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基本介紹

魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是一(yi)種大型(xing)異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)，體型(xing)接近霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，其化石(shi)發(fa)現于(yu)阿(a)根廷的(de)巴塔哥尼亞(ya)地(di)區。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)下僅(jin)包(bao)含一(yi)種，丘布(bu)特(te)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與同屬(shu)于(yu)異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，南方巨獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和馬普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有很近的(de)親緣關系(xi)。與這些近親相比(bi)，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)生(sheng)存時(shi)間更早，年(nian)代為早白(bai)堊世的(de)阿(a)普特(te)期(qi)。魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)發(fa)現對于(yu)認識巨型(xing)鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)早期(qi)形態演化具有重要意義(yi)。

命名由來

魁紂龍的(de)(de)屬名是(shi)tyrannus和titan的(de)(de)合成詞(ci)，意為“巨大的(de)(de)暴(bao)君”，種名是(shi)阿根廷的(de)(de)丘布特省(sheng)。

基本信息和形態學

魁紂龍(long)目(mu)前報道了兩件標本，正型標本MPEF-PV 1156包含了不完(wan)整的齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，脫落(luo)的牙(ya)齒；第3-8和(he)11-14節背(bei)椎，近端(duan)尾椎，肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)脈(mo)弧；不完(wan)整的左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)肩胛(jia)烏喙骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)右(you)側(ce)(ce)肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)以及尺骨(gu)(gu)(gu)；恥骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，不完(wan)整的左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)；幾乎完(wan)整的左(zuo)側(ce)(ce)股(gu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，腓骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)第二跖骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。

樞椎(zhui)之后的頸椎(zhui)均為(wei)后凹(ao)形(xing)。薦椎(zhui)前的椎(zhui)體(ti)都(dou)具備良(liang)好發育的氣腔(qiang)。尾椎(zhui)骨(gu)缺乏氣腔(qiang)或者滋養孔，這(zhe)一點于鯊齒龍(long)和高棘(ji)龍(long)不同。背(bei)椎(zhui)神經棘(ji)延前后方向(xiang)(xiang)伸(shen)長，背(bei)腹向(xiang)(xiang)加深(shen)以及內(nei)外向(xiang)(xiang)加厚，其前后面都(dou)發育有強大的韌帶附著點。

烏喙骨和(he)肩胛骨愈(yu)合(he)。肩胛骨柄(bing)(bing)較(jiao)窄(zhai)，肩峰突(tu)較(jiao)為高(gao)聳，與(yu)肩胛骨柄(bing)(bing)略(lve)呈90度夾角。魁紂龍(long)較(jiao)為纖(xian)細(xi)的(de)(de)肩帶骨骼與(yu)南方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)較(jiao)為粗(cu)壯的(de)(de)肩帶形(xing)成鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)對比，但是(shi)南方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)烏喙骨更為退化。保(bao)存(cun)的(de)(de)肱骨和(he)尺骨表(biao)明魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)前肢較(jiao)短(duan)但是(shi)比較(jiao)粗(cu)壯。股(gu)骨厚實，具備鯊(sha)齒龍(long)類的(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)共近裔性狀組(zu)合(he)：股(gu)骨頭向近端內側的(de)(de)方(fang)向延申，腓骨的(de)(de)長(chang)度小(xiao)于股(gu)骨長(chang)度的(de)(de)70%。魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)股(gu)骨長(chang)度與(yu)南方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)接(jie)近，股(gu)骨柄(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)內外(wai)側向寬度為16.5厘米(mi)。

歸入(ru)標本MPEF-PV 1157包(bao)含了顴骨(gu)，右側齒骨(gu)，不(bu)關(guan)聯的牙齒，寰椎，第(di)9節頸椎，第(di)7，10和13節背椎，不(bu)完整(zheng)保(bao)存的1-5節合(he)薦椎，一些不(bu)關(guan)聯的遠(yuan)端尾椎骨(gu)，肋骨(gu)，右側股骨(gu)，不(bu)完整(zheng)的第(di)二跖骨(gu)，第(di)一二腳趾的第(di)二指節骨(gu)和第(di)三腳趾的第(di)三指節骨(gu)。歸入(ru)標本的體(ti)型比正(zheng)形標本更大。

歸入標本的齒(chi)(chi)骨長(chang)度(du)為(wei)(wei)68厘米(mi)，吻(wen)端的深度(du)為(wei)(wei)14厘米(mi)。齒(chi)(chi)骨聯(lian)合(he)處背腹向(xiang)加深且呈方形。齒(chi)(chi)骨上(shang)大約有(you)16個齒(chi)(chi)槽。牙齒(chi)(chi)的遠中(zhong)脊(ji)唇側具有(you)邊緣(yuan)釉質(zhi)褶皺，這(zhe)一特征也(ye)(ye)存在于其它鯊齒(chi)(chi)龍類中(zhong)。牙齒(chi)(chi)前(qian)中(zhong)脊(ji)的鋸齒(chi)(chi)具有(you)二裂式的前(qian)邊緣(yuan)。二裂式的鋸齒(chi)(chi)邊緣(yuan)在巨齒(chi)(chi)龍類中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)。

分類位置

目前主流的(de)系統發(fa)育分(fen)(fen)析(xi)認為魁(kui)(kui)紂龍(long)(long)屬于異特龍(long)(long)超科(ke)的(de)鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)類。在鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)類內(nei)部(bu)，它與(yu)鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)，馬普龍(long)(long)和南方巨(ju)獸龍(long)(long)形成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)個小單(dan)(dan)(dan)系。這一(yi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)系的(de)成(cheng)員(yuan)都(dou)具有異常(chang)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)體型(xing)，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)代表了(le)岡瓦納古陸不(bu)同部(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)頂級捕食者(zhe)，且除了(le)鯊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)發(fa)現于非(fei)洲以(yi)外，其余成(cheng)員(yuan)都(dou)發(fa)現于阿根(gen)廷。魁(kui)(kui)紂龍(long)(long)是(shi)這一(yi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)系中最早出現的(de)成(cheng)員(yuan)。

科學意義以及體型估算

根據估(gu)算，魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)體(ti)長可以達到11.4-12米(mi)，甚(shen)至13米(mi)。體(ti)重(zhong)大(da)約為4.9-7噸。作(zuo)為早期出(chu)現的(de)(de)南半球巨(ju)(ju)型(xing)(xing)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)，魁紂龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)發現有(you)助于(yu)古生(sheng)物(wu)學家更好的(de)(de)研究中晚白堊階段恐(kong)龍(long)(long)動(dong)物(wu)類(lei)(lei)群的(de)(de)轉變。從阿普特(te)期至塞諾(nuo)曼期的(de)(de)階段，岡瓦(wa)納古陸上(shang)的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)主要(yao)包(bao)括大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)和棘龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)，而植食性(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)則以大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)泰(tai)坦(tan)巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)和基(ji)干的(de)(de)梁(liang)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)為主。在北非地(di)(di)區還有(you)體(ti)長達到12米(mi)的(de)(de)鱷(e)(e)魚。在土倫期的(de)(de)后期，大(da)型(xing)(xing)鯊齒(chi)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)和棘龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)在南美(mei)洲化(hua)石記錄中的(de)(de)出(chu)現頻率減少。在南美(mei)洲，馬達加斯(si)加和印度等地(di)(di)的(de)(de)化(hua)石記錄中取而代(dai)之的(de)(de)是(shi)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)略小一些的(de)(de)阿貝力(li)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)。巧合的(de)(de)是(shi)，伴隨著這兩類(lei)(lei)大(da)型(xing)(xing)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)消失(shi)(shi)，其它的(de)(de)一些動(dong)物(wu)也逐漸消失(shi)(shi)，包(bao)括大(da)頭鱷(e)(e)類(lei)(lei)（典型(xing)(xing)代(dai)表(biao)包(bao)括帝鱷(e)(e)），大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)干禽(qin)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)以及梁(liang)龍(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)。

這(zhe)(zhe)種在南(nan)方大陸上出現的(de)動(dong)物(wu)類群替換現象在北半球(qiu)(qiu)也平行出現。如以高棘龍西(xi)亞茨龍為代(dai)表的(de)大型異特龍類的(de)消(xiao)失(shi)(shi)，取(qu)而代(dai)之的(de)是(shi)大型暴龍類。植食性動(dong)物(wu)方面，隨著泰坦巨龍類和基干(gan)禽龍類的(de)消(xiao)失(shi)(shi)，角(jiao)龍類和鴨嘴龍逐(zhu)漸繁(fan)盛(sheng)。這(zhe)(zhe)種在南(nan)半球(qiu)(qiu)和北半球(qiu)(qiu)平行發生(sheng)的(de)動(dong)物(wu)類群替代(dai)現象說明在這(zhe)(zhe)一時期(qi)發生(sheng)了全球(qiu)(qiu)性的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性變革(ge)事件。對于這(zhe)(zhe)一事件的(de)詳(xiang)細研(yan)究(jiu)將會使古生(sheng)物(wu)學家更加深入(ru)的(de)了解白堊(e)紀末大滅絕(jue)前的(de)生(sheng)態變化。

生長與分布

丘布特魁紂龍是由奧尼拉斯·諾瓦(Fernando E.Novas)、Sil發現與種vina de Valais、帕(pa)特·里奇(qi)(Pat Vickers-Rich)、以及托馬斯·里奇(qi)(Tom Rich)等人在2005年(nian)所敘述。魁紂龍的(de)(de)正模標(biao)本(ben)和(he)副模標(biao)本(ben)被(bei)發現(xian)于(yu)(yu)阿(a)根廷丘布特省帕(pa)索印第歐東北(bei)方28公(gong)里的(de)(de)La Juanita牧(mu)場。該地方被(bei)認為(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)Cerro Barcino地層(ceng)，地質年(nian)代(dai)為(wei)阿(a)爾必階，約1.08億年(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)白堊紀早(zao)期(qi)到中(zhong)期(qi)。已有兩(liang)個完整度一般的(de)(de)骨骼化石標(biao)本(ben)被(bei)發現(xian)。

形態及特征

魁紂龍Tyrannotitan

魁紂(zhou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名字含義是"暴君巨(ju)人"，最大(da)(da)體(ti)長可(ke)達12.5米，最大(da)(da)體(ti)重9.3噸。骨(gu)(gu)骼的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構表明魁紂(zhou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)親緣(yuan)關系屬于在南(nan)(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)和鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)，魁紂(zhou)龍(long)屬于鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)科，親緣(yuan)關系更接近(jin)南(nan)(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)和馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)，并且與南(nan)(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)和馬(ma)普(pu)龍(long)共同組成南(nan)(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)族，而離鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)相(xiang)對較遠。體(ti)重指數和身體(ti)粗壯度超過了除霸王(wang)龍(long)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有獸(shou)(shou)(shou)腳亞(ya)目(mu)和食(shi)(shi)肉恐龍(long)，但頭(tou)部(bu)比例比南(nan)(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)小(xiao)一(yi)些，體(ti)重指數和身體(ti)粗壯程度在食(shi)(shi)肉恐龍(long)里僅次于霸王(wang)龍(long)。它有著細小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)和爪子，就像白堊紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他巨(ju)型掠食(shi)(shi)者--其(qi)他鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)科，暴龍(long)科和阿貝(bei)力龍(long)科那樣。已發現了兩個完(wan)整度較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)骼化石。

體腔極寬

此(ci)外(wai)，在所有獸腳(jiao)亞(ya)(ya)目(mu)和(he)食(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里(li)，除(chu)了(le)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以外(wai)，魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有獸腳(jiao)亞(ya)(ya)目(mu)里(li)，按比(bi)(bi)例(li)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)最粗壯(zhuang)厚(hou)重(zhong)(zhong)和(he)寬(kuan)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(特(te)別是(shi)在同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)(xia))，魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)指數(shu)(shu)和(he)粗壯(zhuang)程度(du)(du)僅(jin)僅(jin)次于(yu)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。一般個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)大概相當于(yu)同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)85%甚至90%，股骨(gu)粗壯(zhuang)、肩(jian)胛骨(gu)巨(ju)大、肋骨(gu)很粗厚(hou)、骨(gu)盆大、脊椎骨(gu)很寬(kuan)，都使得(de)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)指數(shu)(shu)和(he)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗壯(zhuang)度(du)(du)，將(jiang)其(qi)他食(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(除(chu)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))遠遠甩在了(le)身后，同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)腔寬(kuan)度(du)(du)和(he)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)厚(hou)實(shi)度(du)(du)穩(wen)穩(wen)地超過了(le)其(qi)他獸腳(jiao)亞(ya)(ya)目(mu)。魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)肉(rou)食(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下(xia)(xia)目(mu)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科最壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也是(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)獸腳(jiao)亞(ya)(ya)目(mu)、堅尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類、食(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里(li)第(di)二壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)肉(rou)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有著(zhu)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)85-90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)，雖然粗壯(zhuang)程度(du)(du)和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)指數(shu)(shu)還是(shi)遜色于(yu)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)一些，但是(shi)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)最大個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗壯(zhuang)度(du)(du)按比(bi)(bi)例(li)甚至超過了(le)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)較瘦(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)如MOR555。

生活習性

和(he)絕大(da)多數鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科一(yi)樣，魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)被認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是以(yi)中到(dao)巨型蜥腳(jiao)亞目恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)食物(wu)的(de)(de)，它(ta)們(men)極(ji)快的(de)(de)撕咬速(su)度、異常(chang)鋒利的(de)(de)牙齒、大(da)的(de)(de)咬合(he)力以(yi)及張(zhang)合(he)度很大(da)的(de)(de)嘴(zui)巴，很適合(he)快速(su)和(he)高(gao)頻率地撕咬動作緩慢(man)的(de)(de)大(da)型蜥腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，從獵(lie)物(wu)身上咬下(xia)皮肉(rou)，并且給獵(lie)物(wu)迅速(su)地放血，以(yi)致獵(lie)物(wu)最終因為(wei)(wei)(wei)傷勢(shi)過重倒下(xia)。而和(he)它(ta)們(men)生(sheng)活(huo)在同(tong)一(yi)地區和(he)時代的(de)(de)中型蜥腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)丘布特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，也(ye)被研究認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)主要食物(wu)之一(yi)。除此(ci)(ci)之外(wai)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)近(jin)親高(gao)棘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)馬普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)都有(you)(you)直接(jie)化石證據，顯(xian)示(shi)它(ta)們(men)會采用(yong)群(qun)居(ju)團結(jie)的(de)(de)方(fang)式，一(yi)起生(sheng)活(huo)和(he)捕食，如同(tong)現今(jin)非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)獅子一(yi)樣，因此(ci)(ci)，魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)被認為(wei)(wei)(wei)很可能具有(you)(you)群(qun)居(ju)的(de)(de)習性，但(dan)缺少直接(jie)的(de)(de)化石證據來徹底證實這一(yi)點。和(he)其他近(jin)親一(yi)樣，魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)被認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是以(yi)中到(dao)巨型蜥腳(jiao)亞目恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主要食物(wu)的(de)(de)。

前肢研究

魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)和自身相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)，只能算是中等大(da)(da)小(xiao)，前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)小(xiao)和與自身比(bi)(bi)例總(zong)體(ti)和近親高棘(ji)龍(long)大(da)(da)致(zhi)相(xiang)當，但從(cong)比(bi)(bi)例和絕(jue)對值(zhi)上來看，它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)小(xiao)和力量(liang)明顯超過(guo)了南方(fang)巨獸龍(long)和馬(ma)普龍(long)，如果從(cong)絕(jue)對值(zhi)上看，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)擁有(you)著鯊齒(chi)龍(long)科最大(da)(da)的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)和爪子。此(ci)外，科學家(jia)們(men)(men)認為(wei)，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)主(zhu)(zhu)要獵食和搏斗，具有(you)著大(da)(da)咬合力的(de)嘴巴是它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)力武器，它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)很少會(hui)用到(dao)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)和爪子來攻(gong)擊敵人(ren)，因此(ci)它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)長度較長的(de)頭部使得它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)位置較為(wei)靠后(hou)，在獵殺和戰斗時，嘴巴比(bi)(bi)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)爪子更容易先攻(gong)擊到(dao)目(mu)標。

前肢活動

如同(tong)絕(jue)大部(bu)分其他的(de)(de)(de)獸腳類恐龍(long)，魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)掌心(xin)無法(fa)接觸地面，因此前(qian)(qian)肢沒有(you)支撐身體(ti)四足行走(zou)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)，前(qian)(qian)肢的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)途(tu)被認為是在獵(lie)食時用(yong)到。MPEF-PV 1156標本的(de)(de)(de)保存下(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)大部(bu)分前(qian)(qian)肢骨(gu)骼，有(you)助(zhu)于研究(jiu)魁紂龍(long)前(qian)(qian)肢的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)與活動范(fan)圍(wei)。一(yi)個研究(jiu)檢驗了骨(gu)頭與其相連骨(gu)頭的(de)(de)(de)表面，以計算關(guan)(guan)節(jie)能(neng)有(you)多(duo)少活動范(fan)圍(wei)，而(er)不會關(guan)(guan)節(jie)脫(tuo)位。如同(tong)許(xu)多(duo)現存初龍(long)類，許(xu)多(duo)手(shou)部(bu)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)頭并沒有(you)完全相吻合，顯示這(zhe)些關(guan)(guan)節(jie)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)軟骨(gu)。這(zhe)個研究(jiu)并指(zhi)(zhi)出當魁紂龍(long)休(xiu)息時，前(qian)(qian)肢會從肩膀下(xia)垂，肱骨(gu)微(wei)向后擺(bai)，手(shou)肘(zhou)彎曲(qu)，指(zhi)(zhi)爪朝(chao)內(nei)。

與(yu)人(ren)類相比(bi)，魁紂龍的(de)(de)肩膀(bang)的(de)(de)轉動范圍很小。它們的(de)(de)手(shou)臂(bei)無(wu)(wu)法做出360°的(de)(de)旋轉幅度，但(dan)可后擺(bai)至離垂(chui)直(zhi)面(mian)約(yue)109°，所以肱骨可以后擺(bai)至斜微上方。手(shou)臂(bei)可以前轉至超(chao)過(guo)垂(chui)直(zhi)面(mian)約(yue)25°。手(shou)臂(bei)往無(wu)(wu)法垂(chui)直(zhi)地往下(xia)擺(bai)，但(dan)可外展至超(chao)于水(shui)平(ping)面(mian)約(yue)9°。與(yu)人(ren)類相比(bi)，手(shou)肘(zhou)的(de)(de)活動范圍也很小，大約(yue)只有57°的(de)(de)轉動幅度。手(shou)臂(bei)無(wu)(wu)法完(wan)全地180度伸直(zhi)，也無(wu)(wu)法大幅彎曲，而(er)肱骨不能做出90°彎曲。橈(rao)骨與(yu)尺骨互相固定，所以無(wu)(wu)法如人(ren)類的(de)(de)前臂(bei)，做出往內(nei)側(ce)或外側(ce)旋轉的(de)(de)動作。

每個腕(wan)骨之間沒有準確地相接合，顯示手(shou)(shou)腕(wan)有大量的(de)軟骨，可使(shi)手(shou)(shou)腕(wan)堅韌。當手(shou)(shou)指(zhi)向(xiang)(xiang)外扳時，能幾(ji)乎碰觸到手(shou)(shou)腕(wan)。手(shou)(shou)指(zhi)向(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)彎(wan)曲(qu)時，第(di)一(yi)指(zhi)能與第(di)二(er)指(zhi)平行，第(di)三指(zhi)只能內(nei)彎(wan)。第(di)一(yi)指(zhi)的(de)指(zhi)爪(zhua)最(zui)大，而且(qie)總(zong)是往(wang)內(nei)彎(wan)曲(qu)。第(di)二(er)指(zhi)爪(zhua)也總(zong)是彎(wan)曲(qu)的(de)，而最(zui)小的(de)第(di)三指(zhi)爪(zhua)則(ze)可往(wang)內(nei)側、外側擺(bai)動(dong)。

除了計算(suan)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)關節的(de)活動范(fan)圍以外(wai)(wai)，這個研究還提出了魁紂(zhou)(zhou)龍的(de)獵(lie)食習性假設。它們(men)的(de)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)的(de)前(qian)(qian)擺(bai)幅度不大，遠距(ju)離(li)時(shi)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)勾(gou)抓(zhua)到獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)的(de)背部(bu)。因此(ci)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)在與獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)較遠距(ju)離(li)時(shi)派上用(yong)場(chang)，魁紂(zhou)(zhou)龍應(ying)當會主要使用(yong)嘴部(bu)來獵(lie)食。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)先一(yi)(yi)步于嘴部(bu)先碰觸到獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)，只有當嘴部(bu)咬住(zhu)(zhu)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)時(shi)，強壯的(de)前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)才能將獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)拉(la)近(jin)、緊(jin)緊(jin)抓(zhua)住(zhu)(zhu)，防(fang)止獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)逃脫(tuo)。當獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)企圖逃脫(tuo)時(shi)，魁紂(zhou)(zhou)龍可(ke)用(yong)彎曲的(de)第一(yi)(yi)、第二指(zhi)爪刺住(zhu)(zhu)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)的(de)身體(ti)。手(shou)指(zhi)的(de)大幅外(wai)(wai)扳(ban)幅度是(shi)種演化適應(ying)，可(ke)讓(rang)魁紂(zhou)(zhou)龍不需要冒著手(shou)指(zhi)關節脫(tuo)臼的(de)風險就能抓(zhua)住(zhu)(zhu)掙扎的(de)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)。一(yi)(yi)旦獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)被緊(jin)抓(zhua)到身體(ti)旁(pang)，魁紂(zhou)(zhou)龍便可(ke)以用(yong)嘴巴對(dui)其造成(cheng)致命的(de)撕咬傷。

價值及其他

物種學史

2014年5月，在阿根(gen)廷丘布(bu)特省，發現(xian)(xian)了保存很(hen)完(wan)整的(de)巨型蜥(xi)腳類恐龍化石，包(bao)括兩具(ju)比較完(wan)整的(de)化石和(he)(he)一(yi)些(xie)零散的(de)四(si)肢骨骼和(he)(he)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，這(zhe)種恐龍被命名為馬約氏·巴塔(ta)哥巨龍Patagotitan mayorum，隨即，幾乎在同一(yi)時間，該地區又發現(xian)(xian)了200多塊(kuai)其他(ta)古(gu)生物的(de)化石。據當地博物館古(gu)生物學家何(he)塞·路易斯·卡爾(er)巴利(li)多表(biao)示(shi)，這(zhe)些(xie)化石應屬(shu)于(yu)至少7只(zhi)恐龍，這(zhe)些(xie)化石中(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)括了55顆(ke)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍科(ke)的(de)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化石、1顆(ke)阿貝力(li)龍的(de)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)1顆(ke)馳龍科(ke)的(de)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。雖然這(zhe)些(xie)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與魁(kui)紂龍發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)同一(yi)組，但(dan)該組跨(kua)度(du)較長，這(zhe)些(xie)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與魁(kui)紂龍不屬(shu)于(yu)同一(yi)段，這(zhe)些(xie)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化石所屬(shu)地層的(de)年代(dai)被發現(xian)(xian)為白堊紀中(zhong)(zhong)期的(de)森諾曼階，魁(kui)紂龍的(de)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化石的(de)地層被發現(xian)(xian)屬(shu)于(yu)阿爾(er)布(bu)階時期。因為時間和(he)(he)魁(kui)紂龍并不一(yi)致，所以這(zhe)些(xie)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化石并不一(yi)定是魁(kui)紂龍的(de)，而是來(lai)自于(yu)一(yi)個新物種。

名字含義

魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)名字含義為，"巨大的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)蜥蜴"，也(ye)(ye)可以譯為"暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)泰(tai)坦"或"暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)巨人"，意指其(qi)駭人的(de)(de)(de)體型以及粗壯厚實的(de)(de)(de)恐(kong)怖(bu)外表。而(er)在它們(men)(men)(men)(men)所(suo)(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)里，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)無(wu)疑是頂級掠(lve)食者和(he)(he)當之(zhi)無(wu)愧(kui)的(de)(de)(de)霸主，在它們(men)(men)(men)(men)所(suo)(suo)統治的(de)(de)(de)王國里無(wu)疑是令所(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)食草(cao)恐(kong)龍(long)都聞風喪(sang)膽的(de)(de)(de)殘暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)王。除此之(zhi)外，在它們(men)(men)(men)(men)生(sheng)(sheng)活時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)阿(a)根廷，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)是它們(men)(men)(men)(men)所(suo)(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)領域里無(wu)可爭議、至高無(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)霸王，令所(suo)(suo)有(you)食草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)全都因為它們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)出現和(he)(he)存(cun)在而(er)感到恐(kong)懼，在屬(shu)于它們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)，根據(ju)它們(men)(men)(men)(men)強有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)頜骨以及它們(men)(men)(men)(men)至高無(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態位(wei)置，科(ke)學家們(men)(men)(men)(men)幾乎一(yi)致認為，它們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)捕食過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)和(he)(he)方(fang)式也(ye)(ye)一(yi)定相當地(di)兇殘和(he)(he)血腥(xing)，如果是霸王龍(long)是白堊紀末期(qi)北美洲的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)，那(nei)么將(jiang)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)形(xing)容為白堊紀早期(qi)到中期(qi)南美洲的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)，絲毫不為過(guo)(guo)。在科(ke)學界被一(yi)致認為很有(you)意思的(de)(de)(de)是，魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)和(he)(he)著名的(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)名字含義極(ji)其(qi)相似(si)，霸王龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)名字含義為"暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)蜥蜴之(zhi)王"，而(er)魁(kui)紂(zhou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)名字含義是"暴(bao)(bao)君(jun)泰(tai)坦"。

化石標本

魁紂龍的正模(mo)標本(編號MPEF-PV 1156)包(bao)含:部分(fen)齒骨(gu)、牙齒、第(di)(di)3到8個(ge)與(yu)第(di)(di)11到14個(ge)背椎、脈弧、一(yi)個(ge)肩胛喙軟骨(gu)、肱骨(gu)、尺骨(gu)、部分(fen)腸骨(gu)、一(yi)個(ge)接近完整的股骨(gu)、腓骨(gu)、以及左跖骨(gu)。長度為12米，體重8噸。

副模標本(編(bian)號(hao)MPEF-PV 1157)包(bao)含:顴骨(gu)、一個(ge)(ge)(ge)右齒骨(gu)、牙齒、寰椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(包(bao)含髓(sui)突(tu))、第9個(ge)(ge)(ge)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)、背椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(第7、第10、第13個(ge)(ge)(ge))、固定的薦椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(總共5個(ge)(ge)(ge))、肋骨(gu)、右股骨(gu)、一個(ge)(ge)(ge)破碎的左跖(zhi)骨(gu)、以及三個(ge)(ge)(ge)趾骨(gu)(2-1、2-2、3-3)。體(ti)長12.5米，體(ti)重9.3噸。

魁紂龍的(de)標(biao)準特(te)征為:小齒(chi)從中(zhong)脊(ji)裂成兩個部分、沿著齒(chi)骨(gu)后部表面(mian)有個次要溝槽、背(bei)部神經(jing)棘有韌帶(dai)嵌入的(de)痕跡。

主要特征:肩(jian)胛骨(gu)巨大，體(ti)(ti)腔很(hen)寬(kuan)，身體(ti)(ti)非常粗(cu)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)和厚實，骨(gu)骼構(gou)造異(yi)常寬(kuan)和大，體(ti)(ti)形粗(cu)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)。

古生物學

魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)小(xiao)齒(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)中央有可辨(bian)認的(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)溝，將(jiang)每個小(xiao)齒(chi)(chi)分(fen)成兩部分(fen)。不像已知的(de)(de)其他鯊齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)科(ke)恐龍(long)，魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)薦(jian)椎與尾椎缺(que)乏(fa)空腔(qiang)。而魁紂龍(long)的(de)(de)肩胛喙軟骨已被固(gu)定住，并(bing)發展得比(bi)卡洛琳南(nan)方巨獸龍(long)的(de)(de)還好(hao)。

但(dan)大部(bu)(bu)分的肩胛骨干部(bu)(bu)的化石已經缺失。肩峰(Acromion)與軸干之間大約有(you)90度(du)的彎(wan)曲(qu)，使這個部(bu)(bu)位(wei)看起來稍微類似暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。在咬合力和撕咬速度(du)上，由于魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的頭骨相對較小而且身體結構較原始，所以不(bu)如南方巨獸龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和馬普(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。此(ci)外，魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)整(zheng)體身體都呈粗壯、厚實、寬大的形態(tai)，特別是(shi)肩胛骨和胸腔(qiang)以及(ji)后肢。

科學分類

在2005年發現后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中，科(ke)里(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親緣分支(zhi)分類(lei)法研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)了(le)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)屬于(yu)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)，而(er)它們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)科(ke)近(jin)親南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)股骨(gu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構物(wu)顯示它們(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)緣關(guan)系(xi)很(hen)接(jie)近(jin)，而(er)離鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)較遠一些。科(ke)里(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)柯爾根據(ju)這層關(guan)系(xi)，提出一個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)系(xi)群分類(lei)，南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)。該亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)為:在鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)中，親緣關(guan)系(xi)較接(jie)近(jin)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)與(yu)馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)，而(er)離鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)較遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有物(wu)種。魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)暫時被(bei)分類(lei)于(yu)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)，需要(yao)更(geng)詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敘述才能(neng)做更(geng)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)。經過(guo)2013年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重新(xin)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，特別(bie)是對魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)骨(gu)骼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詳(xiang)細研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，發現魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)以及馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)更(geng)為接(jie)近(jin)，而(er)離鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)較遠一點，隨(sui)后，科(ke)學界廢除(chu)了(le)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)，建立了(le)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)族，包(bao)括了(le)分布在阿(a)根廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)型鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)恐龍(long)(long)(long)，將(jiang)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)、馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)分入該族,并(bing)且將(jiang)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)歸入鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)(Carcharodontosaurinae)之(zhi)(zhi)中，代表(biao)(biao)著鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)、馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)、南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)、魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親緣十分接(jie)近(jin)，并(bing)構成了(le)一個血(xue)緣關(guan)系(xi)很(hen)接(jie)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演化(hua)支(zhi)。根據(ju)魁(kui)(kui)紂(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)龍(long)(long)(long)所表(biao)(biao)現出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，古生物(wu)學家認為其(qi)屬于(yu)鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)-鯊(sha)齒(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)科(ke)-南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)族，其(qi)與(yu)馬(ma)普(pu)(pu)龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)有著很(hen)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親緣關(guan)系(xi)。