【電(dian)子(zi)元器件(jian)基礎知(zhi)識(shi)】常用電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)入門知(zhi)識(shi) 電(dian)子(zi)元器件(jian)的分類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電(dian)子(zi)元件和(he)電(dian)小型的(de)機器(qi)(qi)、儀器(qi)(qi)的(de)組成部分，其本身常由若干零件構成，可以在(zai)同類產品中通(tong)用；常指電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、無線電(dian)、儀表等工業的(de)某(mou)些零件，如電(dian)容、晶體管、游(you)絲、發條等子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件的(de)總(zong)稱。常見(jian)的(de)有二極管等。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)包(bao)括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子管、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)、連接(jie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體(ti)(ti)分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、激光(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關(guan)、微特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、各類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)、石英、陶瓷磁性(xing)材(cai)料、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用(yong)基(ji)材(cai)基(ji)板、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子功(gong)能工(gong)藝專(zhuan)用(yong)材(cai)料、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子膠（帶）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子化(hua)學材(cai)料及部品等。

電子元器件在(zai)質量方(fang)面國(guo)際上有(you)歐盟的(de)(de)CE認證(zheng)(zheng)，美國(guo)的(de)(de)UL認證(zheng)(zheng)，德國(guo)的(de)(de)VDE和TUV以(yi)及中國(guo)的(de)(de)CQC認證(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)國(guo)內外認證(zheng)(zheng)，來保證(zheng)(zheng)元器件的(de)(de)合格(ge)。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠(chang)在(zai)加(jia)工時沒改變原材(cai)料分子成(cheng)分的產(chan)品(pin)可稱為(wei)元件，元件屬于(yu)不(bu)需

要(yao)能源的器件(jian)(jian)。它(ta)包(bao)括：電阻、電容、電感。(又(you)稱為被(bei)動(dong) 元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)路類元件：二極管(guan)，電(dian)阻器等等

2、連(lian)接(jie)類元件：連(lian)接(jie)器(qi)，插座，連(lian)接(jie)電纜，印刷電路板(ban)(PCB)

二、器件：工廠(chang)在(zai)生產加工時改變了原材料分(fen)子結構的產品稱為(wei)器件(jian)

器件分為：

1、主(zhu)動器(qi)件，它的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是：(1)自身消耗電(dian)能(2)需要(yao)外(wai)界電(dian)源。

2、分立器件，分為(1)雙極性(xing)晶體(ti)三(san)極管(guan)(2)場效應晶體(ti)管(guan)(3)可控硅(4)半導(dao)體(ti)電阻電容

電阻

電阻在(zai)電(dian)路中用"R”加(jia)數字表示(shi),如(ru):R1表示(shi)編(bian)號為(wei)1的電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在(zai)電(dian)路中的主要作用為(wei):分(fen)流、限流、分(fen)壓、偏置等(deng).

電容

電(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)一般用(yong)"C"加數字表(biao)示(如C13表(biao)示編號為13的(de)電(dian)容(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)是(shi)由兩(liang)片(pian)金屬膜緊靠,中(zhong)間用(yong)絕緣材料隔(ge)開而組成的(de)元件.電(dian)容(rong)的(de)特性主要是(shi)隔(ge)直流通(tong)交流.

電容(rong)的(de)容(rong)量大小表(biao)示能貯存電能的(de)大小,電容(rong)對交流信(xin)號(hao)的(de)阻(zu)礙作用稱為(wei)容(rong)抗,它與交流信(xin)號(hao)的(de)頻率和電容(rong)量有關(guan).

晶體二極管

晶體二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)在電(dian)路中常用“D”加數字表(biao)示,如: D5表(biao)示編號為5的二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan).

作(zuo)用(yong):二極(ji)管的(de)主要特性(xing)是單向導(dao)電(dian)性(xing),也就(jiu)是在(zai)正向電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下,導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)阻很小;而(er)在(zai)反向電(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)用(yong)下導(dao)通(tong)電(dian)阻極(ji)大或無(wu)窮大.

因為二極管(guan)具有上(shang)述特性,無繩電(dian)話(hua)機中(zhong)常把它(ta)用在整流、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極性保護(hu)、編碼控制、調頻調制和靜噪等電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong).

電感器

電感器在電(dian)(dian)子制(zhi)作(zuo)中(zhong)雖然使用得不是(shi)很多，但它(ta)(ta)們在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)同樣(yang)重要。我(wo)們認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)一樣(yang)，也是(shi)一種儲能(neng)元件(jian)，它(ta)(ta)能(neng)把電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉變(bian)為(wei)磁場(chang)能(neng)，并在磁場(chang)中(zhong)儲存(cun)能(neng)量。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)用符(fu)號L表示，它(ta)(ta)的(de)基本(ben)單位是(shi)亨利（H），常(chang)用毫亨（mH）為(wei)單位。它(ta)(ta)經常(chang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)一起工作(zuo)，構(gou)成(cheng)LC濾波器(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)等。另外，人(ren)們還利用電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)特性，制(zhi)造了(le)阻流圈、變(bian)壓器(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等。

組合電路

集成電(dian)路是一(yi)種采用(yong)特殊工藝，將(jiang)晶(jing)體管、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容等元(yuan)件(jian)集成在硅(gui)基(ji)片上而形成的具有一(yi)定功能的器件(jian)，英文(wen)縮(suo)寫為(wei)IC，也(ye)俗稱芯片。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)是(shi)指由電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)阻、晶體管等(deng)元件集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在一起用來處理(li)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)信號的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。有許多的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，如集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)運算放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、比較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)、對數和指數放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)乘(除)法器(qi)(qi)、鎖(suo)相(xiang)環、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管理(li)芯(xin)片(pian)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的主(zhu)(zhu)要構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)有：放(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、濾波器(qi)(qi)、反饋電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、基準(zhun)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路(lu)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)通(tong)過有經驗的設計(ji)(ji)師進行手動的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)調(diao)試，模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)而得到，與(yu)此相(xiang)對應的數字(zi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計(ji)(ji)大(da)部分是(shi)通(tong)過使用硬件描述語言在EDA軟件的控制下自動的綜合(he)產生(sheng)。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)連(lian)線集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)同(tong)一半導體芯片(pian)上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)數字邏(luo)輯(ji)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)系(xi)統。根(gen)據數字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)包(bao)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)元(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)件數量，可將數字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)分為小規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、超大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)特大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。小規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10個(ge)(ge)以(yi)內，或(huo)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件數不(bu)超過100個(ge)(ge)；中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10-100個(ge)(ge)之間，或(huo)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件數在(zai)(zai)100-1000個(ge)(ge)之間；大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)100個(ge)(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或(huo)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件數在(zai)(zai)10-10個(ge)(ge)之間；超大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)1萬個(ge)(ge)以(yi)上(shang)，或(huo)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件數在(zai)(zai)10-10之間；特大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件數在(zai)(zai)10-10之間。它(ta)包(bao)括：基本邏(luo)輯(ji)門(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)、譯碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)、驅動器(qi)(qi)、計數器(qi)(qi)、整(zheng)形電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、可編程(cheng)邏(luo)輯(ji)器(qi)(qi)件、微(wei)處理器(qi)(qi)、單片(pian)機(ji)、DSP等。