鋰離子電池是什么？

鋰離子電池具有重量輕、容量大、無記憶效應等優點，因而得到了普遍應用——現在的許多數碼設備都采用了鋰離子電池作電源，盡管其價格相對來說比較昂貴。鋰離子電池的能量(liang)密度很高，它的容量(liang)是同重量(liang)的鎳氫電池的1.5~2倍，而且具有很低的自放電率。此外，鋰離子(zi)電池幾乎沒(mei)有“記憶效(xiao)應”以及(ji)不含(han)有毒物(wu)質等優點也(ye)是它廣(guang)泛應用(yong)的重要原因。

鋰離子電池工作原理

當(dang)對電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)正極(ji)(ji)上有(you)鋰離子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)鋰離子(zi)(zi)經過電(dian)解液運動到負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)。而作(zuo)為負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)碳(tan)呈層狀結構(gou)，它有(you)很多微孔，達到負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)鋰離子(zi)(zi)就嵌入到碳(tan)層的(de)微孔中，嵌入的(de)鋰離子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多，充(chong)電(dian)容量越(yue)(yue)高(gao)。同樣，當(dang)對電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行放電(dian)時(shi)(shi)（即我們使用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)過程），嵌在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)碳(tan)層中的(de)鋰離子(zi)(zi)脫出，又(you)運動回正極(ji)(ji)。回正極(ji)(ji)的(de)鋰離子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多，放電(dian)容量越(yue)(yue)高(gao)。

一般鋰電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流設定在0.2C至(zhi)1C之間，電(dian)流越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)越快，同時(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)發熱也越大(da)。而且，過(guo)大(da)的(de)電(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，容量不(bu)夠滿，因為電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)化學(xue)反應需要時(shi)(shi)間。就跟倒(dao)啤酒(jiu)一樣(yang)，倒(dao)太快的(de)話會產生泡(pao)沫，反而不(bu)滿。對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)來說(shuo)，正常使用就是放(fang)電(dian)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。

鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)需要注(zhu)意幾點：

第一，放電電流不能過大，過大的電流導致電池內部發熱，有可能會造成永久性的損害。在手機上，這個倒是沒有問題的，可以不(bu)考慮(lv)。

第(di)二，絕對不能過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)！鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最怕過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一旦放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)2.7V，將可能導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池報廢(fei)。好在手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部都已經裝了(le)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)還沒低到損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)程(cheng)度，保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就會起作用，停止(zhi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從圖上可以看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量越小，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降更快。

該圖片由注冊用戶"科技數碼行"提供，版權聲明反饋

鋰離子電池優缺點

鋰離子電池優點

鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)（Li-ion，Lithium Ion Battery）：鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)、容量(liang)大、無記(ji)憶(yi)效應(ying)等優點(dian)，因而(er)得(de)到了普遍應(ying)用(yong)——現在的(de)(de)(de)許多數碼設(she)備都采用(yong)了鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)作電(dian)源，盡管(guan)其價格(ge)相對來說比較昂貴。鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)密(mi)度很高，它的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)是同重(zhong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)1.5~2倍，而(er)且具(ju)有(you)很低的(de)(de)(de)自放(fang)電(dian)率。此外，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)幾乎(hu)沒有(you)“記(ji)憶(yi)效應(ying)”以及不(bu)含有(you)毒物質等優點(dian)也是它廣泛應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要原因。

另外請注意鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外部一般標有(you)英文7.2V lithiumion battery（鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)）或7.2V lithium secondary battery（鋰二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)）、7.2V lithiumion rechargeable battery（充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)），所以用戶在購買電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)時一定(ding)要看(kan)清電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塊外表的(de)標志，防(fang)止因為(wei)沒有(you)看(kan)清電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)類型(xing)而將(jiang)鎘鎳、氫鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)誤(wu)認為(wei)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

無(wu)記憶效應(ying)大大方便了手機用(yong)戶，用(yong)戶不必在(zai)每次充電(dian)時都先放電(dian)再充電(dian)，而可以隨(sui)心所欲的(de)隨(sui)時對手機充電(dian)。

鋰離子電池缺點

鋰(li)電(dian)池的(de)(de)缺(que)點是價格昂貴，所以目前尚不(bu)能(neng)普遍應(ying)用(yong)，主要應(ying)用(yong)于掌上計算機(ji)、PDA、通信設(she)備、照相機(ji)、衛星(xing)、導彈、魚雷、儀器(qi)等。隨著技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展、工藝的(de)(de)改(gai)進及生產量的(de)(de)增(zeng)加，鋰(li)電(dian)池的(de)(de)價格將(jiang)會(hui)不(bu)斷地下降(jiang)，應(ying)用(yong)上也會(hui)更普遍。

鋰離子電池注意事項

鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)應用注意事項除與上述(shu)不可充電(dian)的(de)鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)相同外(wai)，在充電(dian)方(fang)面還應注意以下幾點：

1. 鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)有4.1V及4.2V終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不同品種，因此(ci)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時注意的(de)(de)(de)是4.1V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)不能用4.2V的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，否(fou)則會有過充(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)危險(4.1V與4.2V的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器用的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器IC是不同的(de)(de)(de)!)。

2. 對電池充電時，其環境溫度不能(neng)超過產品特性表中所列(lie)的溫度范圍。

3. 不(bu)能反向(xiang)充電。

4. 不能用(yong)充(chong)(chong)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(充(chong)(chong)三節鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的)來充(chong)(chong)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(雖(sui)然額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一樣(yang)，都是3.6V)，但充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式不同，容(rong)易造成(cheng)過充(chong)(chong)。

鋰離子電池保存方法

鋰原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)很低，可(ke)保存(cun)(cun)3年(nian)之久，在冷藏的條件下保存(cun)(cun)，效果會更好(hao)。將(jiang)鋰原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)在低溫(wen)的地方(fang)，不(bu)失(shi)是(shi)一(yi)個好(hao)方(fang)法。鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在20℃下可(ke)儲存(cun)(cun)半年(nian)以(yi)上，這(zhe)是(shi)由于(yu)它的自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率很低，而且大部分(fen)容量可(ke)以(yi)恢(hui)復。

鋰電池存(cun)在的(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現象(xiang)，如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在3.6V以下長(chang)時間(jian)保存(cun)，會導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而破壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部結構(gou)，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)。因此長(chang)期保存(cun)的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)應當每3~6個(ge)月補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次，即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)3.8~3.9V（鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最佳儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)3.85V左右）為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)，不宜(yi)充滿。

鋰電池的應用溫(wen)度范圍很(hen)廣，在北方的冬天室外，仍(reng)然可(ke)以使用，但容量會降低(di)很(hen)多，如果回(hui)到室溫(wen)的條件(jian)下，容量又可(ke)以恢復。