一、白熾燈應急照明線路
白熾燈應急照明線路如(ru)圖(tu)1-1-1所示。當市(shi)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)網正常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)時,220V的(de)(de)交流市(shi)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經(jing)電(dian)(dian)容C1壓(ya),再經(jing)二極管(guan)VD1的(de)(de)半(ban)整流和(he)電(dian)(dian)容C2的(de)(de)濾波后,以(yi)約90mA的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)流給(gei)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)。與此同(tong)時,因(yin)為晶體管(guan)VT1基極加上正偏(pian)壓(ya)而處于(yu)導(dao)通(tong)狀態,使VT2處于(yu)截止(zhi)狀態,燈泡EL不亮(liang)。一(yi)旦(dan)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)網斷電(dian)(dian),晶體管(guan)VT1由導(dao)通(tong)變(bian)成截止(zhi),VT2由截止(zhi)變(bian)成導(dao)通(tong),燈泡點亮(liang)。二極管(guan)VD2的(de)(de)作用是(shi)隔(ge)離電(dian)(dian)池和(he)VT1的(de)(de)基極,保證(zheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)一(yi)停,VT1轉(zhuan)向截止(zhi)。市(shi)電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)后,VT1導(dao)通(tong),EL熄滅,電(dian)(dian)路復位。
圖(tu)1-1-1中的(de)EL為6.3V、0.15A的(de)小燈泡,電池可用(yong)4節(jie)1號電池,也可用(yong)6V蓄電池。
二、熒光燈應急照明線路
熒(ying)光燈(deng)(deng)應(ying)急照明線(xian)路(lu)如圖1-1-2所示。晶體管VT與變(bian)壓(ya)器T的一次繞組構(gou)成(cheng)電感三點(dian)式振蕩(dang)器,將(jiang)蓄電池的交流(liu)電壓(ya)經變(bian)壓(ya)器的升壓(ya)作用(yong),在L3上得到較高的交流(liu)電壓(ya),從而點(dian)亮8W熒(ying)光燈(deng)(deng),作為應(ying)急燈(deng)(deng)使用(yong)。
電(dian)阻R為晶體管VT的基(ji)極偏置電(dian)阻,適當調整它可改變逆變輸出功率。
制(zhi)作(zuo)時,變壓器的磁芯(xin)可(ke)用電視(shi)機的行輸出變壓器的磁芯(xin),L1用Φ0.35mm漆包線繞(rao)40圈(quan),L2用Φ0.35mm漆包線繞(rao)40圈(quan),L3用Φ0.16mm漆包線繞(rao)300圈(quan)。晶(jing)體管VT選(xuan)用3DD15A,電阻阻值為(wei)1kΩ左右,功率為(wei)1/8W。
三、消防應急燈線路
消防(fang)應急(ji)燈線(xian)路如(ru)圖(tu)1-1-3所示。該線(xian)路被(bei)廣泛安裝于(yu)公(gong)共場所的走廊、消防(fang)通道內,屬于(yu)消防(fang)專用設備。其工作原理如(ru)下。
1、燈(deng)光控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路:由VT3、VT4、VT5、VT7和按鈕SB2、SB3構成燈(deng)光控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。在(zai)無(wu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,按一下按鈕SB2(開),VT5飽和導通,VT5的集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過R12使VT7維持(chi)導通;VD11反向擊穿工作(zuo)在(zai)穩(wen)壓(ya)狀態;VT5的集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)給VT3、VT4提供(gong)偏置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)使其導通,EL1、EL2點(dian)亮(liang)。當按一下按鈕SB3(關(guan))時,VT7截止,VT5不具備導通條件,燈(deng)熄滅。
當有市電(dian)供電(dian)時,外接電(dian)源經VD9使VD7反向截止.VT5無法導通,按鈕SB2和SB3都不能控制燈(deng)EL1、EL2的開和關。
停電(dian)(dian)后二極(ji)管飽和導(dao)通,構成點燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)條件,EL1、EL2點亮(liang);來電(dian)(dian)后VD7負極(ji)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)變高又反向截止,VT5截止,燈(deng)滅(起到自動(dong)控制的作(zuo)用(yong))。點燈(deng)控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中VD7、VT7通過R6工作(zuo)在臨界狀態,按鈕SB2、SB3只起到觸發作(zuo)用(yong)。
2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路:外接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源VT2、VT6、R8、VD10對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當有外接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經(jing)R8、VD10向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),且(qie)使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示燈VL3點亮(liang)。
3、電源電路:220V交流(liu)電壓經變壓器變壓、整流(liu)濾(lv)波,由VT1集電極輸出4.6V直流(liu)電壓,主要提供給電路供電源充電,并經R9使(shi)VL1發光指示(shi)。
4、驗(yan)電路:當按住試驗(yan)按鈕SB1不放時,VT1截止。VD7負(fu)載電位變低(di)而正(zheng)(zheng)偏導通,使VD5導通,滿足點燈(deng)條件,VL1、VL2點亮;松開(kai)按鈕SB1燈(deng)隨(sui)即熄滅(mie)。試驗(yan)電路的(de)作(zuo)用是測試點燈(deng)電路是否正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)。
5、 障(zhang)(zhang)顯示電(dian)路(lu):由VD13、VT8、R17和VD11組成故障(zhang)(zhang)顯示電(dian)路(lu),如果外接電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)過高使VT8導通,VL2點(dian)亮,指(zhi)示過電(dian)壓(ya)故障(zhang)(zhang)。
四、消防應急燈接線方式
消防應急(ji)燈(deng)具線(xian)路(lu)的鋪設(she)按規定應設(she)置專用(yong)線(xian)路(lu),不應該(gai)與常用(yong)的照(zhao)明線(xian)路(lu)共用(yong)一條電源(yuan)線(xian),并且在專用(yong)的線(xian)路(lu)中間不應設(she)置開(kai)關。
二線制和三線制型的消防(fang)應急燈具可統一使用(yong)一條(tiao)專用(yong)的消防(fang)應急專用(yong)電源(yuan)線。消防(fang)應急燈具專用(yong)電源(yuan)的設置(zhi)應和相(xiang)應的防(fang)火規范相(xiang)結合。
消防(fang)應急電源與(yu)燈具分開放置(zhi)的,其電氣連(lian)接應采用耐高溫的電源線,以滿足防(fang)火要求,提(ti)高防(fang)護等級。
二線制
二線制的消防(fang)(fang)應急(ji)燈具(ju)接(jie)(jie)線方式是專(zhuan)用(yong)消防(fang)(fang)應急(ji)燈具(ju)常用(yong)接(jie)(jie)法(fa),適用(yong)在應急(ji)燈平時不(bu)作照明使(shi)用(yong),或24小時持(chi)續照明使(shi)用(yong)。(CED標(biao)志燈就屬于此(ci)種(zhong)類)消防(fang)(fang)應急(ji)燈具(ju)在遇到突發性的停(ting)電后(hou),應急(ji)燈會(hui)自動點亮,提供照明光(guang)源;
三線制
三(san)線(xian)制的(de)消防應(ying)急(ji)燈(deng)(deng)具接線(xian)方式為較常用的(de)應(ying)急(ji)燈(deng)(deng)接線(xian)方法,可對應(ying)急(ji)燈(deng)(deng)具平時照明狀(zhuang)態的(de)開或關進(jin)行人為的(de)控制,當遇到供電(dian)電(dian)源突然停(ting)電(dian)的(de)情(qing)況下,不論設置(zhi)的(de)開關處(chu)于何種狀(zhuang)態,應(ying)急(ji)燈(deng)(deng)都(dou)會(hui)立即點亮(liang)應(ying)急(ji),提供光源,維(wei)持照明。