一、直放站的優點
直放站與基站相比較,其優(you)點(dian)主要體現在如(ru)下幾(ji)個方(fang)面:
1、同等覆蓋(gai)(gai)面積時,使用(yong)直放站(zhan)(zhan)投資較低。在平原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)室外一個全向基站(zhan)(zhan)可以(yi)有10km覆蓋(gai)(gai)半(ban)(ban)徑(jing);一個全向直放站(zhan)(zhan)可以(yi)有4km覆蓋(gai)(gai)半(ban)(ban)徑(jing);就覆蓋(gai)(gai)面積而言,六(liu)(liu)個直放站(zhan)(zhan)約相當(dang)于一個基站(zhan)(zhan)。六(liu)(liu)個直放站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)設備價約為一個基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)80%。但考慮(lv)到機(ji)房租用(yong)和裝修、交直流電源、空(kong)調、傳輸系統(tong)和電路租金等費用(yong),六(liu)(liu)個直放站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)費用(yong)只(zhi)相當(dang)于于一個基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)50%,甚至更低。
2、覆(fu)蓋更為靈活。一個基站基本(ben)上是(shi)圓形覆(fu)蓋,多(duo)個直放站可(ke)以組織成(cheng)多(duo)種覆(fu)蓋形式(shi)。如“一”字型排開,可(ke)以覆(fu)蓋十幾至幾十公里的路段(duan)。也可(ke)以組織成(cheng)“L”型、“N”型和“M”型覆(fu)蓋,特別適合于山區組網。
3、在組網初期(qi),由于用(yong)戶(hu)較(jiao)(jiao)少,投(tou)資效益較(jiao)(jiao)差,可以(yi)用(yong)一(yi)部分直放(fang)站(zhan)代替基站(zhan)。用(yong)戶(hu)發展起來(lai)后(hou)現更(geng)換為基站(zhan),替換下來(lai)的直放(fang)站(zhan)再(zai)進一(yi)步(bu)放(fang)置在更(geng)邊緣的地區(qu),這樣一(yi)步(bu)步(bu)地滾動發展。
4、由于不需要土建和傳輸(shu)電路的施工,建網迅速(su)。
二、直放站的缺點
但直放站與基站相比也有明(ming)顯的不(bu)足,主要(yao)表(biao)現在:
1、不能增加系(xi)統容量(liang)。
2、引(yin)入直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)后,會給基站(zhan)(zhan)增加約3dB以上(shang)的(de)噪音,使原基站(zhan)(zhan)工作環境惡化,覆蓋(gai)半徑減(jian)少(shao)。所以一(yi)個(ge)基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)扇(shan)區只能帶兩(liang)個(ge)以下的(de)直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)工作。
3、直放站(zhan)只(zhi)能頻(pin)分不能碼分,一個直放站(zhan)往(wang)往(wang)將多個基(ji)站(zhan)或多個扇區的(de)信(xin)號(hao)加以放大。引入(ru)過多的(de)直放站(zhan)后,導致基(ji)站(zhan)短碼相位混亂導頻(pin)污染(ran)嚴重(zhong),優化工作困難(nan),同時(shi)加大了不必要的(de)軟切換。
4、直放站(zhan)的網(wang)管(guan)功(gong)能和設備檢測功(gong)能遠(yuan)不如基站(zhan),當直放站(zhan)出現(xian)問題(ti)后不易察覺。
5、由于受隔離度的要(yao)求限制(zhi),直(zhi)放(fang)站的某些安裝條件(jian)要(yao)比基站苛刻的多(duo),使(shi)直(zhi)放(fang)站的性能(neng)往往不(bu)能(neng)得到(dao)充分(fen)發揮。
6、如(ru)果直放(fang)站自激或直放(fang)站附近有干擾源(yuan),將對原網造成嚴重影響。由于直放(fang)站的(de)工作天線(xian)較(jiao)高,會將干擾的(de)破壞作用(yong)大面積(ji)擴大。CDMA是(shi)一個同頻系統,周(zhou)邊的(de)基站均有可(ke)能受到堵(du)塞而癱(tan)瘓。
根據相關資料,有引起國(guo)家(jia)直(zhi)(zhi)放站和(he)基站的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)比(bi)例(li)高達2比(bi)1以上;由(you)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口密度(du)很大,直(zhi)(zhi)放站和(he)基站的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)比(bi)例(li)不應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)大,如(ru)果沒有光纖直(zhi)(zhi)放站,只對射頻(pin)(pin)耦(ou)合型室外(wai)直(zhi)(zhi)放站而言,這(zhe)一(yi)比(bi)值應(ying)(ying)不大于(yu)(yu)1。在規劃時(shi),直(zhi)(zhi)放站作為滾(gun)動發展的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)設備(bei),一(yi)次性安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)直(zhi)(zhi)放站的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)率應(ying)(ying)進(jin)一(yi)步減少。在大中(zhong)城市的(de)(de)(de)市區和(he)通話密度(du)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)地區應(ying)(ying)不使用射頻(pin)(pin)耦(ou)合型室外(wai)直(zhi)(zhi)放站。
直放站不能增加系統(tong)容量(liang),卻可(ke)以彌補CDMA系統(tong)基站的覆蓋不足,由于價格低、安裝方(fang)(fang)便(bian)、在GSM、CDMA系統(tong)中采用直放站不失(shi)為網(wang)絡優化的一種較好的解決(jue)方(fang)(fang)案。
另外由于CDMA系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)復(fu)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)為(wei)1,直(zhi)放站(zhan)在CDMA系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)GSM系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)存在著差(cha)異(yi)。直(zhi)放站(zhan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)將與(yu)整個(ge)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)性能相(xiang)關,而在GSM系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中直(zhi)放站(zhan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)僅(jin)與(yu)幾個(ge)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)通道性能有(you)關。因而,合理(li)的(de)(de)規劃直(zhi)放站(zhan)網絡(luo),嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)工程勘測及(ji)施工對提高CDMA網絡(luo)的(de)(de)性能是(shi)十(shi)分必要的(de)(de)。
三、直放站如何選擇安裝
在進行直放站天線選擇與安裝的過程中,除了要保證直放站良好接收施主(zhu)基站的(de)(de)信號以(yi)外,還要注(zhu)意(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)直放站的(de)(de)施主(zhu)天(tian)線與(yu)業務天(tian)線之間的(de)(de)隔離要求,避(bi)免直放站的(de)(de)性能惡化。以(yi)下介紹(shao)一(yi)些在直放站天(tian)線選擇與(yu)安裝過程中的(de)(de)注(zhu)意(yi)點:
1、根(gen)據(ju)具(ju)體的(de)信(xin)號(hao)情(qing)況(kuang),以(yi)(yi)及覆(fu)(fu)蓋的(de)需要(yao),選擇合(he)適的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)增(zeng)益。由于(yu)直放站(zhan)屬(shu)于(yu)同頻(pin)中(zhong)繼系(xi)統,所以(yi)(yi)一般不(bu)能(neng)采(cai)用全向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian),否則可(ke)(ke)能(neng)引(yin)起系(xi)統自激。施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)與施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)之(zhi)間是點對(dui)(dui)點的(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin),所以(yi)(yi)應選擇具(ju)有高增(zeng)益和窄水平波束的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)應當(dang)最適合(he)。一般采(cai)用角反射天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)、對(dui)(dui)數周期天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)和拋物面天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian),以(yi)(yi)避免引(yin)入不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)導(dao)頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao);業(ye)務(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)根(gen)據(ju)需要(yao)覆(fu)(fu)蓋區(qu)域(yu)的(de)不(bu)同特點來選擇。如(ru)要(yao)覆(fu)(fu)蓋一個很(hen)大區(qu)域(yu),這種天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)是普通(tong)(tong)(tong)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)使用的(de)定向(xiang)型天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian),但(dan)須(xu)具(ju)有較(jiao)高的(de)增(zeng)益;要(yao)進(jin)行隧道覆(fu)(fu)蓋時,可(ke)(ke)選用八木天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)或螺(luo)旋狀(zhuang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian);在(zai)(zai)室內(nei)環(huan)境下,經常(chang)(chang)要(yao)求使用特殊設計(ji)的(de)室內(nei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian),室內(nei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)需設計(ji)得不(bu)易引(yin)人注目,但(dan)不(bu)需要(yao)象普通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)那(nei)樣應具(ju)備在(zai)(zai)惡劣(lie)環(huan)境的(de)要(yao)求,室內(nei)業(ye)務(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)網絡要(yao)引(yin)入較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)電纜和導(dao)致分配器損耗,因而通(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)僅使用于(yu)覆(fu)(fu)蓋較(jiao)小的(de)區(qu)域(yu)。無論在(zai)(zai)哪種場合(he)下,業(ye)務(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)發射方向(xiang)應該嚴格控(kong)制,以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證業(ye)務(wu)信(xin)號(hao)不(bu)會饋入施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian);如(ru)果(guo)施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)與施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)滿(man)足視距(ju)傳輸,拾取的(de)信(xin)號(hao)相對(dui)(dui)純(chun)凈(jing)。施(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)采(cai)用方向(xiang)性好的(de)窄波束定向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian),也有利于(yu)提高拾取信(xin)號(hao)的(de)純(chun)凈(jing)度。
2、天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)圖(tu)(tu):安裝天(tian)線(xian)(xian)時,應使一(yi)副天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)零(ling)點(dian)對應另(ling)一(yi)副天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)零(ling)點(dian)。天(tian)線(xian)(xian)通常背(bei)靠背(bei)安裝,這種情況(kuang)下選擇(ze)高(gao)前后比的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)很重要。一(yi)般要求(qiu)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)前后比最(zui)好在(zai)30db以上。
3、垂(chui)直(zhi)分離:直(zhi)放站天(tian)線(xian)(xian)在垂(chui)直(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)通常波瓣較窄,當業務天(tian)線(xian)(xian)和(he)施主天(tian)線(xian)(xian)垂(chui)直(zhi)安裝(zhuang)時,它(ta)們的垂(chui)直(zhi)面方(fang)向(xiang)圖會有零點相(xiang)對,可以獲(huo)得較高的天(tian)線(xian)(xian)隔離度。
4、微(wei)波中(zhong)繼處,天線(xian)要用高增(zeng)益拋(pao)物面天線(xian),安(an)裝時要注意:如果采用柵(zha)格拋(pao)物面天線(xian),那(nei)么需要極化正(zheng)交安(an)裝,兩(liang)個(ge)天線(xian)的極化要和基站(zhan)側、用戶側的所用天線(xian)的極化一(yi)致;天線(xian)要安(an)裝在平臺的兩(liang)端,最(zui)好能上下錯開,這樣可(ke)以增(zeng)大(da)兩(liang)個(ge)天線(xian)之間(jian)的隔(ge)離(li)度(du)。
5、環(huan)境因(yin)素(su):天線(xian)(xian)(xian)周(zhou)圍環(huan)境可能影響天線(xian)(xian)(xian)隔離度,環(huan)境因(yin)素(su)包括(kuo):天線(xian)(xian)(xian)正面近處是否(fou)存在(zai)反(fan)射物、天線(xian)(xian)(xian)安裝塔(ta)的材質、施主天線(xian)(xian)(xian)和業務天線(xian)(xian)(xian)間是否(fou)存在(zai)屏蔽物或(huo)設(she)置屏蔽網。
可以考慮(lv)將施主基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)施主扇區(qu)的(de)(de)天(tian)線(xian)采用與(yu)其(qi)他扇區(qu)和基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)交叉極(ji)化方式,以便直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有效地選(xuan)擇來自施主扇區(qu)的(de)(de)導頻;在(zai)直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)應用中,對于光纖(xian)直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而言,天(tian)線(xian)隔離要求(qiu)同(tong)普通直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)基(ji)本一(yi)致。