普利策(ce)(ce)文學獎(jiang)不(bu)是一個獨立(li)的(de)(de)獎(jiang)項(xiang),而是美(mei)國(guo)普利策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)眾多(duo)分(fen)枝(zhi)中的(de)(de)一個。約瑟夫·普利策(ce)(ce)在(zai)去世前第(di)7年(nian)——1904年(nian),立(li)下遺囑,將(jiang)自己的(de)(de)財產捐獻(xian)給美(mei)國(guo)的(de)(de)哥倫比亞大(da)學,由他們建立(li)一個新聞學院(yuan)。這筆高達200萬美(mei)元(yuan)的(de)(de)款(kuan)項(xiang)中,有四分(fen)之一被(bei)用(yong)來設立(li)獎(jiang)項(xiang),后來這筆錢成為了普利策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)的(de)(de)基金。1917年(nian),該獎(jiang)的(de)(de)第(di)一屆頒(ban)獎(jiang)儀式(shi)舉行,此后每年(nian)頒(ban)發一次。
約瑟(se)夫·普(pu)利策(ce)生前(qian)是美國最(zui)著名的(de)報(bao)(bao)人,他創立的(de)編輯寫作制度至今(jin)都在(zai)影響著報(bao)(bao)業的(de)運作,因而普(pu)利策(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)中最(zui)重要的(de)組(zu)成部分就是新(xin)聞(wen)類獎(jiang)(jiang)項(xiang)。目前(qian)共包含突發新(xin)聞(wen)報(bao)(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)、調查報(bao)(bao)道獎(jiang)(jiang)等14個(ge)。但是“由于普(pu)利策(ce)敏銳、有遠見的(de)洞察力(li)”,該獎(jiang)(jiang)還(huan)設立了(le)文藝類獎(jiang)(jiang)項(xiang),目前(qian)包括(kuo)6個(ge)文學獎(jiang)(jiang)和一個(ge)音(yin)樂獎(jiang)(jiang),而且正是這(zhe)些非新(xin)聞(wen)類的(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)項(xiang)在(zai)一定程度上擴大了(le)普(pu)利策(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)的(de)影響力(li)。目前(qian)普(pu)利策(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)每個(ge)獎(jiang)(jiang)項(xiang)的(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)金為一萬(wan)美元。
最初(chu)普利策只(zhi)設(she)立了(le)(le)13個(ge)獎(jiang)(jiang)項,其(qi)中文學獎(jiang)(jiang)有5個(ge),包(bao)括小說(shuo)類(lei)、戲劇類(lei)和(he)傳記類(lei)等等。但是出于(yu)長遠考慮(lv),他決(jue)定(ding)(ding)設(she)立一(yi)個(ge)監督咨詢委員會(hui),由后(hou)者在將(jiang)來(lai)確定(ding)(ding)獎(jiang)(jiang)項的設(she)立、變更(geng)等等。幾十年來(lai),這個(ge)委員會(hui)做出了(le)(le)一(yi)些很有突破性的決(jue)定(ding)(ding),曾先后(hou)增(zeng)設(she)了(le)(le)攝(she)影類(lei)和(he)詩類(lei)獎(jiang)(jiang)項,并打破了(le)(le)“音(yin)樂(le)獎(jiang)(jiang)的評選范(fan)圍僅限于(yu)古典音(yin)樂(le)領域”的界(jie)限。
普利策(ce)文學獎(jiang)的(de)標新立異之處在于(yu)它與大眾口味(wei)的(de)背(bei)道而馳,暢銷(xiao)的(de)文學作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)從不受它的(de)垂青,即(ji)便大作(zuo)(zuo)家的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)也(ye)不例外(wai)。
諸(zhu)如,1941年(nian)它(ta)就“拋棄(qi)”了(le)紅(hong)極一時的(de)《喪鐘(zhong)為誰(shui)而(er)鳴(ming)》,直到(dao)12年(nian)后《老人(ren)與(yu)海》問(wen)世時,它(ta)才將文學獎(jiang)(jiang)授予海明(ming)威。同樣(yang)如福克(ke)納的(de)《八月之(zhi)光》也有此“待(dai)遇”。這種評選使(shi)得它(ta)經常被置于(yu)爭議之(zhi)中,在一本《美國普利(li)策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)金內幕》的(de)書中就曾提到(dao),1988年(nian)曾有近50位作家(jia)給媒體寫信,怒(nu)稱兩名最受讀(du)者(zhe)推(tui)崇的(de)美國黑人(ren)作家(jia)從(cong)未進入普利(li)策(ce)(ce)獎(jiang)(jiang)的(de)視(shi)野(ye),并認為它(ta)有種族主(zhu)義傾向(xiang)。而(er)且普利(li)策(ce)(ce)文學獎(jiang)(jiang)空缺多(duo)屆,迄今(jin)已不下10次。
實際上很多(duo)優秀(xiu)的(de)作品還是沒有被普利策文學獎(jiang)(jiang)錯(cuo)過的(de),其中包(bao)括伊迪絲·華頓的(de)《天真時代》(1921年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、賽珍珠的(de)《大地(di)》(1932年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、瑪格麗特·米切(qie)爾的(de)《飄》(1937年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、約翰·斯坦(tan)貝(bei)克的(de)《憤(fen)怒的(de)葡萄》(1940年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、赫爾曼(man)·沃(wo)克的(de)《凱(kai)恩艦嘩變》(1952年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、哈珀·李的(de)《殺死一只知(zhi)更鳥》(1961年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))、艾麗斯·沃(wo)克的(de)《紫色》(1983年獲獎(jiang)(jiang))等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。這些(xie)作品都(dou)曾在中國出(chu)版過。
小說類 Fiction
2003 Middlesex(中性) by Jeffrey Eugenides
2002 Empire Falls(帝國的崩塌) by Richard Russo
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay(卡(ka)瓦(wa)利(li)與克(ke)雷的神奇冒險(xian)) by Michael Chabon
2000 Interpreter of Maladies(醫(yi)生的翻譯員) by Jhumpa Lahiri
1999 The Hours(小(xiao)時) by Michael Cunningham
1998 American Pastoral(美國田(tian)園)by Philip Roth
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer(馬(ma)丁·迪(di)熱思爾:一個美(mei)國夢的故事) by Steven Millhauser
1996 Independence Day(獨立日) by Richard Ford
1995 The Stone Diaries(石頭日記) by Carol Shields
1994 The Shipping News(航運新(xin)聞) by E. Annie Proulx
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain(一(yi)個好的氣味(wei)從(cong)一(yi)個奇怪(guai)的山(shan)) by Robert Olen Butler
1992 A Thousand Acres(一千(qian)英畝) by Jane Smiley
1991 Rabbit at Rest(兔子安眠) by John Updike
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love(馬博王愛的(de)歌曲) by Oscar Hijuelos
1989 Breathing Lessons(呼吸課程) by Anne Tyler
1988 Beloved(心(xin)愛(ai)) by Toni Morrison
1987 A Summons to Memphis(傳票孟菲(fei)斯) by Peter Taylor
1986 Lonesome Dove(寂寞(mo)之鴿(ge)) by Larry McMurtry
1985 Foreign Affairs(外交事務) by Alison Lurie
1984 Ironweed(紫苑草(cao)) by William Kennedy
1983 The Color Purple(紫(zi)色姊妹花(hua)) by Alice Walker
1982 Rabbit Is Rich(兔子很有錢) by John Updike
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces(偉人有缺點是愚人的同謀(mou)) by John Kennedy Toole
1980 The Executioner’s Song(劊子手(shou)之歌) by Norman Mailer
1979 The Stories of John Cheever(約翰(han)·奇弗的故(gu)事)by John Cheever
1978 Elbow Room(擁擠的世界) by James Alan McPherson
1977 No Award (沒(mei)有(you)頒獎(jiang),無獲獎(jiang)作品)
1976 Humboldt’s Gifths(洪堡的禮物) by Saul Bellow
1975 The Killer Angels(殺(sha)手天使) by Michael Shaara
1974 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲獎作品)
1973 The Optimist’s Daughter(樂觀主義者的女兒) by Eudora Welty
1972 Angle of Repose(靜止的角度) by Wallace Stegner
1971 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲獎作品(pin))
1970 Collected Stories(故(gu)事集) by Jean Stafford
1969 House Made of Dawn(黎明之屋) by N. Scott Momaday
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
1967 The Fixer(牢固) by Bernard Malamud
1966 Collected Stories(故事集) by Katherine Anne Porter
1965 The Keepers of the House(房子的(de)守護(hu)者) by Shirley Ann Grau
非小說類 Nonfiction
2003 A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide( 從地獄(yu)的一個(ge)問題(ti):美國和年(nian)齡的種族屠殺(sha)
)by Samantha Power
2002 Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution(帶我回(hui)家:伯明(ming)翰(han)阿拉巴馬州:戰斗的(de)高潮民權革(ge)命) by Diane McWhorter
2001 Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan( 昭和天皇,而且也塑造了人的(de)現代(dai)日本)by Herbert P. Bix
2000 Embracing Defeat(擁抱失敗) by John W. Dower
1999 Annals of the Former World(這(zhe)個前世界紀(ji)錄) by John McPhee
1998 Guns, Germs, and Steel( 槍(qiang)炮(pao)、病菌與鋼鐵(tie))by Jared Diamond
1997 Ashes to Ashes(灰(hui)飛煙滅) by Richard Kluger
1996 The Haunted Land(鬧(nao)鬼的土地(di)) by Tina Rosenberg
1995 The Beak of the Finch(芬奇(qi)的嘴部) by Jonathan Weiner
1994 Lenin’s Tomb(列寧(ning)之墓) by David Remnick
1993 Lincoln at Gettysburg(林肯葛底斯堡) by Garry Wills
1992 The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power(這個獎:傳奇尋求石油、金(jin)錢(qian)和權力(li)
) by Daniel Yergin
1991 The Ants(螞蟻) by Bert H?lldobler and Edward O. Wilson
1990 And Their Children After Them(和他們的孩子(zi)在后頭) by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson
1989 A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam( 一(yi)個明亮的撒謊:約翰·保羅和美國在越(yue)南)by Neil Sheehan
1988 The Making of the Atomic Bomb(制作原子(zi)彈) by Richard Rhodes
1987 Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land(阿拉伯人和猶太人:受傷的精神在應許之(zhi)地)by David K. Shipler
1986 Common Ground(共同點) by J. Anthony Lukas
傳記類 Biography
2003 Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson(主(zhu)人的(de)參議院(yuan):多年的(de)約翰遜) by Robert A. Caro
2002 John Adams(約翰(han)·亞(ya)當斯) by David McCullough
2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963(W.E.B.機械化和女性:爭取平(ping)等和美國的世紀,1919 - 1963) by David Levering Lewis
2000 Véra by Stacy Schiff
1999 Lindbergh(林德伯格) by A. Scott Berg
1998 Personal History(個人歷史) by Katharine Graham
1997 Angela’s Ashes(安琪拉的骨灰) by Frank McCourt
1996 God: A Biography(上(shang)帝:傳記) by Jack Miles
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life(哈麗(li)特·比徹·斯托:一種生命(ming)) by Joan D. Hedrick
1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919( W.E.B.機械化和女性:傳記的一場比賽,1868 - 1919)by David Levering Lewis
1993 Truman(杜魯門) by David McCullough
1992 Fortunate Son(幸(xing)運的兒子) by Lewis B. Puller Jr.
1991 Jackson Pollock(杰克遜·波洛克) by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith
1990 Machiavelli in Hell(馬(ma)基(ji)雅維里(li)在地獄(yu)) by Sebastian de Grazia
1989 Oscar Wilde(奧斯卡·王爾德) by Richard Ellmann
1988 Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe(看起來(lai)歸途上(shang):托馬斯·沃(wo)爾夫的生活) by David Herbert Donald
1987 Bearing the Cross by David J. Garrow
1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait(路易(yi)斯·博甘:一幅肖像) by Elizabeth Frank
歷史(shi)類 History
2003 An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942-1943(軍隊在(zai)黎明的戰爭,在(zai)非洲,1942 - 1943) by Rick Atkinson
2002 The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America(形而上學的俱樂部,一個故事的想法在美國) by Louis Menand
2001 Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation(成立兄弟:革(ge)命的一代) by Joseph J. Ellis
2000 Freedom from Fear(免除恐懼(ju)的(de)自由(you))by David M. Kennedy
1999 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898(高譚市:一個(ge)歷史的紐約(yue)1898) by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace
1998 Summer for the Gods(眾(zhong)神之夏) by Edward J. Larson
1997 Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution(原始含義:政治和思(si)想使憲法的(de)規(gui)定) by Jack N. Rakove
1996 William Cooper’s Town( 威(wei)廉·庫珀(po)的城(cheng)鎮)by Alan Taylor
1995 No Ordinary Time(一(yi)個(ge)不平凡的(de)時間) by Doris Kearns Goodwin
1994 No Award (沒有獲(huo)獎作品)
1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國革命的激進) by Gordon S. Wood
1992 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties( 自由的命運:亞(ya)伯拉罕·林肯和民權)by Mark E. Neely Jr.
1991 A Midwife’s TaleI(一個助產士的故事(shi)) by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1990 In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow
1989 Battle Cry of Freedom(吶喊的自(zi)由) by James M. McPherson
And Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63(穿(chuan)過水:美國在王年,1954 - 63)
by Taylor Branch
1988 The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1976(開展(zhan)現代美(mei)國科學,1846 - 1976)by Robert V. Bruce
1987 Voyagers to the West(西部的星際(ji)旅客說有著特殊) by Bernard Bailyn
1986 The Heavens and the Earth(諸天與地) by Walter A. McDougall
戲劇類 Drama
2003 Anna in the Tropics(安娜在熱帶) by Nilo Cruz
2002 Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks
2001 Proof(證明(ming)) by David Auburn
2000 Dinner with Friends(友情晚餐(can)) by Donald Margulies
1999 Wit(機(ji)智) by Margaret Edson
1998 How I Learned to Drive(我學會了開車嗎) by Paula Vogel
1997 No Award (沒有獲獎作(zuo)品(pin))
1996 Rent(租) by Jonathan Larson
1995 The Young Man from Atlanta by Horton Foote
1994 Three Tall Women(三個(ge)高個(ge)子女性(xing)) by Edward Albee
1993 Angels in America(天使在美(mei)國(guo)) by Tony Kushner
1992 The Kentucky Cycle(在肯(ken)塔基(ji)州的周期)by Robert Schenkkan
1991 Lost in Yonkers(迷失在揚克斯) by Neil Simon
1990 The Piano Lesson(鋼琴(qin)課) by August Wilson
1989 The Heidi Chronicles(海蒂(di)的記載)by Wendy Wasserstein
1988 Driving Miss Daisy(為戴茜小(xiao)姐開車)by Alfred Uhry
1987 Fences(柵欄(lan)) by August Wilson
1986 No Award(沒有獲獎(jiang)作品)
詩歌類 Poetry
2003 Moy Sand and Gravel(莫伊(yi)沙礫) by Paul Muldoon
2002 Practical Gods(實踐神) by Carl Dennis
2001 Different Hours(不同小(xiao)時) by Stephen Dunn
2000 Repair(修復) by C.K. Williams
1999 Blizzard of One(暴雪) by Mark Strand
1998 Black Zodiac(黑色黃道(dao)帶) by Charles Wright
1997 Alive Together(一起活著) by Lisel Mueller
1996 The Dream of the Unified Front(夢想的統一戰線(xian)) by Jorie Graham
1995 The Simple Truth(簡單的事實) by Philip Levine
1994 Neon Vernacular(彩虹(hong)方(fang)言) by Yusef Komunyakaa
1993 The Wild Iris(野鳶尾) by Louise Gluck
1992 Selected Poems(詩選) by James Tate
1991 Near Changes(變化附近) by Mona Van Duyn
1990 The World Doesn’t End(世界上還沒有結束) by Charles Simic
1989 New and Collected Poems(新作(zuo)與詩集(ji)) by Richard Wilbur
1988 Partial Accounts(部(bu)分(fen)賬戶) by William Meredith
1987 Thomas and Beulah by Rita Dove
1986 The Flying Changez(飛行改變) by Henry Taylor