軟件工程的組成結構

1、軟件需求

軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)描(miao)述解決現實世界(jie)某(mou)個問(wen)題的(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)產(chan)品，及對(dui)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)產(chan)品的(de)(de)約束(shu)。軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)涉(she)及需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)抽取(qu)、需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)分析、建(jian)立需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)規格說明(ming)和確認，涉(she)及建(jian)模、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)開發(fa)的(de)(de)技術、經濟、時間可行(xing)性分析。軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)直(zhi)接影響軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)設計、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)測試、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)維護、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)配置管(guan)理(li)、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)工程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)、軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)工程(cheng)過程(cheng)和軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)質量等。

2、軟件設計

設(she)計(ji)(ji)是軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程最核心的(de)內容。設(she)計(ji)(ji)既(ji)是“過(guo)(guo)程”，也是這個過(guo)(guo)程的(de)“結果”。軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)由(you)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)系結構(gou)(gou)設(she)計(ji)(ji)、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)詳細(xi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)兩種活動組成。它(ta)涉(she)及(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)系結構(gou)(gou)、構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、接口、以及(ji)系統或構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)其(qi)它(ta)特征，還涉(she)及(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)質量分(fen)析和評(ping)估、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)符號(hao)、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)策略和方法等。

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3、軟件構造

通(tong)過(guo)編碼、單(dan)元測(ce)試(shi)、集成測(ce)試(shi)、調試(shi)、確認這些活動，生(sheng)成可用的(de)、有(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)(gou)造除要求(qiu)(qiu)符合設計(ji)功能外(wai)，還要求(qiu)(qiu)控制和(he)降低(di)程序(xu)復雜(za)性、預(yu)計(ji)變更、進(jin)行程序(xu)驗證和(he)制定軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)(gou)造標(biao)準。軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)(gou)造與軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)配置管理、工具(ju)和(he)方法、軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)質量密切相關(guan)。

4、軟件測試

測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是軟(ruan)件生存周期的重要(yao)部分，涉及測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的標準、測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術、測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)。測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不再是編碼完(wan)成后才(cai)開(kai)始(shi)的活(huo)動，測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的目的是標識缺陷(xian)和(he)(he)問題，改善產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。軟(ruan)件測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應該(gai)圍繞整個開(kai)發(fa)和(he)(he)維(wei)護過(guo)程(cheng)。測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在需(xu)求(qiu)階段(duan)就(jiu)應該(gai)開(kai)始(shi)，測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)計(ji)劃和(he)(he)規程(cheng)必須系統(tong)，并隨著開(kai)發(fa)的進(jin)展不斷(duan)求(qiu)精。正確的軟(ruan)件工程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)觀是預防，避免缺陷(xian)和(he)(he)問題比改正好。代碼生成前的主要(yao)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)手段(duan)是靜態(tai)(tai)(tai)技(ji)術（檢查），代碼生成后采用動態(tai)(tai)(tai)技(ji)術（執(zhi)(zhi)行代碼）。測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的重點是動態(tai)(tai)(tai)技(ji)術，從程(cheng)序無(wu)限的執(zhi)(zhi)行域中選擇一個有(you)限的測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用例集，動態(tai)(tai)(tai)地驗(yan)證程(cheng)序是否達到預期行為。

5、軟件維護

軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產品交付后，需要(yao)(yao)改(gai)正軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)缺陷、提高(gao)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性能或其他屬性、使軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產品適應新(xin)的(de)(de)環境。軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)維(wei)護(hu)是軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)化(hua)的(de)(de)繼續。軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)維(wei)護(hu)要(yao)(yao)支持系統快(kuai)速地、便(bian)捷地滿足新(xin)的(de)(de)需求。基于服務(wu)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)維(wei)護(hu)越來越受到重視。軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)維(wei)護(hu)是軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生存周期的(de)(de)組(zu)成部分。然而，歷史上維(wei)護(hu)從未受到重視。情(qing)況有了改(gai)變，軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)組(zu)織力圖使軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)運營(ying)時(shi)間更(geng)長，軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)維(wei)護(hu)成為令(ling)人關注(zhu)的(de)(de)焦點。

6、軟件配置管理

為了系統(tong)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)變(bian)更，維護整個系統(tong)生命(ming)周期中配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)的(de)一致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)和可追蹤性(xing)(xing)，必須按時間管(guan)(guan)理(li)軟(ruan)件(jian)的(de)不同配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)，包括配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)過(guo)程的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、軟(ruan)件(jian)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)鑒別(bie)、配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)控(kong)制(zhi)、配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)狀態記(ji)錄(lu)、配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)審計、軟(ruan)件(jian)發布(bu)和交付管(guan)(guan)理(li)等。

7、軟件工程管理

運用管理活動，如(ru)計(ji)劃、協調、度量、監控(kong)、控(kong)制(zhi)和報告，確(que)保軟(ruan)(ruan)件開發和維護(hu)是系統的(de)、規范的(de)、可度量的(de)。它涉及基礎設施(shi)管理；項目(mu)管理；度量和控(kong)制(zhi)計(ji)劃三個層(ceng)次(ci)。度量是軟(ruan)(ruan)件管理決(jue)策的(de)基礎。近(jin)年來軟(ruan)(ruan)件度量的(de)標(biao)準、測度、方(fang)法、規范發展較快。

8、軟件工程過程

管(guan)理(li)軟件工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，實現(xian)(xian)一個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)者更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。軟件工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)關注軟件過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義、實現(xian)(xian)、評(ping)估(gu)、測量(liang)、管(guan)理(li)、變更、改(gai)進，以(yi)及過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)度(du)量(liang)。軟件工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)，①圍(wei)繞軟件生(sheng)存周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)和(he)管(guan)理(li)活(huo)動(dong)，即需求獲取、軟件開發、維護和(he)退役的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種活(huo)動(dong)。②對軟件生(sheng)存周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義、實現(xian)(xian)、評(ping)估(gu)、度(du)量(liang)、管(guan)理(li)、變更和(he)改(gai)進

9、軟件工程工具和方法

軟件(jian)(jian)開發(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)是以計(ji)算機(ji)為(wei)基礎的，用于輔助軟件(jian)(jian)生(sheng)存周期過程。通常，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)是為(wei)特定(ding)的軟件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程方法(fa)設計(ji)的，以減(jian)少手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作的負擔、使軟件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程更加(jia)系統(tong)化。軟件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)的種類很多，從支持個人到整個生(sheng)存周期。軟件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)分為(wei)：需求工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、設計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、構造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、測試工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、維護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、配置管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程過程工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、軟件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)等。

軟件工程(cheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)支持軟件工程(cheng)活動，使軟件開發更(geng)加系(xi)統(tong)，并能獲得成功。軟件開發方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)不(bu)斷發展。當(dang)前，軟件工程(cheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)分為：①啟(qi)發式方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)，包(bao)括結構化方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)、面向(xiang)(xiang)數據(ju)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)、面向(xiang)(xiang)對象方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)和(he)特定域方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)；②基于數學的(de)(de)形式化方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)；③用軟件工程(cheng)多種(zhong)途徑實現的(de)(de)原(yuan)型(xing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)，原(yuan)型(xing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)幫助確定軟件需求、軟件體系(xi)結構，用戶界面等。

10、軟件質量

軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量(liang)貫穿(chuan)整個(ge)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)生存周期(qi)，涉(she)及軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量(liang)需求(qiu)、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量(liang)度量(liang)、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)屬性檢測、軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量(liang)管理技術和過程等。

SWEBOK還把軟件工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相關學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)列為知識(shi)域(yu)(yu)，它們是軟件工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發展不可或缺的(de)部分。相關學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)知識(shi)域(yu)(yu)包括計算機工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、計算機科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)、數學(xue)(xue)、管(guan)理學(xue)(xue)、項目管(guan)理、質量管(guan)理、系(xi)統工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)和軟件人類工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)八個領域(yu)(yu)。

軟件工程的主干課程

主(zhu)干(gan)學科：馬克思主(zhu)義理(li)論、大(da)學外(wai)語(yu)、高等數(shu)學、大(da)學物(wu)理(li)、物(wu)理(li)實驗、線性代數(shu)、概(gai)率論與數(shu)理(li)統計、程序設計語(yu)言(yan)、數(shu)據結(jie)構、離散數(shu)學、操作(zuo)系統、編譯技術、軟(ruan)件(jian)工程概(gai)論、統一(yi)建模語(yu)言(yan)、軟(ruan)件(jian)體系結(jie)構、軟(ruan)件(jian)需求(qiu)、軟(ruan)件(jian)項目(mu)管理(li)

該專業除(chu)了學(xue)習公共基(ji)礎(chu)課(ke)外，還將(jiang)系(xi)統(tong)學(xue)習離散數(shu)學(xue)、數(shu)據(ju)結構(gou)、算法分(fen)析、面向對象程序設計、現(xian)代操作系(xi)統(tong)、數(shu)據(ju)庫原(yuan)理與實現(xian)技(ji)術、編譯(yi)原(yuan)理、軟件工(gong)程、軟件項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理、計算機安(an)全等課(ke)程，根據(ju)學(xue)生的興趣還可以選修一些其它選修課(ke)。

實(shi)踐環節：畢業(ye)實(shi)習、課程設(she)計、計算機(ji)工(gong)程實(shi)踐、生(sheng)產實(shi)習、畢業(ye)設(she)計(論文(wen))。

軟件工程的就業方向和就業前景

1、就業方向

本專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學生畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)后可以從事各級各類(lei)企事業(ye)(ye)單位的辦公自動化(hua)處理、計算機(ji)安裝與維護、網頁制(zhi)作(zuo)、計算機(ji)網絡和專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)服務(wu)器的維護管(guan)(guan)理和開發(fa)工(gong)作(zuo)、動態商(shang)務(wu)網站開發(fa)與管(guan)(guan)理、軟件測(ce)試(shi)與開發(fa)及計算機(ji)相關設備的商(shang)品貿(mao)易等方(fang)面的有(you)關工(gong)作(zuo)。

除考(kao)取國(guo)內外名牌大學研究生外，主要畢業去向是計算機軟件專業公司﹑信(xin)息咨詢公司﹑以及金(jin)融(rong)等其它獨資、合資企業。

2、就業前景

中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)行業規(gui)模不是(shi)很大(da)(da)(da)，有(you)些軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)企業在(zai)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制作上，也(ye)只是(shi)采用了(le)一(yi)些軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想，距離大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工業化大(da)(da)(da)生產比較還是(shi)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距；原(yuan)因有(you)管理(li)體制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)，市(shi)場問題(ti)(ti)，政策問題(ti)(ti)，也(ye)有(you)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程理(li)論不全面和不完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)。所以軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)和應(ying)用，以及中國軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)步發展，都需要一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)既有(you)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論基(ji)礎和研究(jiu)能(neng)力，又有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程科學技術(shu)人員來(lai)推(tui)動。軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前途(tu)是(shi)光(guang)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

軟件服務(wu)(wu)外(wai)包(bao)屬于智力人才密集型現代服務(wu)(wu)業(ye)。大量著名外(wai)包(bao)企業(ye)落戶寧(ning)波。主要就業(ye)去向包(bao)括軟件外(wai)包(bao)與(yu)服務(wu)(wu)企業(ye)、信息產品(pin)與(yu)服務(wu)(wu)企業(ye)，擔(dan)任程序員、軟件測試員、項(xiang)目經理(li)等(deng)工作(zuo)崗位。