古橋構造
卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)橋(qiao)頭(tou)各(ge)有一對大型石(shi)獅,相向蹲(dun)踞于須彌蓮(lian)花(hua)座(zuo)上,神(shen)態威猛,形象逼真;橋(qiao)墩(dun)下部(bu)(bu)為梭形迎水;拱腳處(chu)有蓮(lian)花(hua)座(zuo),花(hua)瓣肥厚(hou)圓潤(run),帶有顯明的晚(wan)(wan)唐(tang)風格,托(tuo)石(shi)以下部(bu)(bu)分應(ying)為晚(wan)(wan)唐(tang)建筑;拱頂(ding)(ding)上鑲有透(tou)雕龍(long)首向南北探出橋(qiao)外0.6米,深目高(gao)鼻,旋毛飄然(ran)耳后,作張口狀,口內或(huo)含(han)(han)寶珠,或(huo)含(han)(han)游魚(yu),形態多變(bian),神(shen)采各(ge)異;橋(qiao)面(mian)兩邊各(ge)有14根(gen)望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)13塊欄(lan)(lan)(lan)板,柱(zhu)(zhu)頂(ding)(ding)均為細雕云(yun)頭(tou),欄(lan)(lan)(lan)板和(he)(he)14根(gen)望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)。望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)為長方條石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu),頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)刻方蓮(lian)圖(tu)案;欄(lan)(lan)(lan)板四周飾平面(mian)線刻云(yun)水花(hua)紋,中間刻有人物、花(hua)卉、珍禽(qin)、異獸、云(yun)水、山石(shi)、建筑等浮(fu)雕,內容豐富多彩技法(fa)精(jing)(jing)湛高(gao)超(chao),其中“太公釣魚(yu)”、“卞(bian)(bian)莊(zhuang)刺虎”、“周處(chu)除(chu)三害”、“松下問童(tong)子”等浮(fu)雕形象逼真,具有很高(gao)的藝術價值和(he)(he)欣賞價值,是(shi)石(shi)雕之(zhi)珍品。橋(qiao)下綠水長流(liu),碧波蕩漾。 卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)集(ji)數學(xue)、力學(xue)、美(mei)學(xue)于一體,具有很高(gao)的歷(li)(li)史價值、藝術價值和(he)(he)科學(xue)價值。它造型美(mei)觀,建造精(jing)(jing)工,石(shi)刻采用(yong)線雕、浮(fu)雕、透(tou)雕、整體雕等技法(fa),集(ji)古代雕刻藝術之(zhi)大成(cheng)。它布局巧妙,結構合理,設計精(jing)(jing)心,整座(zuo)橋(qiao)渾然(ran)一體,堅固(gu)異常。雖然(ran)歷(li)(li)經(jing)800多年的風雨滄桑,主(zhu)體建筑除(chu)橋(qiao)面(mian)、望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)、欄(lan)(lan)(lan)板外,基本完(wan)整無損,仍(reng)然(ran)可以通行車輛。
建造歷史
卞橋(qiao)始(shi)由(you)春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)魯國(guo)宣公(gong)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前690年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)左右)的(de)大(da)夫(fu)卞莊子所建,為8塊(kuai) 石(shi)條(tiao)的(de)簡易橋(qiao).相(xiang)傳楚漢相(xiang)爭(zheng)時(shi),韓信(xin)避難于(yu)橋(qiao)下(xia)為報恩,改建為三孔石(shi)拱橋(qiao).唐(tang)初李世民東(dong)爭(zheng)歸經此橋(qiao),聽人介紹人文典故(gu)之后(hou),為揚皇威, 令魏遲恭(字(zi)敬(jing)德)重 修(xiu)此橋(qiao),至今(jin)橋(qiao)下(xia)拱頂上仍鐫(juan)刻有(you)"敬(jing)德監造(zao)"字(zi)樣.金大(da)定21年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan) 1183年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)改建,明代(dai)又(you)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)修(xiu)補(bu).建國(guo)后(hou),在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)修(xiu)復至今(jin)在當 地的(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)中發(fa)揮(hui)著重要(yao)作用. 《古代(dai)經濟(ji)專題史話·古代(dai)橋(qiao)梁史話》記載,卞橋(qiao)“可(ke)能是(shi)全國(guo)罕見的(de)晚(wan)唐(tang)建筑”。金大(da)定二十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian) (公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1181年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重修(xiu),明萬(wan)歷(li)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1581年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))曾對部(bu)分欄板、望(wang)柱(zhu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)補(bu)配。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)固維(wei)修(xiu),補(bu)雕石(shi)獅(shi)一只,補(bu)齊望(wang)柱(zhu)、欄板、橋(qiao)墩、引橋(qiao);1998、2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)兩次維(wei)修(xiu)。卞橋(qiao)歷(li)史悠久,即使從重修(xiu)算起,距今(jin)已(yi)有(you)800多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史,也早于(yu)始(shi)建于(yu)金大(da)定二十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1189年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)北京盧(lu)溝(gou)橋(qiao)。是(shi)與河北趙州橋(qiao),泉州洛陽橋(qiao),漳州江(jiang)東(dong)橋(qiao),北京盧(lu)溝(gou)橋(qiao)齊名的(de)現存古老石(shi)橋(qiao).
小卞橋
無獨有(you)偶,在山東平邑(yi)縣(xian)卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮東卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)村東南,也(ye)有(you)一座(zuo)“卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。這(zhe)里(li)在古代與泗水泉林(lin)鎮同屬(shu)卞(bian)(bian)(bian)國,因區別于泉林(lin)卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao),這(zhe)座(zuo)“卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”只好稱為(wei)“小卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。小卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)始(shi)建(jian)于明天啟二年 (1622年),1868、1905、1926年重修(xiu)。該橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)3孔(kong)石(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),長16.3米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬3.9米(mi)(mi)(mi),高3米(mi)(mi)(mi),跨徑3米(mi)(mi)(mi)。設計獨特(te),造型精美。兩邊(bian)石(shi)欄雕刻(ke)細致,玲(ling)瓏剔透。橋(qiao)(qiao)頭原有(you)石(shi)獅(shi)2對(dui)、石(shi)鼓4個;橋(qiao)(qiao)側龍頭3個,向北迎水而(er)伸(shen),生動傳(chuan)神,富有(you)民族特(te)色。