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主要介紹

靈安州遺址面積為(wei)408000平方(fang)米，在西城(cheng)墻(qiang)為(wei)正中偏南處，有(you)一(yi)(yi)高(gao)臺建筑(zhu)址，南北長60米，東西寬30米，高(gao)山城(cheng)內地表2米。夯土板筑(zhu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)，基寬20米，高(gao)處約10米。東北、南墻(qiang)各開一(yi)(yi)城(cheng)門(men)，外(wai)加筑(zhu)甕墻(qiang)外(wai)側(ce)有(you)馬面。城(cheng)內有(you)十字形街(jie)道，建筑(zhu)臺基。地表散布溝紋磚，布紋瓦(wa)、蓮花紋瓦(wa)當、獸面紋瓦(wa)當、白瓷片及遼(liao)、北寧的銅(tong)錢等物品(pin)。

靈(ling)安(an)州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)處(chu)(chu)科爾沁沙地(di)(di)(di)與(yu)遼(liao)(liao)西山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)過渡地(di)(di)(di)帶,海(hai)拔(ba)300米(mi)左右。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)周圍群山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)起(qi)伏,西2.5公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)官山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),海(hai)拔(ba)626米(mi),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰峻峭(qiao),巖石突兀,是青(qing)(qing)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)群的(de)(de)組成部(bu)分；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)2公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)銀洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，海(hai)拔(ba)482米(mi)。再向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、向(xiang)西即是青(qing)(qing)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)群，諸峰竟秀(xiu)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之北為(wei)(wei)科爾沁沙地(di)(di)(di)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)緣的(de)(de)黃(huang)土臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)，千壑(he)縱橫。這(zhe)里(li)(li)(li)是遼(liao)(liao)河(he)大支流(liu)(liu)柳河(he)的(de)(de)發源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區。柳河(he)上(shang)源(yuan)名新開河(he)(又(you)名扣根(gen)河(he))，扣根(gen)河(he)上(shang)游的(de)(de)兩(liang)條支流(liu)(liu)就在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東交匯。一(yi)(yi)條發源(yuan)于(yu)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西北10公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)黃(huang)土溝壑(he)之中,曲曲東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)流(liu)(liu)來；另一(yi)(yi)條,自山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)后發源(yuan),裊(niao)繞如(ru)帶,經山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西,轉山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),向(xiang)東流(liu)(liu)過,至一(yi)(yi)占城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東邊與(yu)北來支流(liu)(liu)匯合,古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就座落(luo)在這(zhe)片溝谷盆地(di)(di)(di)之中。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)帶地(di)(di)(di)勢比(bi)較(jiao)開闊平坦,土質肥沃,水草豐(feng)美(mei),是一(yi)(yi)處(chu)(chu)宜農宜牧(mu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區。靈(ling)安(an)州東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)6公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)酒局子(zi)村(cun)亦有(you)一(yi)(yi)座遼(liao)(liao)代古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi),此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)夯(hang)土板(ban)筑(zhu),呈長方形,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北一(yi)(yi)長500米(mi),東西寬30米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中部(bu)有(you)三處(chu)(chu)建筑(zhu)臺(tai)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布大量(liang)青(qing)(qing)磚(zhuan)與(yu)灰色布紋(wen)瓦。靈(ling)安(an)州西南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)5公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)奈曼旗(qi)白音昌鄉(xiang)半拉(la)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)村(cun)亦有(you)一(yi)(yi)座遼(liao)(liao)代古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),規模略小于(yu)酒局子(zi)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)。靈(ling)安(an)州西南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)8公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)奈曼旗(qi)青(qing)(qing)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)鎮(zhen)斯布格圖村(cun),為(wei)(wei)遼(liao)(liao)陳國公(gong)主與(yu)驗馬(ma)合葬墓，該墓建筑(zhu)宏偉，是迄今保存完整(zheng)、出土文物豐(feng)富的(de)(de)契(qi)丹(dan)大墓葬。

庫倫旗靈安州(zhou)城(cheng)址規模較(jiao)(jiao)大, 城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)亦(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)大。由于城(cheng)內(nei)土(tu)地(di)耕種, 南(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)已被村落民(min)宅占用, 東(dong)墻(qiang)(qiang)破壞較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)， 北(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)也被風蝕和(he)(he)流水破壞,殘存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)幾座(zuo)馬面和(he)(he)甕城(cheng)保存(cun)(cun)尚好, 高(gao)(gao)者可達20米(mi)。唯西墻(qiang)(qiang)保存(cun)(cun)甚(shen)好, 但(dan)城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度也因西城(cheng)外風沙淤積而(er)失(shi)去了原來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度。因幾十年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai), 城(cheng)內(nei)辟為耕地(di), 對地(di)貌破壞十分嚴(yan)重(zhong), 建(jian)(jian)筑基(ji)址多已無(wu)法辨清, 較(jiao)(jiao)明顯的(de)(de)(de)是南(nan)門與北(bei)門相對有(you)一條(tiao)直街(jie)(jie), 與東(dong)門內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)一條(tiao)大街(jie)(jie)垂直, 形成城(cheng)內(nei)“ 十” 字形街(jie)(jie)道。東(dong)門大街(jie)(jie)南(nan)北(bei)兩側有(you)排列較(jiao)(jiao)為整齊的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑基(ji)址。城(cheng)內(nei)靠西墻(qiang)(qiang)正中(zhong)有(you)一高(gao)(gao)臺建(jian)(jian)筑址, 南(nan)北(bei)長60米(mi),東(dong)西寬(kuan)30米(mi), 高(gao)(gao)出地(di)面2米(mi)。這一帶地(di)勢(shi)亦(yi)高(gao)(gao), 臺基(ji)上(shang)散布著許多綠(lv)釉瓦、溝(gou)滴、青磚、灰(hui)色布紋瓦等建(jian)(jian)筑構件。從(cong)地(di)表遺(yi)物分布的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)看, 其建(jian)(jian)筑物似為東(dong)向，并(bing)推斷此處為當(dang)(dang)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)寺廟。在古城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)西南(nan)隅和(he)(he)西北(bei)隅各有(you)一片低洼地(di), 無(wu)任(ren)何遺(yi)物和(he)(he)遺(yi)跡，推斷可能是當(dang)(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)湖泊(bo)。古城(cheng)內(nei), 中(zhong)部以南(nan)建(jian)(jian)筑較(jiao)(jiao)多, 磚瓦、石塊及(ji)各種陶片、瓷片遍地(di)皆是。

“當地(di)人們傳(chuan)說在(zai)(zai)新中(zhong)國解放(fang)以前, 在(zai)(zai)古(gu)城中(zhong)鋤地(di), 每次(ci)都可(ke)(ke)拾到(dao)大量(liang)的(de)銅(tong)錢。城內遺(yi)物相當豐富, 青磚、灰(hui)瓦及(ji)其(qi)它建筑(zhu)構件俯拾皆是, 器物殘片(pian)亦(yi)隨處可(ke)(ke)見, 只因地(di)表久(jiu)為(wei)耕地(di), 使地(di)表遺(yi)物破壞十分嚴重。古(gu)城的(de)西(xi)南隅和西(xi)北(bei)隅各有(you)一(yi)片(pian)低洼地(di)，無任何遺(yi)物和遺(yi)跡，推斷可(ke)(ke)能是當時的(de)人工湖泊。”

古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內不但(dan)陸續出(chu)(chu)土了蓮花(hua)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)當、獸面瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)當、龍(long)紋(wen)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)當、方(fang)磚、條磚、筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)、板瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)、琉璃滴水等(deng)(deng)建(jian)筑構件(jian)及龍(long)爪、獸頭(tou)、鳳尾等(deng)(deng)陶飾件(jian)。還(huan)出(chu)(chu)土了影青瓷(ci)碗、白瓷(ci)盤(pan)、定瓷(ci)盤(pan)、銅(tong)畫押印、銅(tong)雙魚(yu)佩(pei)飾、石(shi)臼(jiu)、石(shi)佛(fo)等(deng)(deng)珍貴文物(wu)(wu)。特別是(shi)出(chu)(chu)土紫(zi)銅(tong)陽(yang)刻九(jiu)疊(die)篆文“靈安州刺史印”一方(fang)，為(wei)該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)定名為(wei)“靈安州”提(ti)供了詳實的佐(zuo)證。與(yu)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遙相(xiang)呼應(ying)(ying)，相(xiang)映成輝的是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西官山主峰(feng)上(shang)的寺廟(miao)址(zhi)和(he)三(san)個(ge)(ge)人工開(kai)鑿(zao)的三(san)個(ge)(ge)石(shi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)，即(ji)大喇(la)嘛洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、二喇(la)嘛洞(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)三(san)喇(la)嘛洞(dong)(dong)(dong)。大喇(la)嘛洞(dong)(dong)(dong)有“此(ci)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)曰云光(guang)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)”六字(zi)墨書(shu)題記(ji)，三(san)喇(la)嘛洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內側石(shi)壁則題有詩句(ju)。根據山下遺(yi)址(zhi)、山上(shang)遺(yi)跡所(suo)(suo)散布的遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong), 說明山上(shang)山下遺(yi)跡與(yu)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)同(tong)(tong)時代的建(jian)筑, 應(ying)(ying)是(shi)遼(liao)(liao)代建(jian)于州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)外(wai)的佛(fo)寺或(huo)道觀。而個(ge)(ge)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)壁題記(ji)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)遼(liao)(liao)亡寺廟(miao)廢棄之(zhi)后的閑散文人所(suo)(suo)為(wei)。從官山寺廟(miao)址(zhi)和(he)石(shi)窟(ku)址(zhi)可以看出(chu)(chu)，該地(di)區(qu)在遼(liao)(liao)代時期經濟和(he)文化(hua)都(dou)相(xiang)當繁榮。從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)遺(yi)跡推斷，此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)于遼(liao)(liao)代，金(jin)元沿(yan)用。

重要意義

靈安州西南8公(gong)里奈曼(man)旗青龍(long)山(shan)鎮斯布(bu)格圖(tu)村,為遼陳國公(gong)主與驗(yan)馬合(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)，該墓(mu)建筑宏偉，是迄今保存完整、出土文物豐富(fu)的契(qi)丹大墓(mu)葬(zang)。

靈安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)的發(fa)現和確認，填補了《遼(liao)史(shi)》等(deng)史(shi)書對(dui)靈安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)失載，同時，對(dui)研究(jiu)遼(liao)代社會地(di)理區劃提供了地(di)理方位。靈安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)城址周圍的官山(shan)等(deng)有(you)許多(duo)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)石窟(ku)寺(si)和寺(si)廟，可(ke)以推斷(duan)出州(zhou)(zhou)城的主人可(ke)能是(shi)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)信(xin)(xin)徒。通(tong)過(guo)解讀石窟(ku)寺(si)中的文字、文物信(xin)(xin)息，可(ke)以了解遼(liao)代晚期佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)在當時各地(di)的傳播及(ji)發(fa)展變化。