“建木”是(shi)上古(gu)先民崇拜的(de)一種圣樹。
傳說建(jian)木是(shi)溝通天地人(ren)神的(de)(de)橋梁。伏(fu)羲、黃帝等眾(zhong)帝都是(shi)通過(guo)這(zhe)一神圣的(de)(de)梯子(zi)上下往來于人(ren)間天庭。在廣漢(han)三星堆中(zhong)出土的(de)(de)青銅神樹(shu)上,有(you)枝葉、花卉、果實(shi)、飛(fei)禽、走獸、懸(xuan)龍、神鈴等,專家認為(wei),這(zhe)種神樹(shu)的(de)(de)原型(xing),有(you)可(ke)能就是(shi)建(jian)木。后(hou)“建(jian)木”在詩歌中(zhong)用來泛指高(gao)大的(de)(de)樹(shu)木。
1.傳說中(zhong)木(mu)名(ming)。生天(tian)地之中(zhong),高百仞(ren),眾(zhong)神緣之上天(tian)。
《山海經·海內(nei)南經》:“有木(mu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)狀如(ru)牛,引之有皮,若纓(ying)、黃蛇。其(qi)(qi)(qi)葉(xie)如(ru)羅,其(qi)(qi)(qi)實如(ru)欒,其(qi)(qi)(qi)木(mu)若蓲,其(qi)(qi)(qi)名曰建木(mu)。”郭璞注:“建木(mu),青葉(xie),紫(zi)莖,黑華,黃實,其(qi)(qi)(qi)下聲(sheng)無響,立無影也(ye)。”
《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》:“建木(mu),百(bai)仞無枝,有九欘,下有九枸,其(qi)實如麻,其(qi)葉(xie)如芒,大暤(hao)爰過,黃(huang)帝所為。”
《呂氏春秋·有始》:“白民之(zhi)南,建(jian)木之(zhi)下,日中無影(ying),呼而無響,蓋(gai)天地之(zhi)中也(ye)。”
《淮(huai)南子·墬(zui)形(xing)訓》:“建(jian)木在都廣,眾帝(di)所自上(shang)下(xia)。”
唐盧照鄰《病梨(li)樹(shu)賦》:“建木聳靈丘(qiu)之上,蟠桃生(sheng)巨海之側。”
2.高(gao)樹(shu)。《后(hou)漢書·馬融傳》:“珍林嘉樹(shu),建木叢(cong)生。”李賢注:“建木,長木也。”
《山(shan)海經·海內(nei)經》載(zai):“西南(nan)(nan)海黑水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,有(you)都廣(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野,后稷葬焉。有(you)膏菽、膏稻、膏稷,百(bai)谷自(zi)生,冬(dong)夏播琴(qin),鸞鳥自(zi)歌,鳳(feng)鳥自(zi)舞,靈(ling)壽實華,草木所聚,爰(yuan)處有(you)百(bai)獸相群爰(yuan)。此草也,冬(dong)夏不死。南(nan)(nan)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),黑水(shui)、青水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,有(you)木名曰若木,若水(shui)焉。……有(you)九丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),以水(shui)繞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。名曰陶唐(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),有(you)叔(shu)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),孟盈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),昆吾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),黑白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),赤(chi)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),
參衛之(zhi)丘(qiu),武夫之(zhi)丘(qiu),神即之(zhi)丘(qiu)。有(you)木,青葉紫(zi)莖,玄(xuan)華黃實,名曰建木,百仞無(wu)枝,上有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)欘(zhu),下有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)枸,其實如麻,其葉如芒,大(da)嗥爰過,黃帝所(suo)為(wei)。”
《淮南子·墬形訓(xun)》亦曰:“建(jian)木在都廣(guang),眾(zhong)帝所(suo)自上(shang)下。日中無(wu)景(jing),呼(hu)而無(wu)響,蓋天地之中也。”
這些古(gu)文獻都(dou)(dou)(dou)不約而同提(ti)到“都(dou)(dou)(dou)廣”和(he)“建木(mu)”兩個(ge)詞。那么“都(dou)(dou)(dou)廣”在何(he)處?“建木(mu)”又是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種什么樣的樹木(mu)?明(ming)代學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)楊慎(shen)《山(shan)海(hai)(hai)經補注》說:“黑水(shui)都(dou)(dou)(dou)廣,今之(zhi)(zhi)成都(dou)(dou)(dou)也。”史學(xue)家蒙文通先(xian)生結(jie)論:“若(ruo)水(shui)即后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)雅(ya)礱(long)(long)江(jiang),若(ruo)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)即雅(ya)礱(long)(long)江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong),在雅(ya)礱(long)(long)江(jiang)上源(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、黃河之(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun),自非岷(min)山(shan)莫屬。是(shi)(shi)昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)岷(min)山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)高峰。……昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun)既(ji)為(wei)(wei)蜀(shu)山(shan),亦與蜀(shu)王有關(guan)。《大傳(chuan)》、《淮(huai)南(nan)》皆以昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)央,與《禹本紀》、《山(shan)海(hai)(hai)經》說昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun)、都(dou)(dou)(dou)廣為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)央之(zhi)(zhi)義合。……蓋都(dou)(dou)(dou)廣在成都(dou)(dou)(dou)平原而岷(min)山(shan)即矗立(li)成都(dou)(dou)(dou)平原側(ce)也。”對此,著名學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)鄧(deng)少琴亦稱,岷(min)山(shan)是(shi)(shi)昆(kun)侖(lun)(lun)(lun)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)臂(bei)。“岷(min)山(shan)導江(jiang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)別為(wei)(wei)沱,于(yu)《禹貢》僅一(yi)見之(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)殷(yin)墟甲文亦未之(zhi)(zhi)見”。
“建木(mu)(mu)(mu)”是上古(gu)巴蜀(shu)先民(min)崇(chong)拜(bai)的(de)(de)一種圣(sheng)樹(shu),它深(shen)深(shen)地融入了巴蜀(shu)文(wen)化之中(zhong)。古(gu)人何(he)以將位于(yu)天地中(zhong)心的(de)(de)圣(sheng)樹(shu)稱為建木(mu)(mu)(mu)呢?專(zhuan)家考(kao)證發現,建木(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)得名和初民(min)的(de)(de)“建中(zhong)”之制(zhi)有關(guan)。初民(min)于(yu)居處之地必立木(mu)(mu)(mu)桿旗幟以號(hao)眾,這(zhe)種木(mu)(mu)(mu)桿旗幟在甲骨文(wen)中(zhong)被稱為“中(zhong)”。
《山海經》等所(suo)描述的(de)(de)“都廣(guang)之野”據(ju)說是天地(di)(di)的(de)(de)中心(xin),傳說建木是溝通(tong)(tong)天地(di)(di)人神的(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁。由于(yu)伏羲、黃帝等眾帝都是通(tong)(tong)過這(zhe)一(yi)神圣的(de)(de)梯(ti)子上(shang)下往來于(yu)人間天庭。在廣(guang)漢三星堆中出(chu)土的(de)(de)青銅神樹上(shang),有(you)枝葉、花卉、果(guo)實、飛禽(qin)、走獸、懸龍、神鈴等,專家認為,這(zhe)種神樹的(de)(de)原型,有(you)可(ke)能就是建木。