一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終保持(chi)不(bu)變，叫做(zuo)恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等(deng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中由(you)于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)下降，為保持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)致因蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)而(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)必須逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以(yi)維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始終不(bu)變，這對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)自動(dong)化程(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，一般(ban)簡陋的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)能滿足(zu)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，在(zai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最大(da)允許的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就(jiu)可以(yi)縮短(duan)。若(ruo)從時(shi)間上考慮，采用(yong)(yong)此法(fa)(fa)有利的(de)(de)。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)變，這時(shi)由(you)于(yu)大(da)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡(pao)過(guo)多而(er)顯沸騰(teng)狀(zhuang)，這不(bu)僅消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)且容易使(shi)極(ji)板上活性物(wu)質大(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升(sheng)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)，造成極(ji)板彎曲(qu)，容量(liang)迅速下降而(er)提(ti)前報廢。所以(yi)，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)很少采用(yong)(yong)。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)終保(bao)(bao)持不(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡稱(cheng)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。由(you)于恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)后期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)終保(bao)(bao)持一定，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)(guo)(guo)正(zheng)常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行(xing)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸(jian)減小(xiao)。當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減至(zhi)最小(xiao)甚至(zhi)為零(ling)。由(you)此可見，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)優點在(zai)于，可以(yi)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)而造成極板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)物質脫落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)損失(shi)。但其缺點是，在(zai)剛開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性(xing)物質體積(ji)變化(hua)收縮(suo)太快，影響活(huo)性(xing)物質的(de)(de)機械(xie)強(qiang)度(du)，致使(shi)其脫落。而在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又過(guo)(guo)(guo)小(xiao)，使(shi)極板(ban)深(shen)處(chu)的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質得不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，形成長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)，影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法一般只(zhi)適用(yong)(yong)于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)較簡陋的(de)(de)特殊場合，如汽(qi)車上(shang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)至(zhi)5號(hao)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)小(xiao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右(you)(you)，堿性(xing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)每個單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右(you)(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救(jiu)恒(heng)定電(dian)壓充電(dian)的(de)缺點而采用(yong)的(de)一(yi)種方法。即在充電(dian)電(dian)源與電(dian)池之(zhi)間串聯一(yi)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，這(zhe)樣充電(dian)初期的(de)電(dian)流可以調(diao)整。但有時(shi)最大充電(dian)電(dian)流受到限(xian)制，因此隨充電(dian)過程的(de)進行(xing)，蓄電(dian)池電(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上(shang)升，電(dian)流卻幾乎(hu)成為直線衰(shuai)減。有時(shi)使用(yong)兩個電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)，約在2.4V時(shi)，從低電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)轉換到高電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，以減少(shao)出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)和恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的(de)(de)特(te)點，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初(chu)期用較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，經(jing)過一段(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)間改(gai)用較小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，至充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改(gai)用更小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即不同(tong)(tong)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)內以不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方(fang)法，叫做階段(duan)(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法。階段(duan)(duan)(duan)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法，一般可分(fen)為兩(liang)個階段(duan)(duan)(duan)進行，也可分(fen)為多(duo)個階段(duan)(duan)(duan)進行。

階(jie)(jie)段等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由(you)于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)減(jian)少了氣泡對(dui)極板活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)沖刷，減(jian)少了活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽命(ming)，并節省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所以是當前(qian)常(chang)用的(de)(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一般蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第(di)一階(jie)(jie)段以10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段以20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階(jie)(jie)段充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)長短(duan)，各(ge)種(zhong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)具體要求和標準不一樣(yang)。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理想(xiang)充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)或僅在(zai)交流(liu)電(dian)停電(dian)時(shi)才使用(yong)(yong)的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)為浮充(chong)電(dian)式(shi)。一些特殊場(chang)合使用(yong)(yong)的(de)固定(ding)型蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般均采(cai)用(yong)(yong)浮充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)法對蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。浮充(chong)電(dian)法的(de)優點(dian)主要在(zai)于(yu)(yu)能減少蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)析氣率，并(bing)可(ke)防止過充(chong)電(dian)，同(tong)時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)同(tong)直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)聯供電(dian)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)大(da)電(dian)流(liu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)時(shi)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)時(shi)輸出大(da)電(dian)流(liu)，這有(you)助于(yu)(yu)鎮定(ding)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系統的(de)電(dian)壓，使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)正常。浮充(chong)電(dian)法的(de)缺點(dian)是個別蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)不(bu)均衡和充(chong)不(bu)足電(dian)，所(suo)以需(xu)要進行(xing)(xing)定(ding)期的(de)均衡充(chong)電(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)是所有失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都(dou)能(neng)進行修(xiu)(xiu)復，如(ru)出現了短路和斷路的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、極板上活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)脫落的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、極板嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)損壞，嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變形的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)塑料殼(ke)體(ti)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)變形和嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)破(po)裂的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)塑料殼(ke)體(ti)底部出現大面積漏液的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是不(bu)能(neng)進行修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)修(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)而失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質發(fa)生嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化而失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)因(yin)磕碰、摔(shuai)打、跌落等原因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)殼(ke)體(ti)上部出現微弱裂縫而漏液造成失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，即結構輕微失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復可(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復和對塑料殼(ke)體(ti)結構件失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)復。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對(dui)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池修(xiu)復可分為化學方(fang)法修(xiu)復和(he)物理(li)方(fang)法修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學(xue)方法對電性(xing)能失效的(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的(de)修復通常是采用加入(ru)化(hua)學(xue)活化(hua)劑方法，如添加納(na)米碳溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)蓄電池活化(hua)劑，它是以納(na)米石(shi)墨為溶(rong)(rong)質主要成份的(de)水溶(rong)(rong)液。

A、對失水(shui)嚴重的鉛酸蓄(xu)電池在加(jia)入活化劑前要先(xian)加(jia)入濃度為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解液(ye)，補(bu)加的電解液(ye)量控制在(zai)上(shang)下液(ye)面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置。

B、按活化劑的(de)使用添加量要求(qiu)通(tong)過氣塞孔均勻的(de)從四周及(ji)中間加入到每個單體蓄電(dian)池內部并搖動均勻。納米碳溶(rong)膠活化劑加完(wan)后電(dian)解液的(de)液面線接(jie)近(jin)液面標示線的(de)上線。

C、立即對修復的電(dian)池充電(dian)，開始活(huo)化(hua)充電(dian)時充電(dian)電(dian)流要大于正常充電(dian)電(dian)流的50%左(zuo)右，以便使納米石墨在電場的作用下盡(jin)快(kuai)的吸(xi)附到(dao)電極里(li)面，大約充進40%左(zuo)右的電量時再進行正(zheng)常充電。首次活化的充電量為理論容量的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次后電池的(de)電性能就能得(de)以(yi)恢復，其放電容量在(zai)額定容量的(de)98%以上的可認為修復(fu)(fu)完成。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)活化修復(fu)(fu)后對(dui)電(dian)(dian)解液液面偏(pian)高的要(yao)抽出多余的電(dian)(dian)解液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的(de)電(dian)池，應把電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)全部倒出(chu)（或吸出(chu)）并用電(dian)池用純凈水清(qing)洗(xi)2次，然后再加入使用(yong)濃度的(de)硫(liu)酸電解(jie)液，再按前述方法對電池進行活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的修復(fu)(fu)也有一(yi)定(ding)效果(guo)(guo)；但(dan)對膠體電解質(zhi)電池的修復(fu)(fu)效果(guo)(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法對電性能失(shi)效的鉛酸蓄電池(chi)修復是用充電設備提供的充電模式創(chuang)新—充電電流的變化來實現的。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方(fang)法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電流預放(fang)電可以(yi)使電解(jie)液更(geng)容易浸(jin)潤到電極(ji)內部，使表(biao)面已生成鈍化(hua)層的(de)活(huo)性物質(zhi)（硫酸(suan)鉛）在小電流放(fang)電時(shi)產生比較(jiao)疏(shu)松(song)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛分子，這有助于鈍化(hua)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛活(huo)化(hua)并再度參加電化(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈(mo)沖(chong)電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單體電(dian)池電(dian)壓控制(zhi)在2.63V~2.70V之(zhi)間(jian)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高而逐步下降，這可以避免長時間(jian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的損壞和失水(shui)。一(yi)般修(xiu)復(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量控(kong)制在額定容(rong)量的120%左右，時(shi)間控制在10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后(hou)檢察(cha)電(dian)池的開路電(dian)壓(ya)，若一切(qie)正常可按(an)要求的放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)，放(fang)至單體(ti)電(dian)壓(ya)到1.75V，放出(chu)的容量(liang)應不少于額定容量(liang)的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上(shang)；需(xu)要對容量恢復到額定容量80%以上的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行第二(er)次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復。第二(er)次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復的充電(dian)(dian)方法與(yu)第一次(ci)(ci)相同。一般只(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能失效的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)第二(er)次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)復后其電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)可以恢復到額定(ding)容量(liang)的98%以上；這(zhe)時(shi)可(ke)認為修復完成(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)池再(zai)充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)就可(ke)以提交使用。如果(guo)第二次修復放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)低(di)于額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)85%則(ze)認(ren)為(wei)該(gai)電池徹底失效(xiao)不可修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共(gong)振頻率技術（裝(zhuang)置(zhi)）對落后或電性能失效電池的(de)修復操作

A、對(dui)失水嚴重的(de)電(dian)(dian)池進行補充電(dian)(dian)解液，方(fang)法(fa)同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振頻率(lv)裝置連(lian)接(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池（組）的正(zheng)、負極上(shang)，按使用(yong)要求(qiu)對(dui)落后或電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行修復(fu)。為防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池工作狀態對(dui)修復(fu)的干(gan)擾(rao)在線路中(zhong)應串一個(ge)同步干(gan)擾(rao)抑制模塊。

C、測量被修(xiu)復電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和內(nei)阻(zu)，失效的(de)或落后的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和內(nei)阻(zu)與其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本一致時可以認為修(xiu)復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛星地面站等設施的電(dian)池機房。該技(ji)術（裝(zhuang)置）的最(zui)大特點(dian)是落(luo)后或失效的電(dian)池可以在線(xian)修(xiu)復(fu)，不(bu)必把有問題(ti)的電(dian)池從供配電(dian)系統中取下，是屬于在線(xian)智能修(xiu)復(fu)，可無需人員(yuan)值班，修(xiu)復(fu)激活電(dian)池時也不(bu)會給電(dian)池帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電池在使用過程中有時會出現碰撞、跌(die)落、摔打的(de)現象，這(zhe)就會造成電池的(de)塑料殼體(ti)被(bei)損(sun)壞。對于只有輕微損(sun)壞（如外殼有輕微縫(feng)隙、漏電解液并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)嚴(yan)重、內(nei)部電極并(bing)(bing)未損(sun)壞）的(de)可以(yi)進行修復，但修復后不(bu)(bu)應影響電池在設(she)備(bei)上的(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)(liao)料(liao)(liao)粒(li)(li)的(de)配(pei)比配(pei)制(zhi)膠(jiao)液(ye)，不(bu)斷搖(yao)動，使固(gu)體(ti)料(liao)(liao)粒(li)(li)完全溶(rong)解(jie)并成均勻液(ye)，待用（膠(jiao)液(ye)用后密(mi)封好(hao)，可以長期使用）。把鉛酸蓄(xu)電池外(wai)殼損傷處擦拭潔凈，粘(zhan)接面上不(bu)能有(you)粉塵(chen)，粉狀顆(ke)粒(li)(li)，油污及電解(jie)液(ye)并應平整。取潔凈的(de)尺寸適度的(de)ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料板塊（板塊的尺寸各方向上要大于(yu)裂縫5mm以上(shang)，厚度(du)和電(dian)池外殼壁相當，待用(yong)。取(qu)適量的膠(jiao)液涂(tu)抹于鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池外殼的損傷(shang)處及(ji)周邊(bian)5mm以上的地帶，再把裁剪好的塑料板(ban)塊(kuai)緊壓(ya)在涂好膠(jiao)的電(dian)池外殼損傷處(chu)并平壓(ya)緊，12小時以后(hou)(hou)待膠液(ye)完(wan)(wan)全干涸后(hou)(hou)檢(jian)查不漏，可(ke)以認為修復(fu)(fu)完(wan)(wan)成，可(ke)提交(jiao)使(shi)(shi)用。應注意的是粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)面(mian)必(bi)(bi)需平(ping)整，粘(zhan)接(jie)(jie)處必(bi)(bi)需平(ping)壓(ya)緊。被(bei)修復(fu)(fu)的電池在修復(fu)(fu)前(qian)若漏電解(jie)液(ye)較多(duo)時應補加使(shi)(shi)用濃度的硫酸電解(jie)液(ye)在充(chong)電活化后(hou)(hou)方(fang)可(ke)提交(jiao)使(shi)(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯(xi)晴、苯乙烯(xi)、丁二(er)烯(xi)共聚物(wu)），改性ABS工程(cheng)塑料，SAN工程塑(su)料（苯乙烯、丙(bing)烯晴共(gong)聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫隙(xi)粘(zhan)合膠面的厚(hou)度不(bu)小于電池外殼的壁厚(hou)，熱熔膠合面可(ke)以適(shi)當加壓(ya)有利于粘(zhan)合牢固，自然冷卻12小時后檢查不漏(lou)，可(ke)以認(ren)為(wei)修復(fu)完成，可(ke)提交使用。

熱熔(rong)膠(jiao)粘合(he)(he)(he)修(xiu)復(fu)可以用(yong)(yong)熱熔(rong)膠(jiao)棒(bang)，也(ye)可以用(yong)(yong)與(yu)電池殼(ke)體相(xiang)同材(cai)料的(de)棒(bang)（板）材(cai)料，作(zuo)為熱熔(rong)膠(jiao)合(he)(he)(he)材(cai)料，后者效果(guo)會更好。對熔(rong)膠(jiao)粘合(he)(he)(he)修(xiu)復(fu)前失液(ye)過(guo)多的(de)電池修(xiu)復(fu)后應補加使用(yong)(yong)濃度的(de)電解(jie)液(ye)到液(ye)面線的(de)中間部位并充電后再(zai)提(ti)交使用(yong)(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改性增強(qiang)PP（滑石粉(fen)強化的聚丙(bing)烯）等。

對(dui)于極拄處，或蓋子(zi)上(shang)出現(xian)的輕微縫隙也可以用上(shang)述(shu)熱熔粘(zhan)合(he)方法進行修(xiu)復(fu)。

聲明：以上方法源于程序系統索引或網民分享提供，僅供您參考使用，不代表本網站的研究觀點，證明有效，請注意甄別內容來源的真實性和權威性。申請刪除>> 糾錯>>