直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可(ke)以從功率大小、充電(dian)槍的(de)多少、結構(gou)(gou)形(xing)式(shi)、安裝方式(shi)等不同(tong)維度進行分類(lei)。其中，按(an)結構(gou)(gou)形(xing)式(shi)比較主流(liu)的(de)分類(lei)是將直流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)分為(wei)兩種：一體(ti)式(shi)直流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)和分體(ti)式(shi)直流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)。

直流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的電(dian)(dian)氣部分由(you)(you)主回(hui)路和(he)二次回(hui)路組成。主回(hui)路的輸入是三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，經過輸入斷路器(qi)、交(jiao)流(liu)智(zhi)能電(dian)(dian)能表(biao)之后由(you)(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模塊（整流(liu)模塊）將三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉換為電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以接受的直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，再連(lian)接熔斷器(qi)和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍，給電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。 二次回(hui)路由(you)(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁控制器(qi)、讀卡(ka)器(qi)、顯示屏、直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)表(biao)等組成。二次回(hui)路還提供“啟停(ting)(ting)(ting)”控制與“急(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)”操作;信號燈提供“待機”、“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)”與“充(chong)滿”狀態指示;顯示屏作為人機交(jiao)互設備則提供刷卡(ka)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)設置(zhi)與啟停(ting)(ting)(ting)控制操作。

直流充電樁充電過程

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩端加載(zai)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，以(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)漸漸地(di)緩慢地(di)上(shang)升，上(shang)升到(dao)一定程(cheng)(cheng)度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao)標稱值，SoC達(da)到(dao)95%（針對(dui)不同(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不一樣）以(yi)上(shang)，繼續以(yi)恒壓(ya)(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)去(qu)了(le)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)沒有充(chong)(chong)滿，就是沒有充(chong)(chong)實，如(ru)果有時間，可以(yi)改用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)實”。 為了(le)實現(xian)這個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)功(gong)能(neng)上(shang)就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊”提供直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控制(zhi)器(qi)”控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊的(de)“開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關機(ji)(ji)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”;需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“觸摸(mo)屏”作為人機(ji)(ji)界面下發指(zhi)(zhi)令，通過(guo)(guo)控制(zhi)器(qi)將“開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關機(ji)(ji)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)”等指(zhi)(zhi)令下發給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層(ceng)面理解的(de)最簡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)只要(yao)(yao)有充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊，控制(zhi)板和觸摸(mo)屏就可以(yi)了(le); 如(ru)果開(kai)機(ji)(ji)、關機(ji)(ji)和輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)］輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等指(zhi)(zhi)令在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊上(shang)做成幾個鍵盤(pan)，那(nei)么一個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊就可以(yi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直(zhi)流充(chong)電樁(zhuang)輸(shu)出由9根(gen)線組(zu)成，分別是：

直(zhi)流電源線(xian)路：DC+、DC-；設備地線(xian)：PE；充電通(tong)信線(xian)路：S+、S-；充電連接確認線(xian)路：CC1、CC2；低(di)壓(ya)輔助電源線(xian)路：A+、A-。

直(zhi)流充電樁就是通(tong)過這9根線給電動汽車進行充電，其(qi)具(ju)體的充電模型(xing)如(ru)下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通過車輛(liang)插座相連(lian)。S開關(guan)(guan)(guan)是一個(ge)常閉開關(guan)(guan)(guan)，與(yu)直(zhi)流充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上(shang)的(de)按(an)鍵（即機(ji)械鎖）相關(guan)(guan)(guan)聯(lian)，當我們按(an)下充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上(shang)的(de)按(an)鍵，S開關(guan)(guan)(guan)即打(da)開。而U1、U2是一個(ge)12V上(shang)拉(la)電壓，R1~R5是阻(zu)值約1000歐的(de)電阻(zu)，R1、R2、R3在(zai)充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)，R4、R5在(zai)車輛(liang)插座上(shang)。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我們(men)按下(xia)槍(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵，插(cha)入車(che)輛插(cha)座(zuo)，再放開槍(qiang)頭(tou)按鍵。充(chong)電(dian)樁的檢測(ce)點1將(jiang)檢測(ce)到12V-6V-4V的電(dian)平變化。一旦檢測(ce)到4V、充(chong)電(dian)樁將(jiang)判斷充(chong)電(dian)槍(qiang)插(cha)入成(cheng)功，車(che)輛接(jie)(jie)口完(wan)全(quan)連接(jie)(jie)，并將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)槍(qiang)中的電(dian)子(zi)鎖(suo)進行鎖(suo)定，防止槍(qiang)頭(tou)脫落(luo)。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)接(jie)口完全連接(jie)后，充電(dian)樁將閉合K3、K4，使低壓輔助供電(dian)回(hui)路(lu)導通(tong)，為(wei)(wei)電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)控制裝(zhuang)置供電(dian)（有(you)的(de)車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)不需要供電(dian)）（車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)得到供電(dian)后，將根(gen)據監測點(dian)2的(de)電(dian)壓判(pan)斷車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)接(jie)口是否連接(jie)，若電(dian)壓值為(wei)(wei)6V，則車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)裝(zhuang)置開(kai)始(shi)周期發(fa)送通(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文(wen)），接(jie)著閉合K1、K2，進(jin)行(xing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測，所謂絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測，即(ji)檢測DC線路(lu)的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)性能(neng)(neng)，保證后續充電(dian)過程的(de)安全性。絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測結束后，將投入泄放回(hui)路(lu)泄放能(neng)(neng)量，并(bing)斷開(kai)K1、K2，同(tong)時開(kai)始(shi)周期發(fa)送通(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文(wen)。

充電準備就緒階段：

接(jie)下(xia)來，就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車與直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁相互配置的(de)階(jie)段，車輛控制K5、K6閉合，使充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)導通，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁檢測到車輛端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓正常（電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與通信報(bao)文描述地電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓誤(wu)差≤±5%，且在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸(shu)出最(zui)大、最(zui)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)范圍內）后閉合K1、K2，那么直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)導通，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車就準備開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充(chong)電需求的參(can)數，充(chong)電樁會(hui)根據該參(can)數實時調整充(chong)電電壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電流，并相互(hu)發送(song)各自的狀態信息（充(chong)電樁輸出電壓(ya)(ya)電流、車輛電池(chi)電壓(ya)(ya)電流、SOC等(deng)）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)輛(liang)會根(gen)據BMS是否達(da)到充(chong)(chong)滿狀態或是受到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)發來的“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“來判斷(duan)(duan)是否結束(shu)(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常條(tiao)件在(zai)后續文章進行介紹）。滿足以上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)(shu)條(tiao)件，車(che)輛(liang)會發送(song)“車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“，在(zai)確認(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于5A后斷(duan)(duan)開K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在(zai)達(da)到操作人員設(she)定的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)(shu)條(tiao)件，或者收到汽(qi)車(che)發來的”車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“，會發送(song)”充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文”，并控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)確認(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于5A后斷(duan)(duan)開K1、K2，并再次投入(ru)泄放電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，然后再斷(duan)(duan)開K3、K4。