tong)(tong),后(hou)者單(dan)面(mian)打擊(ji)的(de)(de)多,交(jiao)互打擊(ji)的(de)(de)少。手斧只有(you)一(yi)件采(cai)集品。石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錘打擊(ji)而(er)成(cheng),尚未發(fa)現象許家(jia)窯人那種用(yong)兩個打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)對敲而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)正(zheng)球(qiu)體石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)有(you)砍(kan)斫器(qi)、厚尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)、小尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)和刮削器(qi)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)砍(kan)斫器(qi)與(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)核砍(kan)斫器(qi)不同(tong)(tong),絕大(da)部(bu)分是(shi)一(yi)面(mian)打擊(ji)的(de)(de),并且(qie)刃(ren)部(bu)較薄(bo)。厚尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)用(yong)大(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),又(you)(you)分成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)三棱(leng)大(da)尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)和較薄(bo)的(de)(de)鶴嘴形尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)兩種。三棱(leng)大(da)尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)是(shi)丁(ding)村文化中富有(you)特色的(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu),由(you)于(yu)是(shi)在丁(ding)村首次發(fa)現的(de)(de),所以(yi)(yi)又(you)(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)“丁(ding)村尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)”。小尖狀(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)都是(shi)用(yong)較薄(bo)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de),有(you)的(de)(de)刃(ren)緣打制(zhi)(zhi)得相當平(ping)齊,反映了較高(gao)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝水平(ping)。
丁村的文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺物(wu)既(ji)具有(you)其(qi)他中國(guo)舊(jiu)石(shi)器時(shi)代文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的共(gong)同特點(dian),如以石(shi)片石(shi)器為主(zhu)等,又具有(you)獨特的打制(zhi)技術和(he)石(shi)器類型。丁村文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)是華(hua)北地區舊(jiu)石(shi)器文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)兩大傳統之一(yi),即“匼河-丁村系(xi)(xi)”的代表,與(yu)西侯(hou)度(du)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、藍田文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)和(he)匼河文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)等存在(zai)著密切的源流關系(xi)(xi)。
在(zai)丁(ding)村(cun)各地(di)(di)(di)點共發現哺(bu)乳動物化石28種(zhong)(zhong),大部(bu)分為生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)森(sen)林和(he)(he)(he)山(shan)林之中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei),代表溫暖(nuan)濕(shi)潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候。從砂礫層中(zhong)(zhong)還采集到(dao)鯉、青魚(yu)(yu)、鯇、鲿、鲇等(deng)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)化石,皆(jie)屬于(yu)在(zai)能經常保持一(yi)(yi)定(ding)大流量的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。在(zai)砂礫層中(zhong)(zhong)還有大量軟體動物介殼化石,其中(zhong)(zhong)引人注(zhu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)大型麗蚌(bang)殼,這種(zhong)(zhong)動物只分布在(zai)氣(qi)候溫暖(nuan)濕(shi)潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)長江以南地(di)(di)(di)區和(he)(he)(he)漢水(shui)(shui)流域。這些情況表明,丁(ding)村(cun)人時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)丁(ding)村(cun)一(yi)(yi)帶氣(qi)候相(xiang)當溫暖(nuan),汾(fen)河的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)勢相(xiang)當大。附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)上覆蓋著茂(mao)密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)森(sen)林,河旁(pang)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)上草木茂(mao)盛,各種(zhong)(zhong)動物成群地(di)(di)(di)出沒(mei)于(yu)森(sen)林、草地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)河邊(bian)。丁(ding)村(cun)人生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)汾(fen)河兩岸,在(zai)河灘上就地(di)(di)(di)取材制(zhi)作石器(qi),在(zai)樹林里(li)采集可(ke)供食(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植物,利用(yong)石球等(deng)工具進行(xing)狩獵(lie)。
1949年以前,在(zai)(zai)我國大(da)陸上,僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)北京周口店、山頂洞,內蒙(meng)薩拉烏蘇和(he)寧夏水洞溝等少(shao)數幾(ji)處遺(yi)(yi)址發(fa)現了舊(jiu)石器時代(dai)初(chu)期和(he)晚(wan)期的人類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu),至于中期的人類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)尚(shang)屬(shu)空(kong)白(bai)。丁村(cun)遺(yi)(yi)址的發(fa)現填補了我 國舊(jiu)石器時代(dai)中期人類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的缺環,是我國舊(jiu)石器時代(dai)中期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的代(dai)表(biao),在(zai)(zai)古人類學和(he)考古學上占有很重(zhong)要的地位。
這次發現不僅擴大了丁村(cun)(cun)遺址的(de)分(fen)布范(fan)圍,使(shi)丁村(cun)(cun)遺址文化埋藏類(lei)型由原來單一的(de)河流沙(sha)礫層,延伸到黃土地層,更為丁村(cun)(cun)遺址舊石器文化研究(jiu)增加了堅(jian)實(shi)的(de)依托。
臨汾(fen)(fen)地(di)區已經同(tong)襄汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)協商,準備共同(tong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、開發(fa)、利(li)用丁村(cun)遺址,襄汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)有關(guan)部(bu)門已經認(ren)識到(dao)丁村(cun)文物(wu)缺乏保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的現狀,正在積(ji)極有效地(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)文物(wu)、利(li)用文物(wu),堅決制止農民挖沙取土(tu)和盜挖遺址內的各種化石,并(bing)在群眾中廣泛開展保(bao)(bao)護(hu)文物(wu)的宣傳教育。最近(jin),保(bao)(bao)護(hu)丁村(cun)文物(wu)的規(gui)劃已經出臺。1964 年(nian)秋,山西文管會樹(shu)立了保(bao)(bao)護(hu)標(biao)志。1976年(nian)雨季之前,對這一“寶地(di)”進行搶(qiang)救性發(fa)掘。