一、柴油發電機基本結構

柴(chai)(chai)油發電機的基本結構是由柴(chai)(chai)油機和發電機組成，柴(chai)(chai)油機作(zuo)動力帶動發電機發電。

柴油機的基本結構：由氣缸、活塞、氣缸蓋、進氣門、排氣門、活塞銷、連桿、曲軸、軸承和飛輪等構件構成。柴油發電機的(de)(de)(de)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一般是單(dan)缸或(huo)多缸四(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，下(xia)(xia)面小編說說單(dan)缸四(si)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)基(ji)本原理：柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)起動(dong)是通過人力(li)或(huo)其(qi)它(ta)動(dong)力(li)轉動(dong)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸使活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在頂(ding)部(bu)密閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)缸中(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)上下(xia)(xia)往復運(yun)動(dong)。活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在運(yun)動(dong)中(zhong)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)四(si)個(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)：進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、燃(ran)燒和作(zuo)(zuo)功（膨脹(zhang)）行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。當活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)由上向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)時(shi)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)門打(da)開(kai)，經空(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)清器過濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)進(jin)(jin)入氣(qi)缸完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)由下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)上運(yun)動(dong)，進(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)門都(dou)關(guan)閉(bi)，空(kong)氣(qi)被壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)，溫度和壓(ya)力(li)增高(gao)，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)將要到達最頂(ding)點時(shi)，噴(pen)油(you)(you)(you)器把經過濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)以霧狀噴(pen)入燃(ran)燒室中(zhong)與高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)混(hun)合立即自行(xing)(xing)(xing)著(zhu)火燃(ran)燒，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)推動(dong)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)功，推動(dong)曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)了后(hou)，活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)(sai)由下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)上移動(dong)，排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)門打(da)開(kai)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每(mei)個(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲(qu)軸旋(xuan)轉半圈。經若干工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)循(xun)環后(hou)，柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在飛輪的(de)(de)(de)慣性下(xia)(xia)逐漸加速(su)進(jin)(jin)入工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

柴油機(ji)曲軸旋轉(zhuan)便帶動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有直流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

直(zhi)流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要由(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)殼、磁(ci)(ci)極鐵(tie)芯、磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)線(xian)圈、電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和炭刷等組成。工作發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)原理(li)：當(dang)柴油機(ji)(ji)帶動(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞旋轉時，由(you)于發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的磁(ci)(ci)極鐵(tie)芯存在(zai)剩磁(ci)(ci)，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞線(xian)圈便在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)中切(qie)割磁(ci)(ci)力線(xian)，根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應原理(li)，由(you)磁(ci)(ci)感應產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流并經炭刷輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

交(jiao)流發電(dian)機主要由磁性材料制(zhi)造多(duo)(duo)個南北極交(jiao)替排(pai)列的(de)(de)永(yong)磁鐵(tie)（稱為轉(zhuan)子(zi)）和硅鑄鐵(tie)制(zhi)造并(bing)繞有多(duo)(duo)組(zu)(zu)串聯線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)樞線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)（稱為定子(zi)）組(zu)(zu)成。工作發電(dian)原理：轉(zhuan)子(zi)由柴(chai)油機帶動(dong)軸向(xiang)(xiang)切割磁力線(xian)(xian)(xian)，定子(zi)中交(jiao)替排(pai)列的(de)(de)磁極在線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)鐵(tie)芯(xin)中形(xing)成交(jiao)替的(de)(de)磁場(chang)，轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)一(yi)圈(quan)(quan)，磁通的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)和大小變換多(duo)(duo)次(ci)，由于(yu)磁場(chang)的(de)(de)變換作用，在線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中將產生(sheng)大小和方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)都變化的(de)(de)感應電(dian)流并(bing)由定子(zi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)輸送出電(dian)流。

為(wei)了保(bao)護用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備，并維持其正常(chang)工作，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機發(fa)出的電(dian)(dian)流還(huan)需要調節(jie)器進行調節(jie)控制等(deng)等(deng)。

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二、柴油發電機工作原理

簡而言之，就是柴(chai)油發(fa)電機驅動發(fa)電機運轉。

在(zai)汽(qi)缸(gang)內，經(jing)過(guo)空氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)清器過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)后的潔(jie)凈空氣(qi)與(yu)噴油(you)(you)嘴(zui)噴射(she)出的高壓(ya)霧化柴(chai)油(you)(you)充(chong)分混(hun)合(he)，在(zai)活塞(sai)(sai)上行(xing)的擠壓(ya)下(xia)，體(ti)積縮小，溫度(du)迅(xun)速升高，達到柴(chai)油(you)(you)的燃點(dian)。柴(chai)油(you)(you)被點(dian)燃，混(hun)合(he)氣(qi)體(ti)劇烈(lie)燃燒，體(ti)積迅(xun)速膨(peng)脹，推動(dong)活塞(sai)(sai)下(xia)行(xing)，稱為‘作功(gong)’。各汽(qi)缸(gang)按一定順序依次作功(gong)，作用(yong)在(zai)活塞(sai)(sai)上的推力(li)經(jing)過(guo)連桿變成了推動(dong)曲軸轉動(dong)的力(li)量，從而(er)帶動(dong)曲軸旋轉。將無(wu)刷同(tong)步交流(liu)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)與(yu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)曲軸同(tong)軸安裝(zhuang)，就可以利用(yong)柴(chai)油(you)(you)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的旋轉帶動(dong)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的轉子(zi)，利用(yong)‘電磁感應(ying)’原理，發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)就會輸出感應(ying)電動(dong)勢(shi)，經(jing)閉合(he)的負載回路(lu)就能產生電流(liu)。

這里只描述發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組最基本(ben)的工(gong)作原(yuan)理。要(yao)想得到(dao)可使用的、穩定的電(dian)(dian)力輸出(chu)，還需要(yao)一(yi)系列的柴油(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控制、保(bao)護器件和(he)回路。

二、柴油發電機操作規程

在沒有連接到電網的情況下操作的一個或多個柴油發電機被稱為孤(gu)(gu)島操(cao)作(zuo)模式。并聯的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可以在部分(fen)負載下獲得更好的(de)(de)(de)效率。用(yong)于孤(gu)(gu)立社區的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)孤(gu)(gu)島電(dian)(dian)廠通常將具(ju)有至(zhi)少三個柴油發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，其中任意(yi)兩(liang)個均(jun)被額定承載所需的(de)(de)(de)負載。

發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可以通過(guo)同步過(guo)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)在一(yi)起。同步涉及在將(jiang)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)連(lian)接(jie)到系(xi)統之前匹配電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率(lv)和(he)(he)相位。在連(lian)接(jie)之前無法同步可能(neng)會(hui)導致高短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流或發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或其開關(guan)設備(bei)的磨(mo)損。同步過(guo)程(cheng)可以由自動同步模塊(kuai)(kuai)自動完成，或由指導的操作員(yuan)手動完成。自動同步器將(jiang)從(cong)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)母(mu)線電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)讀取電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，頻率(lv)和(he)(he)相位參數(shu)，同時通過(guo)發動機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)器或ECM（發動機(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)模塊(kuai)(kuai)）調(diao)節速(su)度。

負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)可以通過(guo)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)共(gong)享在并聯(lian)運行的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機之間(jian)共(gong)享。負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)共(gong)享可以通過(guo)使用(yong)由發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機頻率(lv)控制(zhi)的下降速度控制(zhi)來實現，同時其(qi)不斷(duan)地調(diao)節發(fa)(fa)動機燃料控制(zhi)以將負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)轉移到剩余(yu)電(dian)源(yuan)或(huo)從剩余(yu)電(dian)源(yuan)轉移負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。當向其(qi)燃燒系統(tong)的燃料供應(ying)增(zeng)加時，柴油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機將承擔(dan)更(geng)多(duo)的負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，而如果燃料供應(ying)減少，則釋放負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)。