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歷史沿革

相傳孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)父親叔(shu)梁(liang)(liang)紇和母親顏征(zheng)在(zai)登尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)祈禱而生(sheng)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)，后世以(yi)建(jian)廟(miao)(miao)奉祀(si)。此廟(miao)(miao)初名(ming)為叔(shu)梁(liang)(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)。唐《括地(di)志》載：“叔(shu)梁(liang)(liang)紇廟(miao)(miao)亦名(ming)尼(ni)(ni)丘山(shan)(shan)(shan)祠，在(zai)兗州(zhou)泗水(shui)縣五十里尼(ni)(ni)丘山(shan)(shan)(shan)東址”。五代(dai)后周(zhou)顯德（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)954—960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）間，兗州(zhou)太守趙侯于尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)再建(jian)廟(miao)(miao)奉祀(si)，宋(song)仁宗慶歷三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1043年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)十六代(dai)孫(sun)、襲封文(wen)宣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)宗愿“作新宮(gong)廟(miao)(miao)、有殿、有寢、有講堂、有學舍（原在(zai)廟(miao)(miao)西側，現已(yi)(yi)不存）、有祭(ji)田”，已(yi)(yi)成為主祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)的(de)廟(miao)(miao)宇。金明(ming)昌五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1194年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），以(yi)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)羨(xian)錢四(si)(si)(si)(si)千(qian)余貫，興工(gong)大修(xiu)(xiu)形制與今(jin)廟(miao)(miao)基本相同(tong)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)順三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1332年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)五十四(si)(si)(si)(si)代(dai)孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)思晦上疏奏請(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1338年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）三(san)(san)月以(yi)廉坊僉事楊(yang)訥等(deng)(deng)捐資興工(gong)重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)正十四(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1348年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）又增塑孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)及四(si)(si)(si)(si)配像。明(ming)洪武十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1377年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。明(ming)永樂十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1417年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），五十九(jiu)代(dai)孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)彥縉(jin)等(deng)(deng)“鼎新重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)，正殿三(san)(san)間，高(gao)廣如(ru)制。明(ming)弘(hong)治(zhi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1494年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、萬(wan)歷十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1589年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、清(qing)康熙(xi)十三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1674年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、雍(yong)正二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1724年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、乾隆二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1755年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）多次維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)，部分建(jian)筑(zhu)進行(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)等(deng)(deng)。清(qing)道光二(er)十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1846年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)七(qi)十四(si)(si)(si)(si)代(dai)孫(sun)、衍圣公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)繁(fan)灝上疏奏請(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)，經皇(huang)帝同(tong)意，撥銀三(san)(san)萬(wan)一千(qian)五百余兩重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)。新中國(guo)成立后，尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)、碑刻、古(gu)樹、環境(jing)受到充(chong)分的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視、修(xiu)(xiu)繕和保(bao)護(hu)。

建筑群組成部分

尼(ni)山(shan)孔廟橫分三路，五(wu)進院(yuan)落(luo)，殿(dian)(dian)堂(tang)共計80余(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。前為石構(gou)欞星(xing)門(men)，門(men)前石橋旁建(jian)碑亭(ting)，立有(you)《重(zhong)修尼(ni)山(shan)孔子廟記(ji)》碑。門(men)前東(dong)(dong)側(ce)臨崖處(chu)，相傳孔子在此觀(guan)五(wu)川(chuan)匯流，有(you)后(hou)(hou)人建(jian)木構(gou)“觀(guan)川(chuan)亭(ting)”。《論語》載：“子在川(chuan)上曰(yue)，逝(shi)者如斯夫(fu)(fu),不舍晝夜！”即是(shi)此地。觀(guan)川(chuan)亭(ting)東(dong)(dong)側(ce)崖下有(you)“坤靈洞”，因孔子在此降生，故稱(cheng)“夫(fu)(fu)子洞”。大成殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)，單檐(yan)歇山(shan)，頂覆黃琉璃瓦，雖系清代重(zhong)建(jian)，仍保留元代木結構(gou)風格。東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩廡各5間(jian)(jian)(jian)，寢(qin)殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)，東(dong)(dong)路有(you)講(jiang)堂(tang)、照(zhao)壁，土地祠。西(xi)(xi)路有(you)啟圣殿(dian)(dian)，祀(si)孔子父叔(shu)梁(liang)紇。后(hou)(hou)為寢(qin)殿(dian)(dian)，祀(si)孔母(mu)顏氏。毓圣侯祠位于(yu)中路北部，奉祀(si)尼(ni)山(shan)神。尼(ni)山(shan)書院(yuan)在廟東(dong)(dong)北百余(yu)米(mi)處(chu)，周圍恒墻，書院(yuan)大門(men)南向，院(yuan)內有(you)正(zheng)房5間(jian)(jian)(jian)，五(wu)稟四柱前后(hou)(hou)廊式木架，灰瓦硬山(shan)頂，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)廂房各5間(jian)(jian)(jian)。系當年講(jiang)學授(shou)業(ye)和紀(ji)念孔子的處(chu)所(suo)。整座建(jian)筑群占地約1.6公頃，有(you)殿(dian)(dian)、堂(tang)、祠、亭(ting)等大小建(jian)筑27座，81間(jian)(jian)(jian)，建(jian)筑面積1700平方米(mi)。

保護單位級別

尼山孔(kong)廟1977年被公(gong)布為山東省文(wen)物保護單位(wei)，2006年被公(gong)布為全國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位(wei)，2007年作為“三孔(kong)遺產地擴(kuo)展項(xiang)目”列入國(guo)家世界遺產預備名(ming)單。

尼山孔廟的建筑

欞星門

尼山孔廟的(de)第(di)一(yi)道大門(men)為欞星(xing)門(men)（意(yi)與(yu)闕里廟之門(men)相同）。清道光(guang)二(er)十七年（公(gong)元1847年）修廟時添建，三間四(si)柱(zhu)，為八(ba)角柱(zhu)，前后有石(shi)(shi)鼓夾抱，柱(zhu)上(shang)出(chu)云朵，首(shou)飾(shi)蓮花(hua)座。中二(er)柱(zhu)頂刻圓(yuan)雕石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)，傍二(er)柱(zhu)頂刻花(hua)瓶。明間陰刻“欞星(xing)門(men)”三字(zi)，上(shang)刻火焰(yan)寶珠。坊兩側建有八(ba)字(zi)墻。欞星(xing)門(men)下西側有石(shi)(shi)碑并(bing)亭(ting)一(yi)座，采用現代水(shui)泥(ni)結構(gou)，石(shi)(shi)碑記敘(xu)了郭禎祥捐款(kuan)修廟的(de)經過。

觀川亭

觀川亭位于大成門前(qian)的(de)第一進(jin)院落，在此院落的(de)東(dong)南(nan)角。亭始建(jian)于金明昌五年（公(gong)元1194年），今存清代建(jian)筑。觀川亭東(dong)臨(lin)沂水，下臨(lin)懸崖，相傳(chuan)為(wei)孔子(zi)觀川、感(gan)嘆(tan)時光奔馳不(bu)返的(de)地方。取《論語(yu)·子(zi)罕》載“子(zi)在川上曰：‘逝者如(ru)斯(si)夫，不(bu)舍晝(zhou)夜’”語(yu)命名為(wei)觀川亭，毛澤(ze)東(dong)主席曾引用此句。今亭為(wei)方形(xing)，木架無斗(dou)拱，單檐灰歇山頂。

大成門

此(ci)門為(wei)三間(jian)三門，單檐黃瓦(wa)硬山頂，無斗拱。始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)宋(song)代(dai)，歷經(jing)金(jin)、元、明(ming)、清數代(dai)修復，現存(cun)為(wei)清被建(jian)筑。

大成殿

此(ci)殿(dian)為(wei)尼山孔廟(miao)的主體建筑(zhu)，是祭祀孔子(zi)(zi)的主要場所。殿(dian)始建于宋慶(qing)歷(li)三年(nian)（公元1403年(nian)），金(jin)、元、明、清多次重(zhong)修，現存(cun)為(wei)清道光年(nian)間重(zhong)修。殿(dian)五間，單檐(yan)(yan)黃瓦歇山頂(ding)，檐(yan)(yan)下有(you)斗拱，前檐(yan)(yan)柱為(wei)石質，八角形，每面(mian)均(jun)為(wei)淺刻小幅云龍。殿(dian)內供奉孔子(zi)(zi)及四配(pei)，神龕及塑像為(wei)1989年(nian)復制，原像等在“文革”初(chu)期被(bei)毀。殿(dian)前有(you)元代石幢，記(ji)載了當時的修廟(miao)、祀廟(miao)的歷(li)史情況。

兩廡

東西兩廡各五間，前(qian)為廊，無斗拱，單(dan)檐灰瓦懸山頂。原(yuan)為金代建筑(zhu)，1978年(nian)維(wei)修時重建東廡，大修西廡，為供奉(feng)孔子七十(shi)二賢弟子的地方，原(yuan)神(shen)龕及(ji)木主牌(pai)位(wei)在“文革(ge)”初期被(bei)毀(hui)，1989年(nian)重新復制。

寢殿

此殿(dian)(dian)在大成殿(dian)(dian)之后，是(shi)祭祀孔(kong)子夫人亓官氏(shi)的地方。始建于宋代，殿(dian)(dian)五間，前出廊，無斗拱，單檐黃瓦懸山頂。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)供奉(feng)孔(kong)子夫人神牌位，1989年復制(zhi)神龕。

東西廂房

寢殿(dian)前東西(xi)各有三(san)間廂(xiang)房(fang)，前出廊(lang)，無斗拱，單(dan)檐灰瓦懸山頂。兩廂(xiang)房(fang)是祭祀孔(kong)子之子孔(kong)鯉、之孫孔(kong)伋的(de)場所。因孔(kong)鯉、孔(kong)伋在宋崇寧元(yuan)年（公(gong)元(yuan)1102年）被追封為“泗水侯(hou)”及(ji)“沂水侯(hou)”，所以(yi)東為泗水侯(hou)殿(dian)，西(xi)為沂水侯(hou)殿(dian)。

講堂

講堂(tang)在廟的(de)東(dong)路，是祭祀孔子之前(qian)(qian)的(de)齋所，也是用來講授(shou)經典的(de)地方。堂(tang)為三間，前(qian)(qian)出廊(lang)，無斗(dou)拱，單檐灰瓦懸(xuan)山頂。堂(tang)始建于宋(song)天歷(li)年間，今(jin)存(cun)為清(qing)代重建。

土地祠

講(jiang)堂后為土地祠(ci)，一(yi)間(jian)，灰瓦(wa)懸山(shan)(shan)頂，前有照壁，是(shi)用(yong)來祭(ji)祀(si)尼山(shan)(shan)土地神的地方（因孔子(zi)生(sheng)于尼山(shan)(shan)，得到(dao)土地神的保護，使之成為圣人）。祠(ci)為清道(dao)光年間(jian)重修(xiu)廟時(shi)添建。

毓圣侯祠

其祠在西路的東(dong)南角(jiao)，三間，前出廊，無斗拱，單檐灰(hui)瓦懸山頂。宋(song)仁宗(zong)皇(huang)佑三年(nian)（公元1051年(nian)），封尼山神為毓圣(sheng)侯（因孔子生于此，得到尼山神的保佑），建祠祭(ji)祀(si)，現存(cun)建筑(zhu)為清道光年(nian)間修(xiu)廟時重(zhong)建。

啟圣王殿

啟圣王(wang)是奉祀孔子之(zhi)父叔(shu)梁紇的場所，因叔(shu)梁紇于元至順元年(nian)（公元1330年(nian)）被加贈為(wei)“啟圣王(wang)”而得(de)名。此殿始于唐（原年(nian)代不祥），原為(wei)叔(shu)梁紇廟，也叫尼丘山祠，五代擴(kuo)建(jian)時改為(wei)專(zhuan)祀叔(shu)梁紇。后經歷代重修，現存為(wei)清初建(jian)筑(zhu)，殿五間，前出廊(lang)，無斗拱，單檐(yan)綠瓦歇山頂。殿前面有三(san)門，名為(wei)啟圣門。

啟圣王寢殿

此殿是奉祀孔子(zi)母親顏征在的場所(suo)，建(jian)筑年代，形(xing)制(zhi)同啟圣王殿相同，單檐(yan)綠瓦(wa)歇(xie)山頂。

神皰

神皰(pao)位于廟的最后部，是用來置備(bei)祭品的場所，初建于金代，今存為(wei)清道光(guang)年間建筑。正(zheng)房(fang)三間，西廂房(fang)二(er)間，均為(wei)灰瓦硬山頂。

尼山書院

尼(ni)山孔廟(miao)(miao)之(zhi)后(hou)便是(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)家學(xue)者(zhe)主講的(de)地(di)方(fang)，書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)之(zhi)名始于(yu)唐代，書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)制度形成于(yu)宋代。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)主持(chi)人稱為洞主、山長(chang)、堂長(chang)、院(yuan)長(chang)、教(jiao)授等職(zhi)名，各(ge)個朝代不同(tong)。尼(ni)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)設學(xue)長(chang)管理，為正(zheng)八品，書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)以《四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《五經》為基本(ben)教(jiao)材，為一地(di)方(fang)的(de)教(jiao)育中(zhong)心，為著名學(xue)者(zhe)研討學(xue)問的(de)勝地(di)。在尼(ni)山孔廟(miao)(miao)后(hou)設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)，因孔子(zi)是(shi)(shi)歷代尊崇的(de)文化圣人，以示在此設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)最有(you)意義。尼(ni)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)正(zheng)房(fang)三間(jian)，前出廊，無斗拱，灰瓦(wa)懸(xuan)山頂；東(dong)西各(ge)有(you)廂房(fang)三間(jian)，東(dong)廂之(zhi)南有(you)茶(cha)房(fang)兩間(jian)，均(jun)為灰瓦(wa)硬山頂；大門一間(jian)，灰瓦(wa)歇山頂。門前東(dong)側有(you)元(yuan)代刻(ke)制的(de)尼(ni)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)石碑。

尼山書院始建于宋慶歷三年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元1043年(nian)(nian)），原址在廟(miao)的西側。金明(ming)昌五年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元1194年(nian)(nian)）移(yi)于今處，后經多次重修，今存為明(ming)代建筑。明(ming)朝孔(kong)子(zi)六十孫孔(kong)承慶（早卒，明(ming)景泰六年(nian)(nian)，公(gong)元1455年(nian)(nian)追贈衍圣(sheng)公(gong)）曾有詩曰：“盤石(shi)垂蘿(luo)何處家，山深茅屋隔煙(yan)霞。幽(you)人讀罷無(wu)余事，紗(sha)帽籠頭自煮(zhu)茶”。似此(ci)幽(you)雅(ya)清靜的仙境，真是讀書講學難得的好(hao)地方。

夫子(zi)洞（坤靈洞）

夫子(zi)(zi)洞(dong)(dong)相傳為(wei)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)出生(sheng)處，位于(yu)觀川亭的山(shan)崖下。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)父親叔梁(liang)紇為(wei)魯國陬邑大(da)(da)夫，娶顏征在為(wei)妻，征在母家(jia)在尼(ni)山(shan)東南的顏母莊。至于(yu)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)什么能在洞(dong)(dong)中呢？有兩種說(shuo)法；一(yi)說(shuo)顏征在祈禱尼(ni)山(shan)神后，回家(jia)時便臨產，將孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)產于(yu)洞(dong)(dong)中；一(yi)說(shuo)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)來丑陋，其(qi)母將其(qi)遺棄，天氣炎熱，雕用其(qi)翅膀扇涼。坤靈(ling)洞(dong)(dong)始見(jian)于(yu)金正大(da)(da)四年（公(gong)元1227年）成書(shu)的孔(kong)元措《孔(kong)氏祖庭廣記》圖中，刻(ke)有洞(dong)(dong)名，為(wei)金代(dai)的進士劉曄所刻(ke)。元至元三十一(yi)年（公(gong)元1294年），司居敬刻(ke)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)像，置于(yu)洞(dong)(dong)中，后為(wei)戰(zhan)亂所毀(hui)，洞(dong)(dong)因被水淤塞已滿，1978年清(qing)理重修，1983年由(you)山(shan)東省省長(chang)李予昂題刻(ke)“夫子(zi)(zi)洞(dong)(dong)”石(shi)碑，2009年新建圍墻(qiang)護之。

尼山孔廟的文物價值

尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)孔子的(de)出生(sheng)地(di)，在儒家學(xue)派(pai)和封(feng)建士大夫心目中是(shi)中國傳統文(wen)(wen)化學(xue)術(shu)的(de)泰山(shan)(shan)北斗，深(shen)(shen)受景仰(yang)。由(you)漢至(zhi)清受到歷(li)代(dai)(dai)封(feng)建王朝的(de)重視。因(yin)其鐘靈毓(yu)圣之功，宋代(dai)(dai)封(feng)尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)為(wei)毓(yu)圣侯(hou)，并建祠奉祀，規格等(deng)同四瀆。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)孔廟是(shi)封(feng)建社會尊孔讀經、崇(chong)德報功的(de)產物，也(ye)是(shi)我國古(gu)代(dai)(dai)教(jiao)育體(ti)制中廟學(xue)合一(yi)的(de)典型建筑。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)建筑群雖經歷(li)代(dai)(dai)興衰(shuai)，依然保持了頑強的(de)生(sheng)命力，這和歷(li)代(dai)(dai)統治者(zhe)尊孔崇(chong)儒的(de)指導思(si)想是(shi)密不可(ke)分的(de)。尼(ni)(ni)山(shan)(shan)孔廟是(shi)華(hua)夏民族(zu)一(yi)個漫長的(de)歷(li)史時(shi)期(qi)思(si)想文(wen)(wen)化的(de)遺跡(ji)和文(wen)(wen)化淵源的(de)載體(ti)，有著較高的(de)歷(li)史和藝術(shu)價值，更有著深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化內涵。