透(tou)水地坪就是常說的透(tou)水路面(mian),它(ta)的結構(gou)有多(duo)種:
1、具(ju)有較(jiao)小蓄水(shui)能(neng)力的透水(shui)路面
這種透(tou)(tou)水(shui)路面基(ji)層主(zhu)要由找平層、透(tou)(tou)水(shui)基(ji)層構成,透(tou)(tou)水(shui)基(ji)層有很(hen)大(da)的(de)空隙率(lv),但厚度不大(da),具有很(hen)強的(de)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)能(neng)力,適(shi)合降雨量較小、墊層透(tou)(tou)水(shui)能(neng)力很(hen)強且具有較高的(de)承載力的(de)地域。主(zhu)要適(shi)用于(yu)人行道(dao)、非機動(dong)車(che)道(dao)、廣(guang)場、停車(che)場、步行街、庭院路等場所。
2、具有較大蓄(xu)水(shui)能(neng)力的透(tou)水(shui)基層的透(tou)水(shui)路(lu)面
這種基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一般由找平層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、蓄(xu)水(shui)基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、土工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)物(wu)構成,蓄(xu)水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度較(jiao)大(da)(da),且空隙(xi)率(lv)較(jiao)小,當(dang)降雨(yu)(yu)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)不能(neng)及時(shi)(shi)排出(chu)時(shi)(shi),一部分(fen)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)可以儲存在基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中,避免路面積水(shui)。這種基層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)適(shi)合降雨(yu)(yu)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)情況,可以邊(bian)蓄(xu)水(shui),邊(bian)排水(shui)。蓄(xu)水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下面是(shi)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)物(wu),其作用是(shi)保持墊層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)。土工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)物(wu)大(da)(da)體(ti)可分(fen)為透(tou)水(shui)型土工(gong)(gong)(gong)網格(ge)布(bu)(bu)和非透(tou)永(yong)型防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)(bu)兩種。當(dang)土中含(han)砂(sha)量較(jiao)大(da)(da)時(shi)(shi),通(tong)常稱(cheng)為砂(sha)土,有一定的(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)能(neng)力(li),并(bing)且雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)下去(qu)不會引起較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)降低及污(wu)(wu)染(ran),這時(shi)(shi)可以選用滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)的(de)(de)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)網格(ge)布(bu)(bu)以提高承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)。既需要(yao)提高承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)又要(yao)防(fang)止水(shui)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)造(zao)成污(wu)(wu)染(ran),應選用非透(tou)水(shui)型防(fang)滲(shen)(shen)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)(bu)。
3、內部(bu)具有溢流結構的透水路面(mian)
(1)墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)(ke)以滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)且內部具有溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)路面:這種基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)(ke)暫時(shi)(shi)儲存透(tou)(tou)過路面的(de)雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),然(ran)后進一步滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)。其儲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)構(gou)(gou)造包(bao)括(kuo)找平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)、碎石層(ceng)(ceng)和透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)型土(tu)工網格布(bu)。當降雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)較小,土(tu)基(ji)的(de)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)系數很大,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)以直接滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)到地(di)下(xia)而不影響(xiang)其承載力(不污染(ran)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源的(de)前提下(xia))。當降雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)較大時(shi)(shi),雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)充滿整個蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)基(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)(shi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位高于內部設置的(de)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)管(guan)口,雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)以通過溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)排出路外。溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)應(ying)沿透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)路面縱向且遠離機(ji)動車道均勻布(bu)置,溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)的(de)數量(liang)與間(jian)距應(ying)根據設計降雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)、面層(ceng)(ceng)及墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)系數選(xuan)取(qu)。
(2)墊層(ceng)不能(neng)(neng)滲(shen)(shen)透且內部具(ju)有(you)溢流排水結構(gou)的透水路(lu)面:這(zhe)種基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)可長(chang)時間儲存滲(shen)(shen)入基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)的雨水,在基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)與(yu)墊層(ceng)之(zhi)間設置非(fei)透水型土(tu)工布(bu),雨水不能(neng)(neng)直接滲(shen)(shen)透到地下,而是通過內部地下管道排出路(lu)外。這(zhe)種基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)適用于(yu)降雨量大、土(tu)基(ji)(ji)滲(shen)(shen)透系數(shu)小、墊層(ceng)滲(shen)(shen)水后承載力很低、有(you)可能(neng)(neng)造成污染水源的位置。