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基本介紹

南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)屬下僅有(you)一種，為(wei)卡氏南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)，是一種發現于(yu)阿根廷的(de)(de)大型獸(shou)腳類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)，生存(cun)年(nian)代為(wei)晚(wan)白(bai)堊(e)世(shi)塞諾曼期，約距今9700萬年(nian)前。南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)屬于(yu)異特龍(long)(long)超(chao)科中(zhong)的(de)(de)鯊齒龍(long)(long)類(lei)，并且很有(you)可能是地球歷史中(zhong)體(ti)型最大的(de)(de)陸地掠食動物。與霸王龍(long)(long)相(xiang)比，南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)的(de)(de)樣(yang)本(ben)量(liang)很小，且大個(ge)體(ti)標本(ben)的(de)(de)完整(zheng)度(du)很差，因(yin)此對其體(ti)型的(de)(de)準確(que)估計有(you)相(xiang)當的(de)(de)難度(du)。它與霸王龍(long)(long)相(xiang)比誰的(de)(de)體(ti)型更(geng)大也(ye)是學術界一直在爭論的(de)(de)話題。

命名由來

南方(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)獸龍屬名的含(han)義是巨(ju)型(xing)南方(fang)(fang)(fang)蜥蜴，這是由于它發現于南方(fang)(fang)(fang)大(da)陸且體型(xing)巨(ju)大(da)。種名卡氏是為了紀念化(hua)石的發現者卡洛(luo)琳(lin)（Rubén D.Carolini）。

基本信息和形態學

南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍的(de)正型(xing)標本(ben)約有70%的(de)完整度，包含了(le)大多(duo)數的(de)脊椎骨，肩帶和(he)腰帶骨骼，股骨，以(yi)及左側的(de)脛骨和(he)腓骨。這(zhe)件(jian)標本(ben)于(yu)1995年被描(miao)述，相(xiang)關成果發(fa)表在自然科(ke)學頂級雜志Nature上。1998年，科(ke)里(li)亞等人又將(jiang)帶有少(shao)數牙齒的(de)一(yi)塊下頜歸入到南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍。這(zhe)件(jian)下頜標本(ben)比(bi)1995年描(miao)述的(de)正型(xing)標本(ben)還要大一(yi)些，科(ke)里(li)亞等人甚(shen)至認為這(zhe)件(jian)標本(ben)的(de)頭骨總長達到1.95米(mi)。

南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)整(zheng)體(ti)較(jiao)為低矮，其(qi)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)列長度(du)約為92厘米(mi)。其(qi)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)具有一個(ge)(ge)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)下(xia)(xia)突和(he)一個(ge)(ge)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橢圓形上(shang)(shang)頜(he)孔。鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)面(mian)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)粗糙，充滿褶(zhe)皺。這(zhe)樣粗糙的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)向(xiang)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后向(xiang)延申，并(bing)覆蓋整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)背(bei)面(mian)。淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在前突和(he)下(xia)(xia)突交匯的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)形成一個(ge)(ge)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)脊，這(zhe)一點與很多異特(te)龍(long)(long)類(lei)相似。眶后骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)下(xia)(xia)突與顴骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相接處具備一向(xiang)眼眶內(nei)深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)突起。方(fang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)約44厘米(mi)長，其(qi)內(nei)部具有氣(qi)腔化的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構。額(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)頂骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)寬闊(kuo)，對上(shang)(shang)顳窩造(zao)成了一定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮擋。齒(chi)(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在齒(chi)(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)聯合處縱向(xiang)加高。每一個(ge)(ge)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)可(ke)能(neng)有12個(ge)(ge)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)窩。除了第(di)一顆牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)比較(jiao)小以外(wai)，下(xia)(xia)頜(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小都(dou)比較(jiao)接近。牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)比較(jiao)薄，在前緣和(he)后緣處都(dou)具有鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)密度(du)約為一毫米(mi)9-12個(ge)(ge)鋸(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)。牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)具有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)釉質褶(zhe)皺。生物力(li)學(xue)研究發現，南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合力(li)弱于霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)。因此，古(gu)生物學(xue)家認為南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)嘴更適合撕開獵(lie)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)皮肉，而非(fei)(fei)霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)那樣直(zhi)接壓(ya)碎獵(lie)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)骼。南(nan)方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)很有可(ke)能(neng)以同(tong)時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)泰坦巨龍(long)(long)類(lei)為食。

南(nan)方巨獸龍的(de)(de)(de)頸部非(fei)常(chang)(chang)強壯，具有(you)(you)粗(cu)壯的(de)(de)(de)樞椎(zhui)(zhui)。其余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)頸椎(zhui)(zhui)具有(you)(you)短且(qie)略(lve)扁的(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)(ti)，椎(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)(ti)內部有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)氣腔化(hua)構(gou)造。尾(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)體(ti)(ti)粗(cu)壯，前端(duan)(duan)尾(wei)椎(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)弓呈刀片狀。肩帶骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼較短，肩胛(jia)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)長度少于(yu)股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)長度的(de)(de)(de)一半。肩胛(jia)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄(bing)具有(you)(you)很強壯的(de)(de)(de)肌肉(rou)附著(zhu)點(dian)。腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)緣向(xiang)上拱起，髖臼(jiu)窩后突低矮，尾(wei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)短肌附著(zhu)脊較窄。恥骨(gu)(gu)(gu)遠端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)突起發(fa)達(da)，且(qie)前緣較后緣短。股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)呈S形(xing)。股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭(tou)非(fei)常(chang)(chang)強壯，并指向(xiang)內上側。小轉(zhuan)子(zi)呈翅膀(bang)狀，其近端(duan)(duan)位于(yu)大轉(zhuan)子(zi)之下。第(di)四轉(zhuan)子(zi)發(fa)達(da)并指向(xiang)后方。

系統發育位置

目前的(de)主流(liu)觀點認為(wei)南方(fang)巨獸龍(long)(long)(long)屬于異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)超科的(de)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)，與同屬于這(zhe)一(yi)類(lei)(lei)群的(de)馬普龍(long)(long)(long)構成姐(jie)妹單元。這(zhe)一(yi)類(lei)(lei)群中(zhong)不乏巨型化的(de)捕(bu)食者，例如非(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)鯊(sha)齒龍(long)(long)(long)，以及(ji)同樣發現(xian)于南美的(de)魁(kui)紂龍(long)(long)(long)和馬普龍(long)(long)(long)，還有北美洲(zhou)的(de)高棘龍(long)(long)(long)和西雅(ya)茨(ci)龍(long)(long)(long)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)體型都與霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)十(shi)分(fen)接近(jin)甚至更為(wei)巨大(da)。這(zhe)些(xie)巨型的(de)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)統(tong)治著早白(bai)堊(e)世至晚白(bai)堊(e)世初期(qi)的(de)陸地生(sheng)態系統(tong)。在(zai)它(ta)們(men)滅絕以后(hou)，它(ta)們(men)在(zai)北半球(qiu)的(de)統(tong)治權移交給了暴龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)，而在(zai)南半球(qiu)的(de)位(wei)置則由大(da)型的(de)阿貝力龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)取代。

科學意義以及體型估算

南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學意義(yi)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)就在于(yu)它可(ke)能刷新了(le)人(ren)們對于(yu)陸地食(shi)肉(rou)動(dong)物體(ti)型(xing)(xing)極限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)知早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)認(ren)為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)可(ke)能長(chang)(chang)達1.8米以(yi)上。在2001年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)研究(jiu)中，科(ke)學家給出(chu)了(le)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)估(gu)計為(wei)6.6噸。2002年，科(ke)里亞與柯里在對南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦顱進行形態描(miao)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)給出(chu)了(le)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正型(xing)(xing)標本(ben)頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)長(chang)(chang)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估(gu)計，大約為(wei)1.6米，并依據股骨(gu)(gu)中段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周長(chang)(chang)估(gu)計得到(dao)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)約為(wei)4.16噸。2004年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)研究(jiu)通(tong)過(guo)股骨(gu)(gu)和(he)脛(jing)腓骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種測量(liang)數據對體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)進行估(gu)算(suan)(suan)，認(ren)為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正型(xing)(xing)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能為(wei)6.604噸，而更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那具(ju)標本(ben)可(ke)能為(wei)8.47噸。如果這一(yi)(yi)(yi)估(gu)計可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，那么(me)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)確實是(shi)歷史上最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸地肉(rou)食(shi)動(dong)物。當然(ran)相比于(yu)霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)擁有非(fei)常多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保存精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標本(ben)，以(yi)及(ji)較為(wei)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)發育序列，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在標本(ben)數量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整程度都不及(ji)前者，并且(qie)頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上多(duo)個(ge)(ge)骨(gu)(gu)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節面沒有保存，因(yin)此使得推算(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)長(chang)(chang)以(yi)及(ji)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)變得極為(wei)困難。同(tong)時(shi)，鯊齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)可(ke)能擁有比暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)身(shen)比，因(yin)此，更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)定代表南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)就擁有比霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)。另外，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)正型(xing)(xing)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨(gu)(gu)雖然(ran)比霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)“蘇”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)股骨(gu)(gu)更(geng)強(qiang)壯更(geng)長(chang)(chang)，但(dan)是(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脛(jing)骨(gu)(gu)卻更(geng)短。短期內，它和(he)霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相比誰(shui)大誰(shui)小還很難確認(ren)。但(dan)毫無(wu)疑問的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)是(shi)，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)動(dong)搖了(le)霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)位，并揭(jie)示(shi)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)在大型(xing)(xing)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)崛起之前由巨(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)型(xing)(xing)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界，同(tong)時(shi)對于(yu)研究(jiu)在白堊紀(ji)陸地革命（Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution）期間恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)動(dong)物類(lei)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變具(ju)有重(zhong)(zhong)要意義(yi)。

侏羅紀世界3中的南方巨獸龍

在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)影侏(zhu)羅紀(ji)(ji)(ji)世界3中(zhong)(zhong)，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)描述為(wei)(wei)地球歷史上最(zui)大(da)的(de)陸地肉食動物，比霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)大(da)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)影的(de)開頭，一(yi)只噩兆(zhao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)（一(yi)種(zhong)小型暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類，與(yu)(yu)西亞(ya)茨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)地區(qu)）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進食南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)嘴中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)食物殘渣，之(zhi)(zhi)后南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)大(da)戰(zhan)并(bing)殺(sha)死對手。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)最(zui)終的(de)大(da)戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)(bei)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和鐮刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)聯手殺(sha)死。導(dao)演所(suo)設計的(de)劇情(qing)似乎暗示了(le)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)型異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類與(yu)(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漫長的(de)演化歷史中(zhong)(zhong)綿延(yan)8000多(duo)萬年(nian)(nian)的(de)糾葛。然而，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)真實的(de)情(qing)況下，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)不可(ke)能相遇(yu)的(de)，因為(wei)(wei)兩者的(de)生存年(nian)(nian)代差了(le)3000多(duo)萬年(nian)(nian)。除(chu)了(le)侏(zhu)羅紀(ji)(ji)(ji)世界3以(yi)外，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)BBC的(de)紀(ji)(ji)(ji)錄片(pian)《與(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)同(tong)行(xing)特輯(ji)：尋爪記》和紀(ji)(ji)(ji)錄片(pian)《巴塔哥尼亞(ya)的(de)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)》，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這兩部紀(ji)(ji)(ji)錄片(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)描述為(wei)(wei)群體(ti)獵殺(sha)阿(a)根廷(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)型獵手。阿(a)根廷(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，也是(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)陸地脊椎動物的(de)種(zhong)子選手之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，體(ti)長可(ke)達(da)約(yue)40米，其化石同(tong)樣(yang)被(bei)(bei)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)阿(a)根廷(ting)。然而南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)能與(yu)(yu)阿(a)根廷(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不處于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)時代，反而是(shi)它(ta)的(de)近(jin)親(qin)馬普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)可(ke)能是(shi)阿(a)根廷(ting)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)天敵。南(nan)(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)(ju)(ju)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)也出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)英劇《遠古入侵》中(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)(bei)親(qin)切的(de)成為(wei)(wei)G.rex。

常見種類

物種學史

南方巨獸(shou)龍生(sheng)存于1億年前中(zhong)生(sheng)代中(zhong)白堊世(shi)森諾曼(man)期巴塔哥尼(ni)亞。

恐龍種(zhong)類:蜥臀目(mu)·獸腳(jiao)類·堅尾龍類.肉食龍下(xia)目(mu).異特龍超科(ke)(ke).鯊齒(chi)龍科(ke)(ke).鯊齒(chi)龍亞(ya)科(ke)(ke).南(nan)方(fang)巨獸龍族

化石發現

1993年阿根(gen)廷一個驚人(ren)發(fa)(fa)現，南方巨獸龍正模被(bei)發(fa)(fa)現了。

1993年，考古學家ruben d. carolini在1993年在阿(a)根廷巴塔哥(ge)尼(ni)亞平原進行考古發(fa)掘的(de)時候(hou)意(yi)外(wai)地(di)發(fa)現了(le)一個(ge)重大的(de)秘密, 原來在遠古的(de)阿(a)根廷曾經存在過一種(zhong)可怕(pa)的(de)怪獸。這種(zhong)可怕(pa)的(de)怪獸是地(di)球(qiu)上有史以來第二大的(de)兩足生(sheng)物，最(zui)大體長13米，最(zui)大體重可以達(da)到11噸，這種(zhong)恐龍(long)1995年被命名為南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)，意(yi)思是南(nan)方巨(ju)大的(de)蜥蜴。

所有化石標本

MUCPv-Ch1，長(chang)12米，體重8.5噸，40%的(de)完(wan)(wan)整骨架，部(bu)分(fen)頭骨、一點零碎的(de)小(xiao)部(bu)分(fen)前肢、完(wan)(wan)整脖子(zi)、絕大部(bu)分(fen)軀干、部(bu)分(fen)后肢、大部(bu)分(fen)尾巴。

MUCPv-95，長13米，體重11噸，一個完(wan)整的下(xia)頜(he)骨(gu)。

形態及特征

南方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)袋(dai)就身體(ti)而言較大，下(xia)巴略呈方(fang)形。它(ta)碩大的(de)(de)(de)嘴巴長(chang)著一口鋒(feng)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)牙齒(chi)，每顆牙有(you)9厘米長(chang)。巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)作為鯊齒(chi)龍(long)科的(de)(de)(de)成員(yuan)，有(you)個又細又尖又長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)巴。巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)走(zou)路時用(yong)兩條(tiao)腿(tui)。南方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭骨長(chang)達1.8米左右，顎(e)部長(chang)滿9-13厘米長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)鋒(feng)利(li)牙齒(chi)。南方(fang)巨獸(shou)(shou)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)重最(zui)重可達10.52噸，所(suo)以它(ta)們發展出強大的(de)(de)(de)骨骼(ge)及肌肉網絡來(lai)支(zhi)撐沉重的(de)(de)(de)身軀，同時保證它(ta)們在捕食(shi)獵物的(de)(de)(de)時候有(you)可接受的(de)(de)(de)速度。長(chang)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)巴則在快(kuai)速奔跑的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中起了(le)平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)和(he)快(kuai)速轉向的(de)(de)(de)能力。

體重數據

LENGTH IN THEROPODS給出了(le)13.1米，13.8噸，但是顯然(ran)這個計算完全忽略了(le)恐龍體形的差別，和頭(tou)骨的體積，僅(jin)僅(jin)計算長(chang)度，因此可(ke)靠性非常低。

第一個(ge)南(nan)方巨獸龍和霸(ba)王龍(FNMH PR 2081)的對比:

FNMH PR 2081俗名"蘇(su)"，1990年(nian)(nian)出土(tu)，也(ye)是"完(wan)整腿(tui)骨(gu)的(de)霸王龍(long)"中最大(da)的(de)(所有霸王龍(long)中不綜(zong)合(he)年(nian)(nian)齡，蘇(su)第4/5大(da)，綜(zong)合(he)年(nian)(nian)齡以后并列第6)

頭骨中(zhong)線長度(du)(midline):南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1 1530mm，蘇1394mm

頭骨全長:南方巨獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1 1700mm，蘇(su)1435mm

下頜骨(gu)長度:南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1(推(tui)測)1800mm，蘇1395mm

大(da)腿骨長度(du):南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 1430mm，蘇(su)1380mm

大(da)腿骨周長(chang):南(nan)方巨獸龍(long)MUCPv-Ch1 520mm，蘇580mm

小腿骨長度(du):南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍MUCPv-Ch1 1120mm，蘇1200mm

頭骨寬度:南方巨(ju)獸龍MUCPv-Ch1，520mm，蘇860mm

大小腿(tui)骨(gu)聯(lian)合(he)長度(du):南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 2540mm，蘇2580mm

骨盆(pen)大小:南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1 1180mm，蘇1220mm

頭骨體(ti)積:霸(ba)王(wang)龍略大。

文獻記載

2004年Mazzeta在其論(lun)文(wen)中(zhong)也指(zhi)出(chu)MUCPv-Ch1的(de)(de)(de)(de)體積和一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王龍相等(deng)，"體積"比(bi)蘇小2.5噸，但是至(zhi)少和一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王龍體重相等(deng)，可以(yi)從圖(tu)片看出(chu)南(nan)方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍比(bi)較瘦，和身體長度接近的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸王龍相比(bi)明顯單薄一些。

蘇的體重(zhong)在(zai)2004年(nian)Henderson保守(shou)估算(suan)為(wei)10噸(dun)(dun)，Mazzeta在(zai)估算(suan)南方巨(ju)獸(shou)龍的論文(wen)里面認為(wei)蘇的體重(zhong)8噸(dun)(dun)左右，但2013年(nian)研究(jiu)蘇有13噸(dun)(dun)重(zhong)。部(bu)分資料根(gen)據保羅和Henderson 1999年(nian)對一只10.7米霸王(wang)龍ANMH5027，估測上限7.9噸(dun)(dun)的，把放大，蘇11.3噸(dun)(dun)，而根(gen)據Anderson1990年(nian)對10.7米的雄霸王(wang)龍的估算(suan)是(shi)4.5噸(dun)(dun)，較粗壯的雌龍蘇的體重(zhong)7.4噸(dun)(dun)

那么(me)南方(fang)巨獸龍(long)(long)(long)是否(fou)比一般(ban)的霸王龍(long)(long)(long)重?答案是:比霸王龍(long)(long)(long)略輕

Seebacher在2001年的計算估計南方巨獸龍正模MUCPv-Ch1 6594kg，霸王龍正模CM 9380的體重(zhong)6650kg

Coria在最(zui)初公布南巨的時候給出(chu)了6000+

南方(fang)巨(ju)獸龍MUCPv-Ch1的體重的最低估(gu)測是4160kg，

南方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍的體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)進行過最詳細(xi)計算(suan)的Mazzeta給出了可靠上限8.48噸，最可靠體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)6.604-6.8噸，Mazzeta也認(ren)為MUCPv-Ch1體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)下(xia)限4160kg是計算(suan)方(fang)式不可靠，否定了南方(fang)巨獸(shou)龍4160kg的說法。Mazzeta認(ren)可的下(xia)限是4860kg

Mazzeta認為比MUCPv-Ch1長8%的(de)MUCPv-95，按(an)三次方計算，可(ke)達8.5-11.5噸(dun)。體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)超過(guo)了(le)蘇，但(dan)(dan)仍舊沒有霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)中(zhong)MOR008，LACM 23844，MOR1126，UCMP118742重(zhong)(zhong)。但(dan)(dan)神秘的(de)最大南方巨獸龍(long)超過(guo)了(le)最大霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)MOR1126。

南方巨獸龍MUCPv-Ch1總結大小(xiao):13米，8.5噸(dun)

南方(fang)巨獸龍MUCPv-95總(zong)結大小:14米.11.5噸

其他最大獸腳類

撒哈(ha)拉鯊齒龍:13.4米，7-11.4噸

玫(mei)瑰(gui)馬普(pu)龍MCF-PVPH-108.185:14.4米，8-13.25噸

玫瑰馬普龍MCF-PVPH-108.145:13.4米，7.2-11噸

玫瑰馬普龍MCF-PVPH-108.202:12.2米，7-8噸(dun)

霸王龍(FNMH PR2081)12.2米，7.4-11噸

霸王龍(MOR008) 13.4米，8.5-13噸

紂魁龍:12米(mi)，8.5噸

埃(ai)及棘龍(long)MSNM 4047,17-18米

南(nan)方(fang)巨(ju)獸(shou)龍是(shi)南(nan)美洲歷(li)史(shi)上最大陸地肉(rou)食動物(wu)和最大的食肉(rou)恐龍。也是(shi)歷(li)史(shi)上第2大的食肉(rou)恐龍。

南美洲(zhou)中生(sheng)代最大的鱷魚巴西哈氏(shi)(shi)肌(ji)鱷(最大個體(ti)(ti)估計哈氏(shi)(shi)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)鱷10-11米(mi)，3-4噸，種(zhong)群體(ti)(ti)形9-10米(mi)，3噸。)哈氏(shi)(shi)肌(ji)鱷是(shi)非洲(zhou)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)肌(ji)鱷的近親，唯(wei)一(yi)化石是(shi)一(yi)塊有11顆牙槽的43厘(li)米(mi)的下頜骨殘(can)

片，大概帝王鱷對應部分是50厘(li)米。

比霸王龍小

南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)出土(tu)后(hou)不久因為(wei)體(ti)(ti)型(xing)巨(ju)大(da)(da)被認為(wei)超過(guo)霸(ba)王龍(long)，因為(wei)最(zui)大(da)(da)的南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)大(da)(da)于(yu)霸(ba)王龍(long)蘇最(zui)小的體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)估測。然而霸(ba)王龍(long)蘇的體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)根(gen)據其他版本(ben)可(ke)以估測到12.8噸，遠超過(guo)南(nan)方巨(ju)獸龍(long)。霸(ba)王龍(long)還有多個(ge)更(geng)大(da)(da)的標本(ben)，可(ke)以證(zheng)明霸(ba)王龍(long)的體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)更(geng)大(da)(da)，甚至可(ke)能達(da)到17.72噸