在(zai)該遺址發(fa)現(xian)龍山文(wen)化、岳石文(wen)化、早商和晚(wan)商依次疊壓的(de)文(wen)化層。其(qi)中龍山文(wen)化的(de)房址分布(bu)比較密集,是研究龍山文(wen)化聚落比較典型的(de)材料,尤其(qi)是門道下發(fa)現(xian)了類似(si)后世的(de)人祭現(xian)象,對進一步(bu)了解當時(shi)的(de)社(she)會面貌提供了極(ji)其(qi)重(zhong)要的(de)線(xian)索。
與(yu)在曹縣莘冢(zhong)集發(fa)現的龍(long)(long)山文化面貌基本相同,與(yu)豫東商丘地區及造律臺龍(long)(long)山文化比較接近,應該屬(shu)于河南(nan)龍(long)(long)山文化系(xi)統。
該處發現的岳(yue)石文(wen)化,填(tian)補了(le)岳(yue)石文(wen)化在(zai)魯西(xi)南地區分布(bu)的空(kong)白,填(tian)補了(le)魯西(xi)南地區龍(long)山(shan)文(wen)化與商(shang)(shang)文(wen)化之間的缺環。發現的商(shang)(shang)文(wen)化遺存(cun),從早商(shang)(shang)到晚商(shang)(shang)幾(ji)乎(hu)沒(mei)有間斷,為研究商(shang)(shang)人在(zai)東方(fang)的發展提供(gong)了(le)重要(yao)依據。
在(zai)山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)境內京滬鐵(tie)路以東地(di)(di)區曾發現岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi),但在(zai)京滬鐵(tie)路以西(xi)地(di)(di)區,有(you)關(guan)岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)只(zhi)有(you)菏澤安(an)邱堌(gu)堆遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。該(gai)堌(gu)堆的(de)發掘,將岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)分布范圍擴大到山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)的(de)西(xi)南(nan)邊緣(yuan)地(di)(di)區。岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)東的(de)分布從東到西(xi)連成一片。故(gu)這里的(de)岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)命名為“安(an)邱類型”。安(an)邱堌(gu)推(tui)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)商(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)是從早商(shang)(shang)到晚(wan)商(shang)(shang)連續(xu)堆積的(de),這在(zai)全國其(qi)它(ta)商(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中尚屬少有(you),由此證實(shi)了(le)學術界關(guan)于(yu)商(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)分期是可靠的(de),對進一步研(yan)究商(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),了(le)解(jie)當時的(de)社會面貌提供(gong)了(le)極其(qi)重(zhong)要的(de)線索(suo)和依據。
在史籍(ji)記載中,見到關(guan)于(yu)龍的文字記錄是在山東菏(he)(he)(he)澤(ze)市所(suo)轄的古(gu)雷澤(ze),古(gu)菏(he)(he)(he)澤(ze)。上(shang)古(gu)時候,菏(he)(he)(he)澤(ze)市境內有雷津(jin)、大野(ye)澤(ze)、孟渚澤(ze)、菏(he)(he)(he)澤(ze)和濟(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、濮水(shui)(shui)(shui)、沮水(shui)(shui)(shui)、澭水(shui)(shui)(shui)、丹水(shui)(shui)(shui)、菏(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。這(zhe)“四澤(ze)六水(shui)(shui)(shui)”成了北方巨型灣鱷的生棲之地。
《左(zuo)傳》就記載堯(yao)舜(shun)時(shi)董父(fu)在(zai)定(ding)陶為帝(di)(di)(di)舜(shun)養龍(long)(long)的事(shi)(shi)。曰:“董父(fu),實甚好龍(long)(long),能求(qiu)其(qi)(qi)耆欲(yu)以(yi)飲(yin)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi),龍(long)(long)多(duo)歸(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)。乃擾畜(chu)龍(long)(long),以(yi)服事(shi)(shi)帝(di)(di)(di)舜(shun)。帝(di)(di)(di)賜之(zhi)(zhi)姓曰董,氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曰豢(huan)(huan)龍(long)(long)。封(feng)諸鬷(zong)川,鬷(zong)夷氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)也(ye)。故帝(di)(di)(di)舜(shun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世有(you)畜(chu)龍(long)(long)。及(ji)有(you)夏(xia)孔甲,擾于有(you)帝(di)(di)(di)。帝(di)(di)(di)賜之(zhi)(zhi)乘龍(long)(long),河漢各二,各有(you)雌雄,孔甲不能食(shi),而未獲豢(huan)(huan)龍(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。有(you)陶唐(tang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既衰,其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)有(you)劉累(lei),學(xue)擾龍(long)(long)于豢(huan)(huan)龍(long)(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)事(shi)(shi)孔甲能飲(yin)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)。夏(xia)后(hou)(hou)嘉之(zhi)(zhi),賜氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曰御龍(long)(long),以(yi)豕韋之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。龍(long)(long)一雌死、潛醢(hai)以(yi)食(shi)夏(xia)后(hou)(hou)。夏(xia)后(hou)(hou)饗之(zhi)(zhi),既而使(shi)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)。懼而遷于魯縣,范氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)也(ye)。”
鬷川,在(zai)今定陶(tao)縣東北(bei)菏(he)澤之濱也(ye):擾龍,即訓(xun)養(yang)鱷魚(yu)也(ye)。以上是說一個(ge)(ge)叫董父的人非常(chang)善于(yu)飼養(yang)訓(xun)練鱷魚(yu)。帝舜(shun)立國(guo)子陶(tao),就把董父賜姓為董,封為豢龍氏、命他在(zai)菏(he)澤之濱鬷川這個(ge)(ge)地(di)方為部落養(yang)鱷魚(yu),直至舜(shun)整個(ge)(ge)執政時期都在(zai)飼養(yang)。
故唐以后(hou)(hou)菏澤稱龍(long)(long)池即源于(yu)此(ci)。不光在定陶,《濮州(zhou)志(zhi)》也記載鄄城有豢龍(long)(long)井。看來舜(shun)時還大量養(yang)鱷(e)。養(yang)龍(long)(long)一方面是(shi)食肉(rou),但主要是(shi)為祭祀儀式用。商周時的(de)鬷(zong)夷就(jiu)是(shi)董(dong)父的(de)后(hou)(hou)代。到了夏朝的(de)第十(shi)二代國君孔甲時,又(you)有帝堯的(de)后(hou)(hou)代叫(jiao)劉累的(de)也學會訓養(yang)鱷(e)魚之術,專(zhuan)為孔甲服務,并賜氏(shi)御龍(long)(long)。后(hou)(hou)因訓養(yang)不善,龍(long)(long)多死(si)亡(wang),劉累遂(sui)亡(wang)于(yu)他鄉,更姓為范氏(shi)。
《左傳》所記,使我們知道在新石器時代晚期的(de)(de)(de)堯舜禹時代,確(que)曾有(you)豢養和訓練龍的(de)(de)(de)專業人員。他(ta)們具有(you)訓鱷(e)的(de)(de)(de)知識、經(jing)驗(yan)和技術,深知鱷(e)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活習慣和飲食習慣,能使龍馴服馭使.專門為部落酋長服務(wu),主要用于祭祀和揚威。今人祁慶(qing)富先(xian)生(sheng)考證,豢龍即養鱷(e),是十分正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)結論。菏澤諸澤水(shui)系中(zhong)產(chan)鱷(e)魚記載是《后漢(han)書》載“延光三年,龍兩見濮陽(yang)(yang)”,又載“龍見於句(ju)(ju)(ju)陽(yang)(yang)”。句(ju)(ju)(ju)陽(yang)(yang),漢(han)時句(ju)(ju)(ju)陽(yang)(yang)縣,今菏澤市牡丹區小(xiao)留鎮(zhen)之(zhi)東北楚莊一帶(dai)。其(qi)縣域范圍東北轄(xia)雷澤西南水(shui)面:濮水(shui)、句(ju)(ju)(ju)水(shui)上游通濮陽(yang)(yang)。說明在東漢(han)末(mo)年,雷澤水(shui)系中(zhong)還有(you)鱷(e)魚的(de)(de)(de)存在。
安邱堌堆遺(yi)址經過(guo)1969、1976年(nian)兩次試掘和(he)1984年(nian)正(zheng)式發(fa)掘,發(fa)現(xian)了(le)晚(wan)商(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、早商(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、龍山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)依(yi)次疊壓的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層堆積。重要(yao)遺(yi)跡(ji)是房(fang)子,發(fa)現(xian)有圓形(xing)(xing)和(he)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)房(fang)基共12座,灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)4個,灰(hui)溝3條,陶窯(yao)(yao)1座等。發(fa)現(xian)了(le)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)、灰(hui)溝、陶窯(yao)(yao)、墓(mu)葬和(he)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)和(he)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)圓角的(de)房(fang)址等文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)跡(ji);出土了(le)打(da)制粗糙(cao)的(de)石(shi)器(qi),磨制精美的(de)石(shi)斧,有明顯(xian)使用痕跡(ji)的(de)蚌鐮(lian)、蚌刀,尖銳(rui)鋒(feng)利的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃,造(zao)型(xing)規范的(de)陶盆、碗、罐、鬲(li)、甕、器(qi)蓋等大批(pi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)物。