竹纖(xian)維的(de)化學成分(fen)是(shi)什么 竹纖(xian)維的(de)制(zhi)作工(gong)藝簡介
竹原纖維的化學成分與組成
竹纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)就是(shi)(shi)從自然(ran)生長的(de)(de)(de)(de)竹子中提取出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素纖(xian)維(wei)(wei),是(shi)(shi)繼棉、麻、毛、絲之后的(de)(de)(de)(de)第五大天(tian)然(ran)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)。竹纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)具有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)透氣性(xing)、瞬間吸水性(xing)、較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐磨性(xing)和良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)染色(se)性(xing)等特性(xing),同時(shi)又具有天(tian)然(ran)抗菌、抑菌、除螨、防臭(chou)和抗紫外線(xian)功能(neng)。專家指出(chu),竹纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)一種真正(zheng)意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)環(huan)保型(xing)綠色(se)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)。竹纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)紡織品因其完全(quan)復制(zhi)了竹纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固有特性(xing),而倍受消費者青(qing)睞(lai),產品需求量逐年上升(sheng)。
竹原纖維的化學成分主要是纖維素、半纖維素和木質素(表1),3者同屬于高聚糖,總量(liang)占(zhan)纖(xian)維干質量(liang)的(de)90%以上,其次是蛋白質、脂肪、果(guo)膠、單寧、色(se)素、灰分等,大多數(shu)存在于細胞內(nei)(nei)腔或(huo)特殊的(de)細胞器內(nei)(nei),直接(jie)或(huo)間接(jie)地(di)參與其生理作用。
纖維素是組成竹原纖維細胞的主要物質,也是它能作為紡織纖維的意義所在。由于竹齡的不同,其纖維素含量也不同,如毛竹嫩竹為75%,1年生為(wei)66%,3年生(sheng)為58%。竹(zhu)原纖維中的(de)半纖維素(su)含量一般為14%~25%,毛竹平均含量約為22.7%,并且(qie)隨(sui)著(zhu)竹齡的增加,其(qi)含量也(ye)有(you)所下降(jiang),如2年生(sheng)長竹24.9%,4年生23.6%。
竹(zhu)子(zi)應用(yong)廣泛(fan)是大(da)家熟知的,但(dan)應用(yong)于(yu)服(fu)裝(zhuang)領(ling)域(yu)還是近(jin)幾年的事。用(yong)竹(zhu)子(zi)加工成的纖維(wei)(wei)稱為竹(zhu)纖維(wei)(wei),竹(zhu)纖維(wei)(wei)分成兩大(da)類;
1、天然竹纖維——竹原纖維
竹原纖維是(shi)采用物理(li)、化學相結合的方(fang)法(fa)制取的天(tian)然竹纖維。
制(zhi)取過程:竹(zhu)材(cai)→制(zhi)竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(首先(xian)把(ba)竹(zhu)子截(jie)斷(duan)去(qu)掉(diao)竹(zhu)節并剖(pou)成(cheng)竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian),竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)長度(du)根(gen)據需要(yao)而(er)定(ding))→煮(zhu)(zhu)煉竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(將竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)放(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)沸水(shui)中(zhong)煮(zhu)(zhu)煉)→壓(ya)碎分解(jie)(將竹(zhu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)取出壓(ya)碎錘成(cheng)細絲(si))→蒸煮(zhu)(zhu)竹(zhu)絲(si)(將竹(zhu)絲(si)再放(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)壓(ya)力鍋中(zhong)蒸煮(zhu)(zhu),去(qu)除部分果膠(jiao)、半(ban)(ban)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)、木(mu)質素(su))→生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)酶脫(tuo)膠(jiao)(把(ba)上(shang)述預處(chu)(chu)理的(de)(de)竹(zhu)絲(si)浸入(ru)(ru)(ru)到(dao)含有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)酶的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)理,讓(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)酶進一(yi)步(bu)分解(jie)竹(zhu)絲(si)中(zhong)的(de)(de)木(mu)質素(su)、半(ban)(ban)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)、果膠(jiao),以(yi)獲(huo)(huo)得竹(zhu)子中(zhong)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)。在(zai)分解(jie)木(mu)質素(su)、半(ban)(ban)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)、果膠(jiao)的(de)(de)同時也可在(zai)處(chu)(chu)理液中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)定(ding)量的(de)(de)可以(yi)分解(jie)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)的(de)(de)酶,以(yi)獲(huo)(huo)得更細的(de)(de)竹(zhu)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei))→梳(shu)理纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(把(ba)酶分解(jie)后的(de)(de)竹(zhu)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)清洗、漂白、上(shang)油、柔軟、開松梳(shu)理即可獲(huo)(huo)得紡織用的(de)(de)竹(zhu)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei))→紡織用纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)。
竹(zhu)原纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)是(shi)一(yi)種全新的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei),是(shi)采用(yong)物理(li)、化(hua)學相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)方(fang)法制(zhi)取(qu)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)竹(zhu)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei),天(tian)然(ran)竹(zhu)原纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)與竹(zhu)漿纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)有著本質的(de)(de)區(qu)別,竹(zhu)原纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)屬于天(tian)然(ran)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei),竹(zhu)漿纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)屬于化(hua)學纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)。竹(zhu)原纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)研制(zhi)成功(gong)標志(zhi)著又(you)一(yi)天(tian)然(ran)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)誕生,其符(fu)合(he)國家產業(ye)發展政策。天(tian)然(ran)竹(zhu)原纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)具有吸濕、透(tou)氣、抗菌(jun)抑菌(jun)、除臭、防紫外線(xian)等良好的(de)(de)性能(neng)。
2、化學竹纖維
化(hua)學竹纖維(wei)包括竹漿纖維(wei)和竹炭纖維(wei)。
竹漿纖維:竹漿纖維是一種將竹片做成漿,然后將漿做成漿粕(po)再濕法(fa)紡絲制(zhi)(zhi)成纖維,其(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作加工(gong)過程(cheng)基本與粘膠相似。但在加工(gong)過程(cheng)中竹子的天然特性遭到破(po)壞,纖維的除臭、抗(kang)菌、防(fang)紫外線功能明顯下降。
竹炭纖維:是選用納米(mi)級竹香(xiang)炭微粉,經過特(te)殊工(gong)藝(yi)加入粘(zhan)膠(jiao)紡絲液中(zhong),再經近似常規紡絲工(gong)藝(yi)紡織出的纖維產品。
竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)制(zhi)取過程:竹(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(將(jiang)竹(zhu)(zhu)齡5年以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的高山竹(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)加熱(re)(re)到(dao)450~550℃加以(yi)(yi)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),然后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)高溫(wen)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),即在(zai)上(shang)述低溫(wen)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工程后,再度(du)將(jiang)該(gai)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)加熱(re)(re)到(dao)800~900℃,持續(xu)處理(li)(li)(li))→竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)活(huo)性化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(將(jiang)經過上(shang)述兩種加熱(re)(re)處理(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)后的竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)噴霧處理(li)(li)(li),竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)急劇冷(leng)卻消火,此時(shi)因水的物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)與化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學作用(yong),竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)產(chan)生復雜多孔(kong)質之(zhi)結構,表面積增加數(shu)倍,大幅地提(ti)高吸著能力。經過活(huo)性化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理(li)(li)(li)的竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan),其組(zu)織(zhi)結合密度(du)提(ti)高,變的極為堅硬。炭(tan)(tan)(tan)素率可達(da)85﹪以(yi)(yi)上(shang))→竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的粉(fen)碎(sui)(將(jiang)前(qian)述活(huo)性化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)加以(yi)(yi)粉(fen)碎(sui),制(zhi)成亞納米(mi)級的竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)粉(fen))→均勻分(fen)散(將(jiang)竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)粉(fen)摻入滌綸(lun)或粘膠等原(yuan)漿(jiang)中并(bing)加以(yi)(yi)攪拌,使其均勻分(fen)散在(zai)原(yuan)漿(jiang)中)→紡(fang)絲(從(cong)原(yuan)漿(jiang)中,透過抽絲設備,抽出含竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)粉(fen)的長絲,也可根據(ju)需要切成棉型或毛型的短(duan)纖(xian)、中長纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)等,從(cong)而(er)制(zhi)得竹(zhu)(zhu)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei))。