一、光伏發電是什么意思

光伏發電是利用(yong)半導體界面的(de)光(guang)(guang)生伏特效應(ying)而將光(guang)(guang)能(neng)直(zhi)接轉變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)一種(zhong)技術。主要由(you)太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池板（組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)）、控制(zhi)器和逆變器三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，主要部(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)由(you)電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)成。太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池經過串(chuan)聯后進行封裝保護可形(xing)成大(da)面積的(de)太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，再(zai)配(pei)合上功率控制(zhi)器等部(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)就形(xing)成了光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)裝置。

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二、光伏發電的組成結構及作用

光伏(fu)發電(dian)系(xi)統是(shi)由太陽能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)方(fang)陣，蓄電(dian)池(chi)組，充(chong)放電(dian)控制器，逆變器，交流(liu)配(pei)電(dian)柜，太陽跟蹤控制系(xi)統等(deng)設(she)(she)備組成(cheng)。其(qi)部(bu)分設(she)(she)備的作用是(shi)：

1、電池方陣

在(zai)有光照（無論是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光，還(huan)是其它(ta)發光體產(chan)生(sheng)的光照）情況(kuang)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)吸收光能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩端出現異號電(dian)(dian)荷的積累，即(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)“光生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)壓”，這就是“光生(sheng)伏特效應(ying)”。在(zai)光生(sheng)伏特效應(ying)的作用下(xia)，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的兩端產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)動勢，將光能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，是能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換的器(qi)件。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般為硅(gui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，分為單晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，多晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和非晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)三種。

2、蓄電池組

其(qi)作用是貯存(cun)太陽(yang)(yang)能電池(chi)(chi)方陣受光(guang)照時發出的電能并可隨時向負載供電。太陽(yang)(yang)能電池(chi)(chi)發電對所用蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的基本要求是：a.自放(fang)電率低(di)；b.使用壽命長；c.深(shen)放(fang)電能力(li)強；d.充電效(xiao)率高；e.少(shao)維護或免維護；f.工作溫度范圍(wei)寬；g.價格低(di)廉。

3、控制器

是(shi)(shi)能自動(dong)防止蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由(you)于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)及放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度是(shi)(shi)決定蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命的(de)重要因素(su)，因此能控(kong)制蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器是(shi)(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)設備。

4、逆變器

是(shi)將(jiang)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換成(cheng)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)設備。由于(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池和蓄電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源，而負載是(shi)交流(liu)(liu)負載時(shi)，逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器是(shi)必不可少的(de)。逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器按運(yun)行方(fang)式，可分為獨立運(yun)行逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器和并網逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器。

獨立(li)(li)運行逆變(bian)器(qi)用(yong)于(yu)獨立(li)(li)運行的太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)，為獨立(li)(li)負載供電(dian)。并(bing)網(wang)(wang)逆變(bian)器(qi)用(yong)于(yu)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)運行的太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)。

逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)按輸出波型(xing)可分為方波逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)和正弦(xian)波逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)。方波逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)電(dian)路(lu)簡單，造價低，但諧波分量大，一般用(yong)于(yu)幾百瓦(wa)以下(xia)和對諧波要(yao)求不高的系統。正弦(xian)波逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)成(cheng)本高，但可以適用(yong)于(yu)各種負載。

5、跟蹤系統

由于相對于某一個固定地點的太陽能光伏發電系統，一(yi)年春(chun)夏秋冬四(si)季、每(mei)天日升日落，太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)光照角度時時刻刻都在變化，如(ru)果太(tai)陽(yang)能電池板(ban)能夠時刻正對太(tai)陽(yang)，發電效率才(cai)會達到(dao)最佳(jia)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

世界上(shang)通用(yong)(yong)的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟蹤(zong)控制系統(tong)都需(xu)要根(gen)據(ju)安放點的經緯(wei)度(du)(du)等信息(xi)計算一年中的每一天(tian)的不(bu)(bu)同時刻太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)所在的角度(du)(du)，將一年中每個時刻的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)位置存(cun)儲到(dao)PLC、單(dan)片機(ji)或(huo)電腦軟件中，也就是靠計算太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)位置以實現跟蹤(zong)。采用(yong)(yong)的是電腦數(shu)據(ju)理論，需(xu)要地球(qiu)經緯(wei)度(du)(du)地區的的數(shu)據(ju)和(he)設定，一旦安裝(zhuang)，就不(bu)(bu)便移動(dong)或(huo)裝(zhuang)拆，每次(ci)移動(dong)完就必須重新設定數(shu)據(ju)和(he)調整各(ge)個參數(shu)；原理、電路(lu)、技(ji)術(shu)、設備(bei)復雜(za)，非專(zhuan)業人士不(bu)(bu)能夠隨便操作(zuo)。把加(jia)裝(zhuang)了智(zhi)能太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟蹤(zong)儀(yi)的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能發電系統(tong)安裝(zhuang)在高速(su)行(xing)駛的汽車(che)、火車(che)，以及通訊應(ying)急車(che)、特種軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)汽車(che)、軍(jun)艦或(huo)輪船上(shang)，不(bu)(bu)論系統(tong)向何(he)方行(xing)駛、如何(he)調頭(tou)、拐彎，智(zhi)能太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)跟蹤(zong)儀(yi)都能保證(zheng)設備(bei)的要求跟蹤(zong)部位正(zheng)對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)。