播種機的發明----概(gai)況----類型(xing)

公元(yuan)前1世紀(ji)(ji)，中國(guo)(guo)已推廣(guang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)耬(lou)，這是世界(jie)上最早(zao)的條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具，今仍在(zai)北方旱作區應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。1636年(nian)在(zai)希臘制成(cheng)第一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)俄國(guo)(guo)人(ren)在(zai)畜力多鏵(hua)犁(li)上制成(cheng)犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。1860年(nian)后(hou)，英美等(deng)國(guo)(guo)開始(shi)大量生產畜力谷(gu)物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀(ji)(ji)后(hou)相繼出(chu)現了(le)牽(qian)引和(he)懸(xuan)掛式(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，以(yi)及運用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣力排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)發展精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國(guo)(guo)從20世紀(ji)(ji)50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)引進(jin)了(le)谷(gu)物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)先(xian)后(hou)研制成(cheng)懸(xuan)掛式(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、離(li)心式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸式(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)，并研制成(cheng)磨紋式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)，已形成(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)谷(gu)物(wu)聯(lian)合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列，同(tong)時研制成(cheng)功了(le)精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是由杰斯洛(luo)·圖爾發明的。

按播種方法(fa)，可分為以下幾(ji)種。

①撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機。使(shi)撒出(chu)的種(zhong)(zhong)子在(zai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)塊上(shang)均勻(yun)分(fen)布的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機 。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的機型為離心式撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機 ，附裝(zhuang)在(zai)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)運(yun)輸車后部。由種(zhong)(zhong)子箱和(he)撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)輪構成。種(zhong)(zhong)子由種(zhong)(zhong)子箱落到(dao)撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)輪上(shang)，在(zai)離心力作用(yong)(yong)下沿切(qie)線方(fang)向播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)出(chu)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)幅(fu)達8 ～12米。也可撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)粉(fen)狀或粒(li)狀肥(fei)料、石灰及其他物(wu)料。撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)置也可安裝(zhuang)在(zai)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)飛機上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

②條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機。主要用(yong)于谷物、蔬菜、牧草等小(xiao)粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)作業。常用(yong)的有谷物條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機，作業時(shi)，由(you)行走(zou)輪帶動排種(zhong)(zhong)輪旋轉，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按要求由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱排入輸種(zhong)(zhong)管并(bing)經開溝(gou)器落入溝(gou)槽內，然后由(you)覆土鎮壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)覆蓋壓實。其結構一般由(you)機架(jia)、牽引(yin)或懸(xuan)掛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)器、傳(chuan)動裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、輸種(zhong)(zhong)管、開溝(gou)器、劃(hua)行器、行走(zou)輪和覆土鎮壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等組成。單機播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)幅為6～7米(mi)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)速一般為10～12千米(mi)／小(xiao)時(shi)。

③穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。按(an)一定行距和穴(xue)距，將種(zhong)子成穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)植機(ji)械 。每(mei)穴(xue)可(ke)播(bo)(bo)(bo) 1粒或數粒種(zhong)子，分(fen)別稱(cheng)單粒精播(bo)(bo)(bo)或多粒穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)，主要(yao)用于玉米、棉花、甜(tian)菜、向日葵、豆(dou)類等中(zhong)耕(geng)作物(wu)，又稱(cheng)中(zhong)耕(geng)作物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji) 。每(mei)個播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)單體(ti)可(ke)完成開溝 、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆土、鎮壓等整個作業過程。

④精(jing)密播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。以精(jing)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、株行距和深(shen)度進行作業的(de)(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。具有節(jie)省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子、免除出苗后的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)苗作業、苗距整齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點 。 一(yi)般(ban)在穴播機各(ge)類排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上改進而成。也有事先(xian)將單(dan)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子按一(yi)定間(jian)距固定的(de)(de)(de)(de)紙帶播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子垂直(zhi)回轉運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)環形橡膠或塑(su)料制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)。

⑤聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)業機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和免(mian)耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。如在谷物(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上加設肥料箱、排肥裝(zhuang)置，即(ji)可在播(bo)種(zhong)的同時施(shi)肥。與土壤耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺(sha)蟲劑 、 除(chu)莠(you)劑和鋪塑料薄膜等項作(zuo)(zuo) 業組成(cheng)聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)業機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，能一次完成(cheng)上述各項作(zuo)(zuo)業。免(mian)耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在前茬(cha)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)收獲后直接開出(chu)種(zhong)溝播(bo)種(zhong)，以防(fang)止水土流失、節(jie)省能源，降低(di)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)成(cheng)本。