歷史沿革
1992年11月被原林業部批準建立北山國(guo)家(jia)森林公(gong)園。
1996年中共青海省(sheng)(sheng)委、省(sheng)(sheng)人民政府命名(ming)為愛(ai)國(guo)主義教(jiao)育(yu)基地,省(sheng)(sheng)教(jiao)育(yu)委員會(hui)命名(ming)為學習德育(yu)教(jiao)育(yu)基地。
2005年(nian)9月國(guo)土資源部批準建(jian)立(li)北山國(guo)家地質公園。
2000年被國(guo)家旅(lv)游局評定為(wei)AAAA級旅(lv)游風景區(qu)。
2007年被青海大(da)(da)眾評選為(wei)"青海最美麗(li)的十大(da)(da)景觀"之一(yi)。
2012年被國(guo)(guo)家林業局評(ping)為"全國(guo)(guo)最具影響(xiang)力國(guo)(guo)家森林公園"之一。
2013年被(bei)省政(zheng)府批準(zhun)為省級風(feng)景名勝區(qu)。
地理環境
北山(shan)(shan)國家(jia)森(sen)林公(gong)園地處青海省(sheng)互助縣東(dong)北部,位于祁連(lian)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)端,大通河中、下游,祁連(lian)山(shan)(shan)支脈冷龍嶺南域、支脈達坂(ban)山(shan)(shan)北坡。總(zong)面積(ji)11.27萬公(gong)頃。海拔2100—4308米
自然資源
森(sen)(sen)林覆蓋(gai)率64.3%,森(sen)(sen)林蓄積量428.86萬立(li)方米(mi)。境內動植物資源豐富,被譽為天然(ran)的“動植物王(wang)國”。林區(qu)山(shan)川壯麗、峽谷(gu)幽深(shen)、兩(liang)岸陡峭(qiao)、險峰聳立(li)、嶺谷(gu)相(xiang)間(jian)、谷(gu)底流水(shui)湍急。此景觀(guan)是(shi)中生(sheng)代燕山(shan)運動和新生(sheng)代喜馬(ma)拉雅造山(shan)運動而形(xing)成的山(shan)高谷(gu)深(shen)的山(shan)體地(di)貌。
園(yuan)內分布的(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)群系多達30余個,已定(ding)名(ming)的(de)高等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)達1311種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬117科(ke)470屬,主要喬木樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)祁連圓柏(bo)、青(qing)(qing)海云杉、青(qing)(qing)扦、油(you)松(song)、山楊(yang)(yang)、白樺、紅樺、小(xiao)葉楊(yang)(yang)、冬爪楊(yang)(yang)等,其中(zhong)祁連園(yuan)柏(bo)、冬爪楊(yang)(yang)為青(qing)(qing)藏高原所特有(you);觀賞價值(zhi)較高的(de)草(cao)本植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)達300余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong),龍膽花(hua)(hua)、杜鵑花(hua)(hua)、報春花(hua)(hua)被譽為高原"三大名(ming)花(hua)(hua)";野(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)達190余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong),獸類40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、魚類14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、鳥(niao)類139種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲(qi)類3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、爬(pa)行(xing)類2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),列(lie)入(ru)國家一(yi)、二級保護的(de)野(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)共(gong)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如雪豹(bao)、馬麝、棕熊、金雕等。
自然景觀
公(gong)園由元甫(fu)達坂、浪士當、卡索(suo)峽、扎龍(long)溝(gou)、下河五(wu)大景區(qu)組(zu)成,兼有(you)雄、奇、險、秀四(si)大特色,主要景點有(you)“達坂紅(hong)葉、龍(long)尾(wei)觀云、擎天一柱(zhu)、圣母天池、石龍(long)煙(yan)雨、高山牧場、藥水瀑(pu)布”等80余處。
浪士當作為森林(lin)公園的(de)(de)中心景(jing)(jing)區,是(shi)北山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)一顆璀璨明珠,景(jing)(jing)區內的(de)(de)圣母(mu)天地(di)(di)、神龍(long)潭瀑布、將軍巖、仙山(shan)(shan)峰等景(jing)(jing)點都富有(you)傳奇色彩(cai)和(he)歷(li)史故(gu)事。四季景(jing)(jing)色更(geng)是(shi)各有(you)奇異之處(chu),這里地(di)(di)處(chu)黃土高(gao)原向青藏高(gao)原的(de)(de)過渡地(di)(di)帶,海拔(ba)2100—4308米(mi),天然林(lin)具(ju)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)垂直分布景(jing)(jing)觀帶,山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)落葉闊葉林(lin)與常(chang)綠(lv)針葉林(lin)錯(cuo)落有(you)致,林(lin)木蔥郁挺拔(ba),灌叢普天蓋地(di)(di),高(gao)山(shan)(shan)草甸(dian)如茵似毯。
公園(yuan)(yuan)境內植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群系達(da)30余(yu)(yu)個,近1070種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中,已定名的(de)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)981種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬92科(ke)391屬,主要喬(qiao)木樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有青海(hai)云杉(shan)、祁(qi)連(lian)園(yuan)(yuan)柏(bo)、冬(dong)瓜(gua)場(chang)、山楊、樺樹(shu)(shu)等(deng),祁(qi)連(lian)園(yuan)(yuan)柏(bo)、冬(dong)瓜(gua)楊為青藏高(gao)原(yuan)所(suo)特(te)有,有較高(gao)的(de)科(ke)研價(jia)值。觀賞價(jia)值較高(gao)的(de)草本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)達(da)300余(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如杜鵑花、綠(lv)(lv)絨蒿(hao)被譽(yu)為高(gao)原(yuan)名花。蕨菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、柳花菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、鹿角菜(cai)(cai)(cai)、雪山木耳、蘑菇等(deng)森林(lin)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)資源(yuan)也很豐富(fu),無污染,營養價(jia)值高(gao),是(shi)備受(shou)推崇(chong)的(de)綠(lv)(lv)色食品,現已有部分產品投入市場(chang)。這里不僅是(shi)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)寶(bao)庫(ku)存,也是(shi)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)樂(le)園(yuan)(yuan),野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)達(da)190余(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中,爬(pa)行類2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獸(shou)類40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)類14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥類139種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),列入國家(jia)一、二級保護(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)共35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如雪豹、馬麝、馬鹿、棕熊(xiong)、金雕等(deng)。
胡勒天池
胡勒天(tian)(tian)池位(wei)于北山國家森林(lin)公園景(jing)區內(nei),是浪士當(dang)景(jing)區的(de)王(wang)牌景(jing)點。有大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)兩個天(tian)(tian)池,大(da)天(tian)(tian)池海(hai)拔3690米,面(mian)積70畝,小(xiao)(xiao)天(tian)(tian)池海(hai)拔3780米,面(mian)積10畝,池水(shui)清澈見底,池面(mian)波光粼粼,倒映藍天(tian)(tian)白云(yun),雪(xue)山草地(di),宛(wan)如一塊巨大(da)的(de)翡翠鑲(xiang)嵌在高(gao)山之上(shang)。
神龍潭瀑布
瀑(pu)布高達五十(shi)多(duo)米(mi),寬五米(mi)。瀑(pu)布的(de)右(you)面石壁上(shang)有一(yi)尊色彩(cai)鮮艷的(de)佛像,這就是藏(zang)龍(long)王(wang)。當地(di)群眾(zhong)介紹,早年,北山(shan)地(di)區經(jing)常遭受旱澇之災,農牧民生活(huo)十(shi)分貧苦。為求風調雨(yu)順,人們便(bian)在懸崖(ya)上(shang)雕刻(ke)了(le)一(yi)尊龍(long)王(wang)像,稱做佛像崖(ya)。多(duo)年之后(hou),山(shan)頂上(shang)流下來一(yi)簾無(wu)源之水,久而久之,形成了(le)今(jin)天的(de)神龍(long)潭瀑(pu)布。
十二盤
十(shi)二盤(pan)坡(po),猶如(ru)一(yi)條青龍,蜿蜒盤(pan)臥在達坂(ban)山上(shang),雄偉而壯(zhuang)觀。起初設計施工時,為了減緩(huan)坡(po)度(du),就采用了這(zhe)種方法。這(zhe)十(shi)二盤(pan)又借喻為十(shi)二生肖(xiao)彎,每一(yi)個盤(pan)路代(dai)表一(yi)種生肖(xiao)。
建筑古跡
西寧
北(bei)山,又名土樓(lou)(lou)山。土樓(lou)(lou)山上曾(ceng)建(jian)土樓(lou)(lou)山神祠(ci),在(zai)神祠(ci)的舊址(zhi)又修建(jian)寺廟,舊稱北(bei)禪(chan)寺,也(ye)叫永(yong)興寺。北(bei)魏(wei)酈道(dao)元在(zai)《水經(jing)注》中曾(ceng)記(ji)載:“湟水又東,經(jing)土樓(lou)(lou)南,樓(lou)(lou)北(bei)依(yi)山原,峰(feng)高(gao)三百尺,有若削成,樓(lou)(lou)下有神祠(ci),雕墻故(gu)壁存焉(yan)。”北(bei)山已有2000多年的歷史了。
土樓山的(de)古跡主要有(you)佛(fo)寺、道觀、磚塔、洞(dong)(dong)(dong)窟(ku)、壁畫和(he)露(lu)天大(da)佛(fo)。經歷代的(de)擴建增修,在峭壁斷崖間鑿成洞(dong)(dong)(dong)窟(ku),自西向東(dong)依次分布著“九窟(ku)十八洞(dong)(dong)(dong)”。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)之間“天梯石棧(zhan)相勾(gou)連”,數里丹崖,曲經通(tong)幽。據(ju)專家實地考察,有(you)直洞(dong)(dong)(dong)39個,偏洞(dong)(dong)(dong)18個。
在洞窟前(qian)(qian)依山(shan)(shan)而(er)建的斗(dou)(dou)母(mu)殿(dian)是土(tu)樓山(shan)(shan)上最(zui)雄偉的建筑。斗(dou)(dou)母(mu)殿(dian)正(zheng)殿(dian)和附廊(lang)共17間(jian),殿(dian)中斗(dou)(dou)母(mu)神像,四頭八臂,十分奇偉。斗(dou)(dou)母(mu)殿(dian)左前(qian)(qian)方是山(shan)(shan)門,題額“土(tu)樓觀(guan)”,山(shan)(shan)門上有門樓,叫(jiao)魁星樓。
在洞窟中部(bu),有(you)(you)一座崖體陡然突出,高(gao)數百米拔(ba)地(di)而(er)起,形成露天金剛,這就是西(xi)寧人叫的“閃佛(fo)”。露天金剛雄偉(wei)高(gao)大,造型粗獷,具唐(tang)代藝術風格。樓山上的神祠、寺廟具有(you)(you)濃厚而(er)神秘的宗教色彩,是古(gu)代宗教活動(dong)的場所。
管理機構
北(bei)山國家森(sen)林(lin)(lin)公(gong)園與林(lin)(lin)場(chang)實行(xing)兩塊(kuai)牌子(zi),一套班子(zi)。公(gong)園實行(xing)企業化(hua)管理(li),員工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)采用招(zhao)聘制(zhi),進行(xing)崗前培(pei)訓,持證(zheng)上崗。公(gong)園現有職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)130人(ren),高(gao)級工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)1人(ren)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)5人(ren)、助理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)24人(ren)、技術員10人(ren)。下設7個科(ke)室,主要從事護(hu)林(lin)(lin)防火(huo)、天然林(lin)(lin)保護(hu)和(he)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)旅(lv)游等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。
交通狀況
前往西寧(ning)以北(bei)40公里(li)的(de)互助土(tu)族自治縣,可乘西寧(ning)長途汽車(che)(che)站的(de)中巴,15分(fen)一班,票價(jia)10元(yuan),行程(cheng)1小時30分(fen).互助縣汽車(che)(che)站每天都有(you)私營中巴車(che)(che)開往這里(li)。