青(qing)城文(wen)(wen)昌閣又名(ming)魁(kui)星樓,位于山東省淄博市高(gao)青(qing)縣(xian)青(qing)城鎮,原是古代一(yi)處祭祀文(wen)(wen)昌帝君的場所。1991年版(ban)《高(gao)青(qing)縣(xian)志(zhi)》記載,清乾隆(long)元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)1736年),由64名(ming)文(wen)(wen)、武(wu)生(sheng)員集資(zi)在青(qing)城十字(zi)街(jie)修(xiu)筑“文(wen)(wen)臺”;清乾隆(long)二十年(公元(yuan)1756年)建(jian)成(cheng)文(wen)(wen)昌閣;道光(guang)二十一(yi)年(公元(yuan)1841年),青(qing)城知縣(xian)張(zhang)維垣捐(juan)資(zi),并聯合當地鄉(xiang)紳集資(zi)重修(xiu)。
文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)閣屬(shu)于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)道教建筑。所祀(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)帝(di)君(jun)又(you)名“文(wen)(wen)(wen)曲星”、“文(wen)(wen)(wen)星”,是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代神話中(zhong)主宰功(gong)名祿(lu)位的神靈,后來為(wei)(wei)道教所承襲(xi)。舊(jiu)時多為(wei)(wei)知識(shi)分子所崇祀(si),以為(wei)(wei)可以保功(gong)名。元(yuan)仁宗延祐三年(公元(yuan)1316年),將梓橦帝(di)君(jun)加封為(wei)(wei)“輔(fu)元(yuan)開化(hua)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)司祿(lu)宏仁帝(di)君(jun)”以后,兩者(zhe)遂合(he)而為(wei)(wei)一(yi)。由(you)于(yu)這些緣故,歷代封建文(wen)(wen)(wen)人對其頂禮膜拜。在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)與關(guan)帝(di)一(yi)道被尊稱為(wei)(wei)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)武二(er)圣”,祭(ji)祀(si)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)帝(di)君(jun)的禮儀猶如祭(ji)祀(si)關(guan)圣帝(di)君(jun),每年春秋兩季進行隆重的祭(ji)禮。屆時縣官們率領僚屬(shu)、鄉宦、生員,穿朝服、設儀仗行九拜之禮,供奉五案祭(ji)品,有“帛(bo)一(yi)、牛一(yi)、羊一(yi)、豬一(yi)、果(guo)品五籩、豆各(ge)十”。
青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮歷(li)史悠久,唐代稱(cheng)青(qing)(qing)(qing)平鎮,金(jin)天興二(er)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1233年(nian)(nian))始置青(qing)(qing)(qing)平縣,后(hou)改(gai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣。元(yuan)(yuan)代元(yuan)(yuan)統元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1333年(nian)(nian))筑圓周形青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi),周長3華里(li),高2丈余,護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河深一(yi)丈余,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)4門(men),東為(wei)望海門(men),西為(wei)通濟門(men),南為(wei)仰岱門(men),北為(wei)拱辰(chen)門(men)。后(hou)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻東北角建小北門(men),稱(cheng)“迎恩門(men)”,在東南角建小南門(men),稱(cheng)“詔文門(men)”。明萬歷(li)二(er)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1595年(nian)(nian))增設甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。經過(guo)元(yuan)(yuan)、明、清三代多次整修(xiu),青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)逐步(bu)成為(wei)一(yi)座功能完(wan)善、整齊劃一(yi)的古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)(chi)。清光(guang)緒二(er)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1896年(nian)(nian))春,在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外筑起寬5米、周長3411米的防洪大(da)堤,堤上遍植桃(tao)樹、杏(xing)樹。每到春季,環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數里(li)花香濃郁,美不勝收(shou)。后(hou)因戰(zhan)亂失(shi)修(xiu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣逐漸殘破(po)。1939年(nian)(nian)3月,日本侵略(lve)軍占領青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上修(xiu)筑炮樓,拉鐵(tie)絲網,縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭受嚴重破(po)壞。建國(guo)后(hou)青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾為(wei)高青(qing)(qing)(qing)縣委、縣政(zheng)府駐(zhu)地,后(hou)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區、公(gong)社、鎮政(zheng)府駐(zhu)地。慶(云)淄(川)路(lu)縱貫南北,是廣(北農場)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))路(lu)的終(zhong)點。
文昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)是一(yi)座(zuo)過街樓(lou)(lou)式建筑(zhu),就跨建在古(gu)青(qing)城(cheng)縣城(cheng)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)十字(zi)大街上。基(ji)座(zuo)為(wei)正方形,高2.1丈(zhang)(zhang),邊長3.25丈(zhang)(zhang),用(yong)大青(qing)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成。基(ji)座(zuo)下(xia)部(bu)開(kai)有(you)寬1.2丈(zhang)(zhang)、高1.6丈(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)十字(zi)形券拱門洞,銜接著通(tong)向東西南北(bei)城(cheng)門的(de)(de)四(si)(si)條大街。南面(mian)券拱門兩(liang)側有(you)臺(tai)階,轉(zhuan)折而上。基(ji)座(zuo)上是三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)木(mu)構(gou)樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)(ge),第一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)以圓柱支撐飛(fei)檐(yan),二層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)暗層(ceng)(ceng),中(zhong)間(jian)以磚(zhuan)砌(qi)四(si)(si)壁直達三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)。每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)四(si)(si)角攢頂(ding),裝飾斗拱,釉瓦覆頂(ding),四(si)(si)脊有(you)栩(xu)(xu)栩(xu)(xu)如生(sheng)的(de)(de)石獸(shou)。檐(yan)下(xia)掛有(you)銅鈴,微風吹來,發出(chu)清(qing)脆悅耳(er)的(de)(de)鈴聲。頂(ding)端冠一(yi)木(mu)質鉛灰色(se)大圓寶頂(ding)。整個樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)(ge)高約4.7丈(zhang)(zhang),結構(gou)嚴(yan)密(mi)精(jing)巧,造型宏偉壯(zhuang)觀(guan)。對于做夢也想金榜(bang)題(ti)名的(de)(de)學(xue)子們(men)來說,閣(ge)(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)文昌(chang)君是他們(men)的(de)(de)命運之神(shen)。相傳有(you)位學(xue)子蟾宮折桂后衣錦還鄉,在祭(ji)祖的(de)(de)路上經(jing)過文昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge),遂將(jiang)文昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)更(geng)名為(wei)魁星樓(lou)(lou),從(cong)此青(qing)城(cheng)文昌(chang)閣(ge)(ge)又有(you)了一(yi)個好聽的(de)(de)名字(zi)。
文(wen)昌閣(ge)是古(gu)青城(cheng)縣(xian)的“八景(jing)”之一,謂之“高(gao)閣(ge)晴(qing)(qing)霞(xia)”。它(ta)坐落于(yu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)環繞的城(cheng)區正中(zhong),凌駕于(yu)綠樹掩映(ying)下的建筑群之上(shang),抬眼望(wang)去(qu),高(gao)閣(ge)在云霞(xia)燦爛的蒼穹映(ying)照下,更顯得挺(ting)拔壯麗,氣勢不(bu)凡。游人登上(shang)高(gao)閣(ge),憑(ping)欄遠眺(tiao),“高(gao)閣(ge)晴(qing)(qing)霞(xia)”之美(mei)妙,盡在不(bu)言(yan)中(zhong)。暮春時(shi)節,村舍(she)里炊煙裊(niao)裊(niao)升起,千里沃野上(shang)男耕女種,呈現一派勃勃生(sheng)機(ji);仲秋時(shi)分,農民(min)們收獲著黃(huang)(huang)澄(cheng)澄(cheng)的莊稼,豐(feng)收美(mei)景(jing)盡收眼底。風清(qing)日(ri)麗之時(shi),南眺(tiao)可(ke)見鄒平縣(xian)境的黃(huang)(huang)山和(he)青龍山,北望(wang)可(ke)數浩(hao)瀚黃(huang)(huang)河中(zhong)的離(li)離(li)船帆。
青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)經過(guo)風雨剝蝕(shi)、地(di)震撼搖和戰爭造成(cheng)的(de)破壞(huai),到20世紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期,已是(shi)壁裂瓦(wa)殘、漆(qi)畫斑駁,呈遙遙欲傾(qing)之狀。抗日戰爭勝(sheng)利(li)后,為(wei)褒獎革命(ming)烈士(shi)(shi),經山東省政(zheng)府批準,青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)民主政(zheng)府撥款12萬(wan)元(yuan)北海幣,將文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)改建為(wei)烈士(shi)(shi)紀(ji)念祠,1946年(nian)(nian)完工。第(di)三層正中(zhong)懸掛著(zhu)(zhu)“烈士(shi)(shi)祠”匾(bian)額,第(di)一(yi)層的(de)西(xi)北東南四面分別懸有(you)“為(wei)國捐軀”、“氣壯山河”、“碧血千秋”、“保國為(wei)民”匾(bian)額,均為(wei)木刻。烈士(shi)(shi)祠內鑲嵌著(zhu)(zhu)刻有(you)250名烈士(shi)(shi)姓名和青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)隊、各界(jie)建國聯合會(hui)暨全(quan)體(ti)人民合致碑(bei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)石碑(bei)。在(zai)(zai)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)革”中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)又遭受破壞(huai)。中(zhong)共(gong)十一(yi)界(jie)三中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)以來(lai)(lai),隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)農(nong)村(cun)經濟的(de)發展,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)也(ye)獲得(de)(de)了新生。1979年(nian)(nian),高青(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)布了青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)等8處縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)級重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護單位。1981年(nian)(nian)8月(yue),省撥款1萬(wan)元(yuan)對青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)進行(xing)維修(xiu)。1992年(nian)(nian)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮人民政(zheng)府又組織修(xiu)整。這一(yi)工程引起海外僑胞的(de)關注,捐來(lai)(lai)錢物予以支(zhi)持。在(zai)(zai)海外游子的(de)心目中(zhong),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)昌(chang)(chang)閣(ge)不僅是(shi)青(qing)(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)象(xiang)征(zheng),也(ye)是(shi)祖(zu)國的(de)象(xiang)征(zheng)。不管走得(de)(de)有(you)多(duo)遠,不管離(li)家(jia)多(duo)少年(nian)(nian),他(ta)們的(de)根永(yong)遠留在(zai)(zai)了這片土地(di)上。
如(ru)今,已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)山東省重點文物保護單(dan)位的(de)文昌閣(ge)(ge)修(xiu)葺一新,光彩照人,已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)黃(huang)河南岸、魯北平原上一道亮麗的(de)風景。到青城文昌閣(ge)(ge)一游,仰視(shi)凌空(kong)高閣(ge)(ge)的(de)壯觀(guan),俯瞰魯北平原的(de)美景,定會有一番新的(de)感受。