【電(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)基礎知識】常用電(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)入門知識 電(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)的分(fen)類(lei)

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)和(he)電(dian)小型的機器、儀(yi)器的組成部分，其(qi)本身(shen)常(chang)(chang)(chang)由若干零件(jian)構成，可(ke)以在(zai)同類產品中(zhong)通用；常(chang)(chang)(chang)指(zhi)電(dian)器、無線電(dian)、儀(yi)表等(deng)工業的某些(xie)零件(jian)，如電(dian)容(rong)、晶體管、游絲、發條等(deng)子(zi)器件(jian)的總稱(cheng)。常(chang)(chang)(chang)見的有二極(ji)管等(deng)。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)包括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)(jian)、連(lian)接器(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、激(ji)光器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯示(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、印(yin)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板(ban)、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、各類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石英(ying)、陶瓷(ci)磁性材(cai)料、印(yin)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用基材(cai)基板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)功能(neng)工藝(yi)專用材(cai)料、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)膠（帶(dai)）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)化學材(cai)料及(ji)部品等(deng)。

電子元器件在質(zhi)量方面國(guo)(guo)際上有歐盟的CE認證(zheng)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)的UL認證(zheng)，德國(guo)(guo)的VDE和TUV以及中國(guo)(guo)的CQC認證(zheng)等國(guo)(guo)內(nei)外(wai)認證(zheng)，來保證(zheng)元器件的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工(gong)廠在加工(gong)時沒(mei)改變原材料分(fen)子成分(fen)的產品可(ke)稱為元件，元件屬于(yu)不需

要(yao)能源的器件。它包括：電(dian)阻、電(dian)容、電(dian)感。(又稱為被動 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)路類(lei)元件：二(er)極管，電(dian)阻(zu)器等等

2、連(lian)(lian)接(jie)類元(yuan)件：連(lian)(lian)接(jie)器(qi)，插(cha)座，連(lian)(lian)接(jie)電(dian)纜，印刷電(dian)路板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠在生產加工時改變了原材料分子結構的產品稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主(zhu)動器件，它的主(zhu)要特點是：(1)自身消(xiao)耗電能(2)需要外界電源。

2、分立器件，分為(1)雙極性晶體三極管(2)場效應(ying)晶體管(3)可控硅(4)半導體電(dian)阻電(dian)容

電阻

電阻在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)"R”加數字表示,如:R1表示編號為1的(de)電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)主(zhu)要作(zuo)用(yong)為:分流(liu)(liu)、限(xian)流(liu)(liu)、分壓、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)容在電(dian)路(lu)中一般用(yong)(yong)"C"加數字表示(如(ru)C13表示編號為13的(de)電(dian)容).電(dian)容是由兩片(pian)金屬膜緊靠,中間用(yong)(yong)絕緣材料隔開而組成的(de)元(yuan)件(jian).電(dian)容的(de)特(te)性(xing)主要是隔直流通交(jiao)流.

電容(rong)的容(rong)量大小表(biao)示(shi)能貯存電能的大小,電容(rong)對交(jiao)流信(xin)號(hao)的阻礙(ai)作用稱為容(rong)抗,它與交(jiao)流信(xin)號(hao)的頻率和電容(rong)量有關.

晶體二極管

晶體二極管在電(dian)路中常(chang)用“D”加數字(zi)表(biao)示,如: D5表(biao)示編(bian)號為5的二極管.

作用:二極管的主要特性是(shi)單向(xiang)導電性,也就是(shi)在正向(xiang)電壓(ya)的作用下(xia),導通電阻很小(xiao);而在反向(xiang)電壓(ya)作用下(xia)導通電阻極大或無窮大.

因為二極管具有上述特性(xing)(xing),無繩(sheng)電話機中(zhong)常(chang)把它用在整流(liu)、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極性(xing)(xing)保護、編碼控(kong)制、調頻(pin)調制和靜(jing)噪等(deng)電路(lu)中(zhong).

電感器

電感器在電(dian)子制作中(zhong)雖(sui)然使用得不是(shi)很多(duo)，但(dan)它(ta)們(men)在電(dian)路中(zhong)同樣重(zhong)要(yao)。我們(men)認為電(dian)感(gan)(gan)器和電(dian)容(rong)器一樣，也(ye)是(shi)一種儲能(neng)(neng)元件，它(ta)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為磁場(chang)能(neng)(neng)，并在磁場(chang)中(zhong)儲存能(neng)(neng)量。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)器用符號L表示，它(ta)的基本單(dan)位是(shi)亨利（H），常(chang)(chang)用毫(hao)亨（mH）為單(dan)位。它(ta)經常(chang)(chang)和電(dian)容(rong)器一起工作，構成LC濾波器、LC振蕩器等(deng)(deng)。另外，人們(men)還利用電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的特(te)性(xing)，制造了阻流圈(quan)、變(bian)壓器、繼(ji)電(dian)器等(deng)(deng)。

組合電路

集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)是一種(zhong)采用特(te)殊工藝，將晶體管(guan)、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容等元件(jian)集成(cheng)在硅(gui)基片上(shang)而形(xing)成(cheng)的具有一定功(gong)能(neng)的器(qi)件(jian)，英文縮寫為(wei)IC，也俗稱(cheng)芯(xin)片。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是指(zhi)(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、晶體管等元件集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在一起用來處(chu)理模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)信號(hao)的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。有(you)(you)許多的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，如集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運算放大(da)器(qi)、比較器(qi)、對數(shu)(shu)和指(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)(shu)放大(da)器(qi)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)乘(除)法器(qi)、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理芯片等。模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有(you)(you)：放大(da)器(qi)、濾波(bo)器(qi)、反饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、基準源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等。模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計主要(yao)是通過(guo)有(you)(you)經驗的(de)(de)設計師進行(xing)手(shou)動(dong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)調試，模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬(ni)而得到，與此相對應的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計大(da)部分是通過(guo)使(shi)用硬件描述語言在EDA軟(ruan)件的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)下自動(dong)的(de)(de)綜合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和連(lian)線集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)于同一(yi)半導體芯片上而(er)制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)邏輯(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)系統。根據數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量，可將數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)分為小規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、超(chao)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和特大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。小規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10個(ge)以(yi)內(nei)，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)不超(chao)過100個(ge)；中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10-100個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)100-1000個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間；大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)100個(ge)以(yi)上，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10個(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)間；超(chao)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)1萬個(ge)以(yi)上，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間；特大(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間。它包(bao)括：基本邏輯(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)、觸發器(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計數(shu)(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整(zheng)形電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、可編(bian)程邏輯(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、微處理器(qi)(qi)(qi)、單片機(ji)、DSP等。