大狐姓氏作為中國為數不多(duo)的(de)稀有(you)(you)姓氏之一,它的(de)淵源、遷徙、分布都是有(you)(you)史可循,有(you)(you)據可查的(de)!
單(dan)一淵源(yuan):源(yuan)于(yu)姬姓(xing)(xing),出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)春秋(qiu)時期晉(jin)國(guo)大(da)(da)(da)夫狐(hu)突,屬(shu)于(yu)以先(xian)祖(zu)名(ming)(ming)字為(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)春秋(qiu)時期晉(jin)國(guo)很早即(ji)出(chu)(chu)現的(de)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋(song)朝時期著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)學(xue)者(zhe)鄧(deng)名(ming)(ming)世(shi)在《古今姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證·去(qu)·十四泰》中(zhong)記載:“大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu),出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)姬姓(xing)(xing)。晉(jin)大(da)(da)(da)夫狐(hu)突,字伯行,文公重耳(er)外祖(zu)父也(ye),生(sheng)(sheng)毛及(ji)偃,毛生(sheng)(sheng)溱,皆為(wei)晉(jin)卿,別為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)界一般認(ren)為(wei),大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)姓(xing)(xing)姬,因其先(xian)祖(zu)被分封(feng)在狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)戎(rong)(rong)(今山西交城一帶),故改姬姓(xing)(xing)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。在史籍《左傳》中(zhong)記載,后(hou)來晉(jin)獻公姬佹諸(公元前676~前651年在位(wei))“又娶二女(nv)于(yu)戎(rong)(rong),大(da)(da)(da)戎(rong)(rong)狐(hu)姬生(sheng)(sheng)重耳(er),小戎(rong)(rong)子生(sheng)(sheng)夷(yi)吾”。漢朝著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)的(de)史學(xue)家司(si)馬(ma)遷也(ye)認(ren)為(wei),“重耳(er)母(mu),翟之狐(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)也(ye)”。不過,當時也(ye)有其他民(min)族(zu)是(shi)姬姓(xing)(xing)的(de),那(nei)么狐(hu)突的(de)祖(zu)上(shang)是(shi)姓(xing)(xing)姬還(huan)是(shi)姓(xing)(xing)狐(hu),是(shi)土著(zhu)(zhu)民(min)族(zu)還(huan)是(shi)宗周(zhou)(zhou)后(hou)裔?如(ru)果是(shi)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)土著(zhu)(zhu)民(min)族(zu),那(nei)么到底(di)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)還(huan)是(shi)翟?均(jun)已渺茫難考了(le)。山西,為(wei)上(shang)古唐“帝堯(yao)初都”之地(di),又是(shi)夏王朝統治時期的(de)根(gen)據(ju)地(di),但是(shi)到了(le)商(shang)末(mo)西周(zhou)(zhou)初,該地(di)區(qu)已經基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)、翟(狄)、氐、羌(qiang)諸民(min)族(zu)出(chu)(chu)沒(mei)游牧的(de)地(di)方(fang)了(le)。
據史籍《左傳·定公四年》中的(de)記載,周(zhou)(zhou)成王姬(ji)誦“分(fen)唐(tang)(tang)叔(叔虞(yu))以(yi)(yi)大(da)路(lu),密須之鼓,闕鞏,沽洗,懷(huai)姓(xing)九宗(zong),職官五正。命以(yi)(yi)《唐(tang)(tang)誥》,而封于夏虛,啟(qi)以(yi)(yi)夏政(zheng),疆以(yi)(yi)戎(rong)索(suo)。”這(zhe)里的(de)“啟(qi)以(yi)(yi)夏政(zheng),疆以(yi)(yi)戎(rong)索(suo)”,實(shi)際上是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi)的(de)根本治國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方略(lve),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在中央政(zheng)權的(de)建設(she)上,堅持周(zhou)(zhou)王朝比較先進的(de)政(zheng)治制度,但是(shi)(shi)在地(di)域管理方面又(you)遵循和順應當(dang)地(di)各(ge)個(ge)游(you)牧民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)風俗。在晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建立(li)初期(qi),真正的(de)宗(zong)周(zhou)(zhou)貴族(zu)是(shi)(shi)不多的(de),姬(ji)叔虞(yu)當(dang)時只帶去了“懷(huai)姓(xing)九宗(zong),職官五正”等少量姬(ji)姓(xing)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)及一(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)之卒(凡制軍(jun)(jun),萬有二千五百人(ren)(ren)為一(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)),晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)大(da)部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)還是(shi)(shi)當(dang)地(di)土著居民(min)(min)。事實(shi)上,在整(zheng)個(ge)春秋時期(qi),各(ge)諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中的(de)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡”風一(yi)(yi)直是(shi)(shi)很濃厚的(de),從西周(zhou)(zhou)初期(qi)受封于唐(tang)(tang)邑,后改(gai)唐(tang)(tang)為晉,建立(li)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)與周(zhou)(zhou)邊的(de)各(ge)個(ge)民(min)(min)族(zu)通商、通婚(hun)的(de)現象一(yi)(yi)直就(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)分(fen)普遍,就(jiu)(jiu)連國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君也(ye)不例(li)外,這(zhe)與燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)情況大(da)體相同。
大(da)狐氏,歷代皆為(wei)晉國重臣,傳到歷晉文公(gong)姬(ji)重耳(公(gong)元前(qian)(qian)636~前(qian)(qian)628年在位)、晉襄公(gong)姬(ji)歡(姬(ji)環,公(gong)元前(qian)(qian)627~前(qian)(qian)621年在位)、晉靈公(gong)姬(ji)夷皋(gao)(公(gong)元前(qian)(qian)620~前(qian)(qian)607年在位)三(san)朝、史稱晉國“股肱(gong)”的大(da)狐射姑以后(hou)(hou),因其封地在賈(今山(shan)西臨汾),其后(hou)(hou)裔子(zi)孫大(da)多省(sheng)文簡改為(wei)單(dan)姓狐氏、賈氏,大(da)狐氏復姓就(jiu)此在歷史上(shang)基(ji)本消失了(le)。如(ru)今,僅在浙江(jiang)省(sheng)西南部麗水地區還有極(ji)其稀少的復姓大(da)狐氏族人(ren),仍以平陽(今山(shan)西臨汾)為(wei)郡望。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun):亦(yi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臨(lin)汾(fen)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。歷(li)史上(shang)的平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)二:①即今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省臨(lin)汾(fen)市(shi)(shi)。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己(ji)亥,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前202年(nian)(nian)(nian))置平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian),治(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen))。三(san)(san)國(guo)時(shi)期曹魏(wei)國(guo)正始八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(丁卯,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)247年(nian)(nian)(nian)),將(jiang)河東郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分(fen)出一部分(fen)與平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)合并,設置為(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),治(zhi)(zhi)所亦(yi)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)),其(qi)時(shi)轄地(di)在(zai)(zai)今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)以(yi)南(nan)的汾(fen)河流域及其(qi)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)地(di)區,境內為(wei)司州(zhou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄十縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)期仍為(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄十二縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)永(yong)嘉三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己(ji)巳,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)309年(nian)(nian)(nian))初(chu),匈奴人劉淵自蒲子城(cheng)(隰縣(xian)(xian))遷(qian)都平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帝建漢(han),境內屬之(zhi)。東晉(jin)時(shi)先后(hou)屬并州(zhou)、雍州(zhou)和(he)冀(ji)州(zhou);北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)時(shi)境內為(wei)東雍州(zhou),轄七郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)二十縣(xian)(xian);北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)神鹿元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊辰,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)428年(nian)(nian)(nian))始筑白馬城(cheng)(今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)),因魏(wei)刑白馬祭祀天地(di)神靈(ling)筑城(cheng)而名。孝昌二年(nian)(nian)(nian)改置唐(tang)州(zhou),治(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)故城(cheng)(劉村);北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)建義元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊申,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)528年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)晉(jin)州(zhou),移治(zhi)(zhi)自馬城(cheng),與郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)同治(zhi)(zhi),沿用至今。②即今山(shan)(shan)(shan)東省鄒城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。鄒城(cheng)在(zai)(zai)春秋戰國(guo)時(shi)期古稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),是“鄒魯圣地(di)”,為(wei)中國(guo)儒(ru)學發源地(di)。夏王(wang)朝時(shi)期屬九州(zhou)徐(xu)州(zhou)之(zhi)域,秦朝時(shi)期開始設置“騶(zou)縣(xian)(xian)”,歷(li)漢(han)、晉(jin)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)朝,及唐(tang)朝初(chu)期改“騶(zou)”為(wei)“鄒”,稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“鄒縣(xian)(xian)”,沿襲至1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)設市(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄒城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。大狐氏(shi)的郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)望為(wei)①即今山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)。
平陽堂:以望立堂。
大狐氏復姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是一(yi)個非(fei)常(chang)古老的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏,但在今中國大陸的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏排行榜上未列入百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)前(qian)一(yi)千位,在臺(tai)灣省則沒(mei)有。今浙江省西南(nan)部的(de)麗水(shui)地區,有零星大狐氏族人分布(bu),以(yi)平(ping)陽為(wei)郡望。人口總數不及一(yi)百(bai),大概屬于人口最稀少的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏群體之一(yi)了。