什么是IC芯片

IC芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)是將大量的(de)(de)微電子元(yuan)器件(晶體管、電阻、電容(rong)、二極管等) 形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路放在一塊(kuai)塑基上，做(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)一塊(kuai)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)。目前幾乎所有看到的(de)(de)芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)，都可(ke)以叫做(zuo) IC芯(xin)(xin)片(pian) 。

IC芯片有哪些種類

（一）按功能結構分類

集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)按其功能、結構的(de)不同，可以(yi)分為模(mo)擬集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)和數字集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)兩大類。

模(mo)擬集成電(dian)路用(yong)來產生、放(fang)大(da)和處理各種模(mo)擬信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)（指(zhi)幅(fu)度(du)隨(sui)時(shi)間邊(bian)疆變化的信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。例如(ru)半導體收音(yin)(yin)(yin)機的音(yin)(yin)(yin)頻信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)、錄放(fang)機的磁帶信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)等(deng)），而數(shu)字集成電(dian)路用(yong)來產生、放(fang)大(da)和處理各種數(shu)字信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)（指(zhi)在時(shi)間上和幅(fu)度(du)上離散取值的信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。例如(ru)VCD、DVD重放(fang)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)頻信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)和視頻信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)）。

基本的模(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)運(yun)算放大器(qi)、乘法器(qi)、集(ji)成穩壓器(qi)、定時器(qi)、信(xin)號發生(sheng)器(qi)等。數(shu)字集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)品種很多(duo)，小(xiao)規模(mo)集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)多(duo)種門(men)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，即與(yu)非門(men)、非門(men)、或(huo)門(men)等；中規模(mo)集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)數(shu)據(ju)選擇(ze)器(qi)、編碼譯(yi)碼器(qi)、觸發器(qi)、計數(shu)器(qi)、寄存器(qi)等。大規模(mo)或(huo)超大規模(mo)集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)PLD（可(ke)編程邏輯器(qi)件）和ASIC（專(zhuan)用集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)）。

從PLD和ASIC這個(ge)角(jiao)度來講，元件(jian)、器件(jian)、電(dian)路(lu)(lu)、系統之間的(de)(de)區別(bie)不再是(shi)很嚴格(ge)。不僅如(ru)此，PLD器件(jian)本身只是(shi)一個(ge)硬件(jian)載(zai)體(ti)，載(zai)入不同程序就可以(yi)實現不同電(dian)路(lu)(lu)功能(neng)。因此，現代(dai)的(de)(de)器件(jian)已經不是(shi)純(chun)硬件(jian)了，軟件(jian)器件(jian)和以(yi)及相(xiang)應的(de)(de)軟件(jian)電(dian)子(zi)學在(zai)現代(dai)電(dian)子(zi)設計中得到(dao)了較多的(de)(de)應用(yong)，其地(di)位也(ye)越來越重(zhong)要。

（二）按制作工藝分類

集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)按制作工藝可分為(wei)半(ban)導體集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)和薄膜集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)。

膜集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路又分類厚(hou)膜集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路和薄膜集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路。

（三）按集成度高低分類

集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)按規模(mo)(mo)(mo)大(da)小分為：小規模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（SSI）、中(zhong)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（MSI）、大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（LSI）、超大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（VLSI）、特大(da)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（ULSI）。

（四）按導電類型不同分類

集成電(dian)路(lu)按導電(dian)類型可(ke)分為雙極(ji)(ji)型集成電(dian)路(lu)和單極(ji)(ji)型集成電(dian)路(lu)。

雙極型(xing)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)的制作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)復雜(za)，功耗較大，代表(biao)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)有TTL、ECL、HTL、LST-TL、STTL等類型(xing)。單極型(xing)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)的制作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)簡(jian)單，功耗也較低，易于(yu)制成(cheng)(cheng)大規(gui)模(mo)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)，代表(biao)集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)有CMOS、NMOS、PMOS等類型(xing)。

（五）按用途分類

集成電路按用(yong)(yong)(yong)途可分為電視機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)。音響用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、影碟機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、錄像機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電腦（微機(ji)(ji)）用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電子琴用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、通信用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、照相機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、遙控集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、語言集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)、報警器用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)及各種專用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電視機用(yong)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)括(kuo)行、場掃描集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中放集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、伴音集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、彩色(se)解(jie)碼(ma)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、AV/TV轉換集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、開關(guan)電源集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、遙控(kong)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、麗(li)音解(jie)碼(ma)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、畫中畫處(chu)理集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、微處(chu)理器（CPU）集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、存儲器集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等。

音(yin)響用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)AM/FM高中頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、立體聲(sheng)解碼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻前置(zhi)放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻運算放大集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻功率放大集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、環繞(rao)聲(sheng)處(chu)理(li)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平驅動集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)音(yin)量控制(zhi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、延時(shi)混(hun)響集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)開關集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等。

影碟機用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有系統控制(zhi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、視頻編碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、MPEG解(jie)碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音(yin)頻信號(hao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音(yin)響效(xiao)果集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、RF信號(hao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、數字信號(hao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、伺(si)服集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機驅動(dong)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等。

錄像機用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路有系統控制集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路、伺服集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路、驅(qu)動集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路、音頻處理(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路、視(shi)頻處理(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路。